大气硫循环模型研究进展

本文系统总结了世界范围内各种典型大气硫循环模型的基本内容及适用条件,重点介绍了经典大气硫循环模型和以Oslo CTM2为基础的独立硫循环模型以及与ECHAM、LMDZ、CSIRO、MASINGAR、RCA2、NICAM和MIROC环流模式耦合得到的大气硫循环模型。虽然目前在国际范围内研究所得的大气硫循环模型种类较多,但在模型的研究过程中仍存在缺乏相关数据支撑、缺乏综合考虑化学、辐射和动力学等过程以及缺乏跨学科综合集成研究的问题。针对这些问题,本文提出了优化大气硫排放数据和观测数据的质量、建立共享数据库系统、制订相关数据库使用规定、在研究模型过程中加强学科间合作和资源共享、建立全面的高分辨率大气硫循环模型等建议。     

农业废弃物养分循环利用技术模式评估模型的研究进展

农业废弃物的养分循环利用技术模式是实现农业循环经济的重要手段,其评估模型为优化养分循环利用技术提供了重要支撑。本文总结了农业废弃物养分循环技术模式评估框架、评估模型及评价指标、模型的数据源及其不确定性分析,以及模型应用尺度的研究进展。当前,常用于评估养分流动的模型主要是过程数学模型和产业生态学模型。过程数学模型和产业生态学模型在评估结果的可靠性和模拟尺度上存在较大差异,前者主要集中在实验室或中试规模,精度较高;后者可以实现从微观到宏观的多尺度模拟,数据的获取方式导致其具有较高的不确定性。最后,本文对农业废弃物养分循环利用技术评估模型的研究进行展望,提出为了在区域尺度上实现对农业生产系统废弃物资源化利用技术的准确评估,可以将过程数学模型与工业生态学模型相结合,建立可靠的模型框架和数据库,同时,在工厂、农场、村落、乡镇、区域等地理尺度进行模型拓展研究。     

下辽河平原农业生态系统不同施肥制度的土壤养分收支

本试验是在潮棕壤上进行了10年的定位试验,研究了在养分循环再利用的基础上采取不同施肥制度下作物养分移出量,并结合施肥量计算出土壤中N,P,K养分收支。结果表明,在保持农业系统养分循环再利用的基础上,根据养分供给力设计化肥施用量,不仅可实现作物主产,而且可平衡土壤养分收支,避免土壤中肥料养分过剩（主要是N）进入环境,并揭示了我国我国在20世纪70年代以前大面积农田土壤缺P和80年代农田土壤大面积缺K的原因。     

黑土长期施肥及养分循环再利用的作物产量及土壤肥力质量变化Ⅲ.土壤养分收支

许了1985－1999年试验期间各模拟施肥模型的作物移出养分量和施肥输入养分量,结果表明,施用N肥可加剧土壤P收支赤字,而施用N,P肥则加剧土壤K收支赤字,实验展示了我国在20世纪70年代大面积贫P土壤和80年代大面积缺K土壤出现的原因,保持养分循环再利用可缓解土壤养分收支赤字,但不能满足丰产作物的养分需求,在保持养分循环利用基础上根据土壤肥力适当施用化肥,可满足丰产作物的养分需求和平衡土壤养分收支,不致发生大量过剩N进入环境。     

湖泊-流域系统硅循环及其对碳和养分循环的影响

硅是环境中最为常见的元素之一,在地壳中的丰度为28.8%,是多数植物生长的有益元素。在生态系统中,硅循环与碳和营养元素的循环密切相关。以往国内外对于硅循环的研究大多针对海洋和陆地生态系统,而湖泊-流域系统中硅的循环过程及其对碳和营养元素循环影响的研究尚且不多。本文结合国内外研究进展,综述硅在湖泊-流域系统的存在形态及分布,阐述硅在湖泊-流域系统中的基本循环过程,以及该循环过程对碳和养分循环的影响及其作用机制。在此基础上,提出了今后的研究工作应对湖泊硅素来源进行分析,并确定湖泊沉积物中植硅体与硅藻固碳量,同时完善湖泊氮、磷、硅含量及其生态化学计量关系,最后建立湖泊-流域系统硅-碳-养分耦合循环模型。本文有助于更好地了解湖泊-流域系统硅循环过程以及硅循环对碳、养分循环的影响机制,为缓解湖泊-流域水体富营养化现象和全球气候变化提供科学参考。     

养分输入方式对森林生态系统土壤养分循环的影响研究进展

土壤养分循环对森林生态系统稳定性维持、树种选择及更新、可持续经营具有重要意义,掌握养分输入来源及过程可指导森林生态系统物质循环与能量流动分析及生态功能评估。凋落物、根系周转、根系分泌物是森林土壤养分的主要来源,是土壤养分循环的重要组成部分。本文分析了3种主要养分输入方式及其影响因素,总结了凋落物组成及理化性质、生物因子、环境因子等对凋落物分解及土壤养分循环的影响;综述了细根底物性质、树种组成、土壤生物、环境因子变化对细根周转及土壤养分循环的影响;探讨了根系分泌物对土壤养分循环过程的作用,基于此,提出了该领域亟需深入研究的重要方向,以期为相关研究及森林生态系统养分管理提供参考。     

土壤养分循环实地采样调查方法

讨论了一种在区域尺度上研究生态系统中土壤养分循环的样区采样及调查方法.即在满足土壤养分循环研究所要求的代表性、重现性、随机性及时间性等原则的基础上,利用地形图及航空照片等资料,在区域中选定合适面积和数量的样区后,在各样区内按统一标准采集土壤和植物样品.考虑区域土壤养分循环受自然环境条件和社会经济条件等因素的制约,野外采样过程中有必要对采样单元的实地情况进行调查记载,并就样区内所有农户的基本状况、种植业结构及肥料投入等有关土壤养分循环的影响因子进行农户调查.对我国亚热带农业生态系统中土壤养分循环进行了案例研究,探讨了该采样调查方法在土壤养分循环研究中的应用.     

湿地生态水文模型研究进展

建立湿地生态因素和水文因素之间的响应模型是当前湿地研究的一个新领域,可为湿地的保护、评价和管理提供科学依据。本文依据湿地生态水文过程特征,将湿地生态水文模型分为湿地生态水分循环估算模型、湿地生态水文化学过程模拟模型和湿地生物对水文过程的响应模型,综述了当前湿地生态水文模型的研究进展,并在此基础上探讨了湿地生态水文模型的研究重点和发展趋势。     

连栽第1和第2代杉木人工林养分循环的比较

森林生态系统的养分循环是生态系统的重要功能过程之一,直接影响着森林的生产力,很大程度上影响和制约着林地的肥力水平,而且人工林连栽地力衰退和生产力下降现象普遍存在,寻求杉木林连栽两代杉木人工林养分循环差异与连栽林分生产力下降的关系,无疑具有重要的现实意义。利用30多年连续定位的测定数据,分析了连栽第1、2代杉木人工林在物质生产养分利用有效性、生物地球化学循环、地球化学循环的差异。结果表明,杉木速生阶段,第2代林每生产1 t干物质需要的养分比第1代林多1.58-3.29 kg,干材生长阶段,第2代林每生产1t所需养分比第1代林多4.23-5.92kg;速生阶段生物地球化学循环的养分利用系数第2代林比第1代林分下降19.7%-22.8%,养分循环系数下降12.8%-15.6%,干材生长阶段养分利用系数比第1代林分下降35.3%-36.2%,养分循环系数下降23.2%-27.0%,养分周转利用的生物地球化学循环功能第2代林比第1代林差;由干材生长进入成熟阶段的生长期内,伴随水文学过程的养分地球化学循环中,第2代杉木人工林生态系统的养分积累的地球化学循环的能力下降,养分流失率是第1代林的2倍左右,养分的积累率还不到第1代林的60%,对森林地力的维持和林木生长都是不利的。从生态系统水平上定位研究,定量分析了杉木连栽两代人工林养分循环功能过程,研究成果为我国南方人工林持续经营措施的制定提供了理论指导和科学依据。     

苏南丘陵次生栎林生态系统磷素循环的系统分析与预测

森林生态系统中的养分循环是该系统的主要功能之一 ,历来为许多研究者所重视[1,4 ,5] 。磷是植物生长发育所不可缺少的重要营养元素 ,它对促进林木生长 ,提高林业生产力具有很大作用。以往有关森林生态系统磷素循环的研究 ,大多忽视了根系凋落归还的作用 ,从而影响循环结果及其相应评价。为此 ,研究了苏南丘陵次生栎林生态系统磷素循环 ,并进行系统分析 ,建立生态系统磷素动态模型 ,预测并分析其变化规律 ,为制定合理的经营管理措施 ,保持林业持续发展提供理论依据。1　自然概况与研究方法1.1　自然概况试验地位于江苏省句容县境内 ,东经119…     

MDMPR:小鼠发育代谢表型库

小鼠发育代谢表型库(Mouse Developmental and Metabolic Phenotype Repository,MDMPR)是一个致力于小鼠资源和表型数据实时共享的开放性平台,它依托于科技部重点研发计划“发育编程及其代谢调节”专项项目“建立小鼠发育代谢表型库”。该项目预计在5年内完成500个发育代谢相关小鼠敲除模型的建立,并对其表型数据进行标准化的解析、建立表型数据库。MDMPR作为一个资源及数据集成的库,由多个子系统作为支撑,包括ES细胞数据库、项目管理系统、繁育管理系统、精子库管理系统、表型分析系统,信息化管理深入到项目中每个环节,从基因突变ES细胞制备、基因突变小鼠制备、小鼠繁育,精子冻存到最终的表型分析、数据处理及展示,保证了MDMPR产生数据的真实性及实时性。MDMPR除了不断地推进项目进行,增加自身产生的数据外,也在积极的整合其他的资源及数据,如人特异性基因敲除ES细胞库、蛋白相互作用数据库(STRING)、核心转录调节环路(dbCoRc)和Enhancer-Indel数据库,今后还将进一步整合,帮助发育代谢及其他领域的研究人员能够一站式的获取所需资源和数据、加快研究进程,最终服务于全人类的医疗事业。     

The management of experimental electrochemical data

This article describes a database model for the management of experimental data in the electrochemical field. The proposed model is based on a relational database management system but has features similar to those of semantic models. It is described in conjunction with a set of symbols for the construction of diagrams facilitating the design of particular databases.     

HydroServer Lite as an open source solution for archiving and sharing environmental data for independent university labs

Managing, archiving, and sharing large amounts of data are essential tasks in ecological laboratories, and detailed data management plans are now required by major funding agencies. Many independent research labs may lack the technical or financial resources needed to support some of the more comprehensive data management solutions that have become available. In this paper we describe an open-source solution to data management, archiving, and sharing that can be implemented and customized by someone with limited computer programming experience using free software and standardized web services. This software, HydroServer Lite, is a light-weight database and data management web-based application that integrates with and makes data available on a large data sharing network developed by the Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Sciences, Inc. (CUAHSI). The CUAHSI Hydrologic Information System facilitates data sharing through a network of local HydroServers that are registered with the central registry. Each HydroServer may contain a variety of ecological and climate data, stored in a standardized relational database model. Someone searching for data that are registered in the central registry can query the network by source, location, variable type, and dates. These data can be downloaded from the local HydroServer to a computer in an office or lab where they can be manipulated and analyzed without compromising the data in the archives. We offer this HydroServer Lite case study as a possible solution for independent research laboratories looking for a data management system that requires little technical expertise or initial cost to set up.     

Design and realization of an on-line database for multidimensional microscopic images of biological specimens

The BioImage database is a new scientific database for multidimensional microscopic images of biological specimens, which is available through the World Wide Web (WWW). The development of this database has followed an iterative approach, in which requirements and functionality have been revised and extended. The complexity and innovative use of the data meant that technical and biological expertise has been crucial in the initial design of the data model. A controlled vocabulary was introduced to ensure data consistency. Pointers are used to reference information stored in other databases. The data model was built using InfoModeler as a database design tool. The database management system is the Informix Dynamic Server with Universal Data Option. This object-relational system allows the handling of complex data using features such as collection types, inheritance, and user-defined data types. Informix datablades are used to provide additional functionality: the Web Integration Option enables WWW access to the database; the Video Foundation Blade provides functionality for video handling.     

Integrated management and visualization of electronic tag data with Tagbase

Electronic tags have been used widely for more than a decade in studies of diverse marine species. However, despite significant investment in tagging programs and hardware, data management aspects have received insufficient attention, leaving researchers without a comprehensive toolset to manage their data easily. The growing volume of these data holdings, the large diversity of tag types and data formats, and the general lack of data management resources are not only complicating integration and synthesis of electronic tagging data in support of resource management applications but potentially threatening the integrity and longer-term access to these valuable datasets. To address this critical gap, Tagbase has been developed as a well-rounded, yet accessible data management solution for electronic tagging applications. It is based on a unified relational model that accommodates a suite of manufacturer tag data formats in addition to deployment metadata and reprocessed geopositions. Tagbase includes an integrated set of tools for importing tag datasets into the system effortlessly, and provides reporting utilities to interactively view standard outputs in graphical and tabular form. Data from the system can also be easily exported or dynamically coupled to GIS and other analysis packages. Tagbase is scalable and has been ported to a range of database management systems to support the needs of the tagging community, from individual investigators to large scale tagging programs. Tagbase represents a mature initiative with users at several institutions involved in marine electronic tagging research.     

我国心血管专科临床科研数据中心的建设与思考

中国是心血管疾病的数据大国,但是从数据质量和临床科研上讲,并非强国。为了提高心血管数据在临床质量评估和科研中的应用,我院心内科开始了心血管专科临床科研数据中心的尝试和建设。通过借鉴美国相关经验,以及对我国心血管临床质量评估以及科研需求的深入调研,我们建设了以心血管专科临床数据仓库以及心血管注册数据中心为核心的心血管专科临床科研数据中心。在此基础上,进一步探索并建设了自定义科研表单,多维度组合筛选,基于随访策略的心血管随访管理,基于个性化诊疗计划的心血管病人院后管理,相关性分析及不良心血管事件模式发现等应用和工具,有助于提升心血管专科的临床流程效率,临床质量评估和科研水平,同时为建立全国性的心血管疾病注册数据库打下了基础。     

The WISER way of organising ecological data from European rivers, lakes, transitional and coastal waters

The implementation of the Water Framework Directive has required intense research in applied aquatic ecology in Europe, and thus created challenges for data management in international research projects. In the project Waterbodies in Europe: Integrative Systems to assess Ecological status and Recovery (WISER), biological and environmental data from rivers, lakes, transitional and coastal waters in 26 European countries were collated. More than one million records of biological observations were stored in the project’s central database, representing phytoplankton, macrophytes, macroalgae, angiosperms, phytobenthos, invertebrates and fish. The central database includes new data from the WISER field campaign in lakes and transitional/coastal waters during 2009–2010 (more than 6,000 biological samples from 58 waterbodies in 14 countries). The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the data collated within WISER, in order to facilitate future re-use of these data by other scientists. More specifically, the objectives are to (1) describe the data management in WISER, (2) describe the structure and content of the WISER central database and (3) share experiences and give recommendations for data management in large ecological research projects.     

Wildlife tracking data management: a new vision

To date, the processing of wildlife location data has relied on a diversity of software and file formats. Data management and the following spatial and statistical analyses were undertaken in multiple steps, involving many time-consuming importing/exporting phases. Recent technological advancements in tracking systems have made large, continuous, high-frequency datasets of wildlife behavioural data available, such as those derived from the global positioning system (GPS) and other animal-attached sensor devices. These data can be further complemented by a wide range of other information about the animals'' environment. Management of these large and diverse datasets for modelling animal behaviour and ecology can prove challenging, slowing down analysis and increasing the probability of mistakes in data handling. We address these issues by critically evaluating the requirements for good management of GPS data for wildlife biology. We highlight that dedicated data management tools and expertise are needed. We explore current research in wildlife data management. We suggest a general direction of development, based on a modular software architecture with a spatial database at its core, where interoperability, data model design and integration with remote-sensing data sources play an important role in successful GPS data handling.     

DNA Data Bank of Japan in the age of information biology.

DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) began its activities in 1986 in collaboration with EMBL in Europe and GenBank in the United States. DDBJ developed a data submission tool called Sakura, by which researchers can submit their newly sequenced data on WWW from every corner of the world. The data bank also built a database management system (Yamato II), incorporating the techniques and functions of the object-oriented database, in order to efficiently process the data it has collected. A number of research activities in information biology are also going on at DDBJ. Two such activities are also briefly introduced in this report.