钉螺体内日本血吸虫尾蚴发育期的形态及其扫描电镜观察

本文通过活体标本、连续切片、全封标本及扫描电镜观察了大陆品系日本血吸虫Schistosomajaponicum子胞蚴体内尾蚴发育期的形态。日本血吸虫尾蚴发育分为五期,即胚细胞期、胚球期、尾蚴雏体期、成熟前期和成熟期。与曼氏血吸虫尾蚴发育进行比较,日本血吸虫尾蚴在胚球期无极化现象;尾蚴雏体期的尾芽形态多非圆球形,尾叉形成较早。钻腺及焰细胞均在此期发生,较曼氏血吸虫尾蚴早。除了上述头器、头腺、钻腺、焰细胞及消化器官进一步发育外,体内散在胚细胞结集为生殖始基,体表感觉乳突分化与体尾肌细胞的发育,尾蚴从成熟前期过渡到成熟期。 电镜首次原位观察尾蚴发育在子胞蚴育腔内的自然状态。尽管偶尔可见到胞蚴体壁与胚元之间某些结构联系,但大部份的胚元各自独立混杂在育腔之中。此外尚注意到尾蚴体棘发生在成熟前期,但其密度较成熟尾蚴小,而其大小却比成熟尾蚴的大。尾蚴头器上感觉乳突和围褶可能先于内部腺体细胞的分化。     

曼氏血吸虫中间宿主——藁杆双脐螺

藁杆双脐螺(Biotaphafaria straminea)是曼氏血吸虫中间宿主。曼氏血吸虫(Shistosoma mansoni)是寄生在人体内的血吸虫,生活史与日本血吸虫生活史大体相似,成虫交配产卵,卵随大便、偶从小便排出体外,在水中孵出毛蚴,毛蚴入双脐螺体内,发育成母胞蚴、子胞蚴,尾蚴,然后到终末宿主(人)。曼氏血吸虫与日本血吸虫在终末宿主体内的移行径路极为相似,常能数次通过肝毛细血管、肺及大循环,最后定     

日本血吸虫子胞蚴超微结构的研究：产孔的形态学证明

本文用透射电镜观察我国大陆品系日本血吸虫子胞蚴前端、收缩区和扩张区的超微结构。发现子胞蚴前端存在体被凹陷区及括约肌的构造,同时可见神经细胞。这个子胞蚴精细分化区可能具有产孔的生理功能,尾蚴从产孔中逸出是非创伤性逸出功能的一种生理适应。并与曼氏血吸虫子胞蚴产孔的超微结构进行了比较。     

日本血吸虫幼虫在钉螺體内发育的观察

1. 本文介绍研究日本血吸虫幼虫在钉螺體内发育过程的结果。 2．有12．5—34．3％的陽性钉螺内合有二个以上的母胞蚴,证明钉螺内只能有一个毛蚴发育之说不確。 3．母胞蚴发育及生长的埸所,最初多在足及鳃,以後多在内臟。 4．日本血吸虫幼虫的连续繁殖,主要是在子胞蚴世代。 5．对钉螺内的各期幼虫的形态详加描述。     

广东肝血簇虫在宿主内脏裂体生殖时期超微结构的研究

本文详细描述了广东肝血簇虫(Hepatozoon guangdongensis)在实验宿主、中国水蛇肺部裂体生殖整个发育过程各期虫体的超微结构。成熟裂殖体内的裂殖子与肺部毛细血管内皮细胞内的裂殖子的超微结构是相似的。裂殖子(3.4×1.3μm)外被由外膜和内膜构成的表膜,它与球虫一样具有包括类锥体在内的完全顶复结构。内皮细胞内的裂殖子和滋养体都没有围虫泡和围虫泡膜包绕。具有内膜的长形滋养体变圆,并外被由宿主细胞产生的围虫泡和围虫泡膜包绕,转变成为圆形的幼期裂殖体,然后发育成为成熟的裂殖体。成熟裂殖体(23×10μm)内含30—50个裂殖子。裂殖体内没有观察到残余体存在。     

营养因素对日本血吸虫毛蚴人工转变母胞蚴及体外培养的影响

本文报道了4种培养基,4种血清,不同浓度的半乳糖,二巯基苏糖醇及部分三羧酸循环中间产物对日本血吸虫毛蚴体外转变为母胞蚴及其存活的影响,发现稀释一倍的RPM1 1640加10％兔血清为较适宜的培养基,上述添加剂对毛蚴转变和母胞蚴存活均无有益作用,其中柠檬酸可显著抑制毛蚴的转变,文中描述了毛蚴的体外转变成母胞蚴的过程,对血吸虫的糖代谢途径进行了讨论。     

日本血吸虫皮肤型童虫透射电镜观察

本文报道应用透射电镜观察并比较0.5、3和12小时龄的日本血吸虫皮肤型童虫的超徽结构特征。结果表明,除了外质膜外,其他的超微结构,如体被、肌层、体被下细胞、胞质桥、头腺、钻腺和食道等结构在尾蚴感染后3小时均未见再有明显的变化。     

日本血吸虫童虫体表超微结构动态观察

本文报告日本血吸虫皮肤型、肺型、肝门型童虫的体被用扫描电镜观察其超微结构的变化,其目的在于寻求日本血吸虫童虫的体被在实验动物体内变化的规律,提供血吸虫病在免疫学上和预防化学药物上的研究参考。其图版Ⅰ—Ⅲ的1—4为日本血吸虫尾蚴,5—7为0.5小时龄皮肤型童虫,8—13为10日龄肺型童虫,14—22为15日龄肝门型雄性童虫。     

日本血吸虫童虫体表超微结构动态观察

本文报告日本血吸虫皮肤型、肺型、肝门型童虫的体被用扫描电镜观察其超微结构的变化,其目的在于寻求日本血吸虫童虫的体被在实验动物体内变化的规律,提供血吸虫病在免疫学上和预防化学药物上的研究参考。其图版Ⅰ—Ⅲ的1—4为日本血吸虫尾蚴,5—7为0．5小时龄皮肤型童虫,8—13为10日龄肺型童虫,14—22为15日龄肝门型雄性童虫。     

复殖类吸虫各个发育阶段的生态

复殖类吸虫的生活史通常要经过虫卵、毛蚴、胞蚴、雷蚴、尾蚴及囊蚴几个阶段。随大便排出的虫卵有的是单细胞的,有的卵内已含有成熟的胚胎(毛蚴)。有的虫卵在子宫内孵化(如棘口科并睾吸虫属的一种Parochis acanthus),有的要经过体外发育后才孵化(如姜片虫),有的成熟卵进入螺体后才孵化(如华枝睾吸虫),但大多数吸虫卵落入水内,经发育后,孵出毛蚴,若侵入适当的中间宿主后才能继续发育。吸虫的第一中间宿主是软体动物,通常是腹足类,有时是瓣鳃类或掘足类,但未见于头足类和双神经类。在软体动物体内大多数都要经过胞蚴阶段,有的还有子胞蚴(如日本血吸)。由胞蚴或子胞蚴产生雷蚴,但也有的没有雷蚴     

The Ultrastructure of the Daughter Sporocyst Tegument of Cercaria vaullegeardi Pelseneer (Digenea, Hemiuridae)

The body wall of the daughter sporocyst of Cercaria vaullegeardi Pelseneer, 1906 is unusual for a species without a birth pore in consisting of an outer anucleated, microvillous syncytial tegument and a cellular subtegument which lacks secretory cells. In contrast, most other known daughter sporocysts without birth pores have a nucleated region above the microvillous region of the tegument. The significance and functional aspects of this structure are discussed.     

Ultrastructure of the daughter sporocyst and developing cercaria of Schistosoma japonicum in experimentally infected snails, Oncomelania hupensis hupensis

Ultrastructure of daughter sporocysts and cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum were studied 2 and 4 months after infection of Oncomelania hupensis hupensis. The body walls of daughter sporocysts are similar at all infectious stages. They consist of an external syncytial tegument on a basement membrane, and an internal cellular subtegument surrounding a body cavity containing developing cercariae. The cercariae embryos develop 2 months after infection from germinal balls in the brood chamber of the daughter sporocyst. They are at first enveloped by a primitive epithelium rising from the daughter sporocyst. Four months after infection, the cercariae were almost fully developed and the primitive epithelium had degenerated. The body wall of the cercaria consists of a thin tegument covered by a surface coat of fibrous material and connected to the subtegumental cells by cytoplasmic processes. The matrix of the tegument contains numerous dense bodies, vacuoles, and spines. Two types of sensory structures - uniciliated and multiciliated - are found at the anterior tip of the cercaria. There are five pairs of penetration gland cells of two distinct types differentiated by the morphology of secretory granules. Flame cells are found in both daughter sporocysts and in cercariae. The cilia of the flame cells are characterized by the typical 9 and 2 cilium pattern.     

The destruction of Schistosoma mansoni mother sporocysts in vitro by amoebae isolated from Biomphalaria glabrata: an ultrastructural study

Some of the ultrastructural features of the in vitro destruction of the mother sporocyst of Schistosoma mansoni by amoebae (Nuclearia sp.) isolated from the pericardial sacs of Biomphalaria glabrata are described. The interaction involves (1) the attachment of the amoeba plasma membrane to the tegumental membrane of the sporocyst, (2) penetration of the tegument by a single cell process containing only a finely granular cytoplasm, (3) the lytic destruction of the sporocyst tissues, and (4) their removal by phagocytosis. Since the amoebae retain their lysosomal complement, the mechanisms of sporocyst penetration and lysis are unknown. Myelin figures and multivesiculate and residual bodies are frequently seen in amoebal secondary lysosomes. Cell organelles and body components of the sporocysts are phagocytosed by amoebae attached to their surfaces, located inside the body or elsewhere in the vicinity of the disintegrating sporocyst.     

Ultrastructural observations on fertilization and sporulation in Goussia iroquoina (Molnar and Fernando, 1974) in experimentally infected fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas, Cyprinidae)

The ultrastructural features of fertilization and sporogony of Eimeria iroquoina are described from the intestinal epithelium of experimentally infected fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Intact microgametes were observed in the cytoplasm of macrogametes. Within immature macrogametes the microgamete was segregated from the cytoplasm of the former by the plasma membrane of each cell plus additional membranes. Within mature macrogametes, only the plasma membranes separated the gametes. Fertilization by fusion of the limiting membrane of both gametes occurred after the entire microgamete lay within the cytoplasm of the macrogamete. The cytoplasm of the zygote cleaved into sporoblasts within cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. The sporocystic wall was composed of an outer electron-lucent layer and an inner, thicker layer with periodic striations at right angles to the surface of the sporocyst. The sporocysts were bivalved and joined by a continuous suture. The sporozoites were morphologically similar to sporozoites and merozoites of other Coccidia. Due to the structure of the sporocyst, Eimeria iroquoina Molnar and Fernando, 1974 is amended to Goussia iroquoina (Molnar and Fernando, 1974).     

日本血吸虫毛蚴对钉螺的钻穿及在螺体内的分布和移行

采自安徽省池的钉螺每粒感染５０只湖南株日本血吸虫毛后的组织学观察说明：毛蚴钻穿钉螺有从螺鳃部、头足总后有皮以及实质组织（外套膜、触角和阴茎）等三方面途径,其中以前二者尤为重要;毛蚴进入螺鳃丝后直接进入血液循环系统,从头足表皮进入的毛蚴,除了少数在钻穿部位附近滞留外,多数继续向头足部深层的肌肉和窦状组织间隙移行,以前头足窦、直肠和消化道外的组织间隙以及肾脏为主要的移行部位;从外套膜、触角、阴茎等部位     

Serotonin-induced muscular activity in Schistosoma mansoni larval stages: importance of 5-HT transport and role in daughter sporocyst production

Mother sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni transport exogenously supplied serotonin (5-hydroxytrypamine; 5-HT), and respond to it with increases in motility. In the present study, we investigated the importance of 5-HT transporter activity in the manifestation of these 5-HT-induced motility changes, and further examined the role of 5-HT in the development of daughter sporocysts in vitro. Serotonin-induced motility of in vitro-derived sporocysts is not inhibited by antidepressant compounds, e.g., fluoxetine, that block 5-HT transport, suggesting that the receptors responsible for motility responses to 5-HT are surface exposed. Using a sporocyst in vitro culture system, we show that depletion of larval stores of 5-HT reduces production of daughter sporocysts, the second intramolluscan larval stage. Moreover, we demonstrate a strong correlation between endogenous 5-HT levels and basal mother sporocyst muscle activity. Overall, these data suggest that larval stages of S. mansoni can detect exogenous 5-HT via surface-exposed receptors, and they are consistent with the hypothesis that endogenous stores of 5-HT are important for the proper regulation of muscular contractions in mother sporocysts, and for the successful emergence of daughter sporocysts.     

Parthenogenetic generations of Sanguinicola armata (Trematoda: sanguinicolidae)

Daughter sporocysts of Sanguinicola armata are represented by several generations, changes of which goes synchronously with the changes of year seasons. Young individuals beginning the reproductions form exclusively cercariae. The old sporocysts begin to produce sporocysts only. These young sporocysts do not quite the organism of the old sporocyst. Therefore, series of sporocysts inside other sporocysts are often observed in hystological cross-sections. Germinal masses of daughter sporocysts of S. armata have some specific characters, which are not observed in analogous organs in daughter sporocysts of other trematode species.     

Morpho-functional specialization of the branching sporocyst of Prosorhynchoides borealis Bartoli, Gibson & Bray, 2006 (Digenea, Bucephalidae)

Sporocysts of Prosorhynchoides borealis were obtained from the marine bivalves Abra prismatica and studied using transmission electron microscopy. The sporocyst body consists of a mass of branching and intertwining hollow tubules that ramify through the host's digestive gland and gonads. This study investigated the ultrastructure of the sporocyst branches which comprise alternate distended areas (brood chambers) with a relatively thin body wall, narrower portions with a thicker body wall (constricted areas) and terminal regions. Pronounced differences between these areas were revealed in the structure of their tegument and body cavity lining, as well as in the cellular composition of the subtegumental layers. Body wall composition in distended areas was consistent with the specialization for cercarial nurture in the brood chambers. The structure of the constrictions suggested a dual role of nutrient absorption and physical separation of adjacent brood chambers. Two types of terminal region were identified, one specialized for the investigation and penetration of host tissues and the other, in which the germinal cells are formed, for cercarial production. The overall structure of the sporocyst branches helps explain why this linear modular system, i.e. brood chambers and constrictions continuously growing into the host tissue, enables the sporocyst's long-term existence and can continuously produce cercariae in numbers comparable with those produced by rediae and/or daughter sporocyst infrapopulations in other digeneans. The origin of the nuclei in the outer tegumental layer of some branching bucephalid sporocysts is also discussed.     

The development of the primitive epithelium and true tegument in the cercaria of Schistosoma mansoni.

The formation of the final cercarial tegument of Schistosoma mansoni is preceded by that of a so-called primitive epithelium. The primitive epithelium is derived from the tegument of the daughter sporocyst. The final cercarial tegument is formed from peripherally located somatic cells of the cercarial embryo, which expand and coalesce beneath the primitive epithelium. The primitive epithelium degenerates and disappears. The ultrastructure of both epithelia in the course of the development of the cercaria is described in detail. Possible functions are discussed.