Phoma glomerata, a potential new threat to Italian inland waters

Non-indigenous crayfish species, carrier of the oomycete Aphanomyces astaci, are the most important threats to European crayfish species. However, other ectoparasite species have been reported to be the pathogen of aquatic organisms. As little is known about other potential pathogens carried by the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii, a total of 86 individuals of this species was collected in Lake Trasimeno from June 2007 to 2008. Phoma glomerata, never recorded in Italy, colonised more than 65% of the captured crayfish. No significant differences in prevalence were recorded between sexes, among life stages and between soft- and hard-shelled crayfish. This Coelomycetes is the causal agent of many diseases in plants, animals and humans. These results may contribute to a better understanding of the implications of epibiontic microfungi on the invasive crayfish P. clarkii, for both ecological and sanitary purposes.     

Effects of exotic and translocated fish species in the inland waters of Turkey

Throughout the world a number of problems have arisen following the introduction of new fish species; impacts of introductions are not limited to biological and ecological effects but may also have socioeconomic implications. Exotic and translocated fish species have become established in various parts of the inland waters of Turkey since the 1950s. The present paper reviewed ecological and economical effects of introduced freshwater fish of Turkey.     

The diversity, distribution and ecology of diatoms from Antarctic inland waters

Diatoms are abundant and diverse in many Antarctic freshwaters, with a general trend of decreasing diversity moving southwards. They form an important component of many benthic algal communities in streams and standing waters but are generally less common in the phytoplankton. Diatoms are excellent ecological indicator species and, because their remains are preserved in many sedimentary environments, there appears to be a great potential for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction and the examination of past diversity. A lack of taxonomic precision and consistency, coupled with the insufficient collection from some geographical areas, makes the estimation of the number of Antarctic diatom species problematic.     

The macrofauna distribution in brackish inland waters in relation to chlorinity and other factors

The macrofauna of small isolated brackish waters on a barrier island in the Dutch Wadden Sea was sampled qualitatively. An attempt was made to correlate species composition and species richness to chlorinity characteristics and to data on the water regime of the localities studied.It is shown that the observed differences in the macrofauna cannot be explained by differences in chlorinity only. Present and former connections to other water bodies seem equally important.     

Spread of Microcosmus squamiger (Ascidiacea: Pyuridae) in the Mediterranean Sea and adjacent waters

The Mediterranean Sea is subject to an ever-increasing arrival of non-indigenous marine organisms. Microcosmus squamiger is a solitary ascidian that inhabits shallow rocky littoral habitats. It probably originated in Australia and it has shown great invasive potential in other parts of the world. In the Mediterranean, M. squamiger has only been reported at a few sites in Spain and Italy. However, the closely related species Microcosmus exasperatus has been reported in several areas of the western Mediterranean. As these species can be easily confused, we re-examined most of the material from previous studies and our personal collections. In addition, sampling was done at several sites along the western Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts. The results showed that the majority of the M. exasperatus reports correspond to M. squamiger, and that M. squamiger is common on the Atlantic shores. This suggests that M. squamiger has entered the Mediterranean through the Gibraltar Strait, while the restricted distribution in the eastern Mediterranean of M. exasperatus suggests that this species is probably a Lessepsian migrant. In the Mediterranean Sea, M. squamiger has the ability to occupy extensive areas of hard substrata and to outcompete native species. Further studies are necessary to assess what impacts this invasive species have on native communities.     

Morphology and distribution of trichomes in Italian species of the Stachys germanica group (Labiatae): a taxonomic evaluation

The micromorphology and distribution of secreting and non-secreting trichomes in different parts of plants of the species belonging to Stachys, S. germanica group, of the Italian Flora, were studied. A peculiar capitate hair with multicellular head was found in all the species examined, with the exception of S. germanica ssp. germanica. This type of trichome is typically 4-celled in S. tymphaea. The distribution of trichomes on the calyces is particularly interesting and some peculiar features better characterize S. germanica ssp. germanica, S. germanica ssp. dasyanthes, S. cretica ssp. salviifolia, S. alpina and S. heraclea.     

Protura of Italy, with a key to species and their distribution

The Italian Protura were studied basing on 5103 specimens from 198 sampling areas, along with bibliographic data from 49 collecting sites. 17 out of the 20 Italian regions are covered. As a result, 40 species have been identified (belonging to 8 genera and 4 families), 6 of which are new records for the Italian fauna.A key to the Italian species is reported, followed by a series of distribution maps and brief remarks for some of them. A preliminary biogeographical overview allowed us to delineate the chorological categories of these species, 10 of which are actually known only in Italy. The comparison with the species richness known for some best studied Central and Eastern European Countries leads us to speculate that widening our research, Italian Protura check-list will be much implemented.     

Effects of nonindigenous species on diversity and community functioning in the eastern Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea)

An increase of xenodiversity in plankton and benthos in the eastern Gulf of Finland was observed from 1998 to 2004. Nonindigenous species account for 4.8% of all species found and up to 96% of total biomass. Invasive benthic omnivores, the alien amphipods Gmelinoides fasciatus and Pontogammarus robustoides and the predaceous fish Perccottus glenii with their versatile diets strongly affect the community structure. Invasive sessile seston-feeders that directly (through grazing and water clearance) and indirectly (through recycling of nutrients) interact with other ecosystem components, are mainly represented by the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha, which affect the structure of benthic and planktonic communities as well as benthic-pelagic coupling. The invasive predatory cladocerans Cercopagis pengoi and Evadne anonyx and larvae of D. polymorpha are only temporary components in the zooplankton, which is limiting their overall effect. Alien benthic bioturbators, the polychaetes Marenzelleria neglecta and the oligochaete Tubificoides pseudogaster account for a high proportion of total abundance and biomass but their effects on native species need further research.     

Effect of sudden salinity change on Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye osmoregulation, ionoregulation and condition in inland saline water and potassium-fortified inland saline water

Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of sudden decrease in salinity of raw and potassium-fortified inland saline water on western king prawn Penaeus latisulcatus osmoregulation, ionoregulation and condition. Prawns were subjected to salinity decrease over 1 h from 32 to 25 ppt in the first trial and from 27 to 20 ppt in the second trial in three water types: inland saline water with potassium fortified to 100% and 80% of the marine water concentration (IS100, IS80), and raw inland saline water (ISW). In the first trial condition and ingestion rate were monitored over 19 days following salinity change. In the second trial condition, haemolymph osmo- and iono-regulation were recorded over 48 h following salinity change. In the first trial, 100% mortality was observed in ISW by day 13, with final survival 94% in IS80 and 100% in IS100. Tail muscle moisture content increased significantly (P < 0.05) over time in both trials and in all water types, suggesting loss of energy reserves. In the second trial, serum osmolality, sodium concentration and osmoregulatory capacity decreased following salinity change, stabilising by 24 h in IS100 and IS80 but continuing to decrease till 48 h in ISW, suggesting partial breakdown of osmoregulatory function in the potassium-deficient medium. Prawns were stronger regulators of divalent than monovalent cations. These trials demonstrate that potassium-deficient inland saline water requires fortification with potassium to allow prawn survival and efficient osmoregulation.     

Endemism patterns in the Italian leaf beetle fauna (Coleoptera,Chrysomelidae)

In this contribution the results of a zoogeographical analysis, carried out on the 123 endemic leaf beetle species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) occurring in Italy and its immediately adjacent regions, are reported. To assess the level of faunistic similarity among the different geographic regions studied, a cluster analysis was performed, based on the endemic component. This was done by calculating the Baroni Urbani & Buser’s similarity index (BUB). Finally, a parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) was used to identify the most important areas of endemism in Italy.     

Non-native freshwater fishes in Norway: history, consequences and perspectives

At present, there are 43 self-sustaining fish species in Norwegian fresh waters, 11 (26%) of which are non-native, representing four families (Salmonidae, Cyprinidae, Centrarchidae and Ictaluridae). Human-mediated fish introductions probably began in the 15th century with common carp Cyprinus carpio, but most have occurred between the late 1800s and late 1900s. The number of known established populations varies from one (goldfish Carassius auratus ) to nearly 250 (tench Tinca tinca ). Dispersal risk is also highest with tench, which is being spread by anglers for its appeal as a trophy fish. Intentional introductions to improve amenity angling have been part of fisheries management programmes ( e.g. brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis ), so this appears to be an increasingly common introduction vector despite the prohibition under legislation of introducing any species of non-native fishes. Some introduced species, such as brook trout, have declined in abundance and number of populations as the quality of acidified waters has been restored, being replaced by native brown trout Salmo trutta . Further range expansion by some species ( e.g. common carp, goldfish and pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus ) is probably restricted by current climatic conditions.     

Occurrence and distribution of culturable enteroviruses in wastewater and surface waters of north‐eastern Spain

Aims: Update information regarding occurrence and levels of culturable enteroviruses in several types of surface polluted waters in north‐eastern Spain and determine the proportion of the different species and serotypes. Methods and Results: The best procedures on hand in our laboratory for concentrating and quantifying culturable enteroviruses from different water sample types were used. Sequencing was used for typing the virus isolates. Geometric means of enteroviruses densities expressed in plaque forming units per litre were 968 in raw sewage, 12·51 in secondary effluents, 0·017 in tertiary effluents, 0·4 in river water and 0·36 in seawater. Enterovirus densities in wastewater revealed certain seasonality with a maximum at the end of spring – beginning of the summer. Coxsackievirus B, and amid them serotype CB4, were the most abundant species and serotypes detected. Conclusions: Densities of enteroviruses in different north‐eastern Spain surface waters are similar to those present in industrialized countries with temperate climate. No wild polioviruses were detected. Distribution of species showed a clear prevalence of coxsackieviruses. Significance and Impact of the Study: Information regarding enteroviruses in this geographical area provides valuable information to estimate the risk of enteroviruses transmission through water and for complementing clinical epidemiological data.     

Genetic variation in the Italian crested newt, Triturus carnifex, and the origin of a non-native population north of the Alps

Genetic variation over 40 protein loci and 46 populations representing three taxa of crested newts revealed moderate genetic distances between Triturus carnifex carnifex, T. c. macedonicus and T. cristatus. Two populations from the Geneva Basin (presumed to be introduced) were genetically similar to T. c. carnifex and dissimilar to T. c. macedonicus and T. cristatus, showing that they belong to T. c. carnifex and not to native T. cristatus. A significant pattern of spatial genetic variation was found within T. c. carnifex along a north to south axis, from Croatia to Calabria. The Genevan populations showed highest genetic similarity with T. carnifex from Tuscany, suggesting that the propagule originated from that area. Effects of a population genetic bottleneck associated with the introduction could not be documented. The observed high allelic variation in Genevan T. c. carnifex could not be directly explained by introgression from T. cristatus. Comparisons across the range, including zones of hybridization within the T. cristatus superspecies, indicated that some alleles typical for the Genevan population may represent the so-called `hybrizymes'.     

Photosynthetic pathways,distribution, and ecological characteristics of grass species in egypt

Summary This study is based both on our own results, especially δ¹³C analyses, and on data in the literature. Of the 225 species of Poaceae reported from Egypt, 105 species show the C₃ and 120 the C₄ type of photosynthetic CO₂ fixation. Winter annual and perennial grasses active in winter are mainly C₃ species, while summer annuals and the other perennials are mainly C₄ species. The percentage of C₃ species decreases with decreasing latitude. This seems to be mainly related to increasing temperatures. The C₃ grass species are found preferentially in the Mediterranean, Irano-Turanian, Mediterranean/Irano-Turanian, and Saharo-Arabian chorotypes, while the C₄ species are mainly found in the Sudanian, Saharo-Arabian/Sudanian and Tropical chorotypes. In Egypt, the NADP⁺-ME and NAD⁺-ME subtypes of C₄ photosynthesis are found in about equal numbers of C₄ species, while the PCK subtype is relatively rare.     

Contribution of picoplankton to primary production in estuarine,coastal and equatorial waters of Brazil

Quantitative data on primary production of picoplankton are presented for three different Brazilian marine ecosystems: estuarine, coastal and oceanic. The size fraction from 0.45 μm to 1.0 μm was responsible for 3.0% to 28.5% of ¹⁴C uptake in estuarine waters; 18.5% to 40.4% in coastal waters, and 6.7% to 100.0% in oceanic waters, respectively. These results establish the importance of picoplankton as primary producers in different marine environments along the Brazilian waters.     

Endemic flora biodiversity in the south of the Iberian Peninsula: altitudinal distribution,life forms and dispersal modes

The south of the Iberian Peninsula, with an altitudinal range varying from sea level to 3482m and annual average rainfall ranging from 206 to 2223mm, has 516 vascular endemic species or subspecies, that is, an endemicity rate of 13%. This survey deals with parameters such as species richness, originality, life forms and dispersal modes of these plants, in relation to altitudinal and rainfall gradients. Although most of the endemic plants occur between 600 and 1400m a.s.l. and in the range of 600–1000mm annual average rainfall, floristic originality (rate of endemic taxa per area unit) increases exponentially with altitude. The biological spectrum of this endemic flora does not follow the usual patterns observed either in local floras in the south of the Iberian Peninsula or in other regions of the Mediterranean Basin. Chamaephytes (46.08%) and hemicryptophytes (31.37%) are very abundant, whereas therophytes (11.96%) and phanerophytes (0.98%) are comparatively rare. There is a statistically significant correlation between life form and both altitudinal and rainfall gradients. Chamaephytes reach their highest density rates within 1400–2000m a.s.l., but these records tend to decrease as rainfall rates increase. Abundance of hemicryptophytes is directly dependent on rainfall rates and inversely dependent on temperature. The altitudinal distribution pattern of therophytes is opposite to that of hemicryptophytes, but there is no clear correlation as far as rainfall gradient is concerned. Considering both the endemic plants as a whole and each of the life form groups, the relationships between the dispersal modes used and the altitudinal and rainfall gradients are analysed. Up to 44.51% of the endemic plants do not present evident adaptations to promote the dispersion of their diaspores. However, only in the group of therophytes, whose occurrence is positively related to areas of minor altitude, does this difficulty of dispersion play a significant role in the maintenance of stenochory.     

Discovery of larvae of the hermit crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Diogenes nitidimanus</Emphasis> Terao, 1913 (Decapoda: Diogenidae) in ship ballast waters: Evidence in support of its introduction into Peter the Great Bay

The larva of the hermit crab Diogenes nitidimanus Terao, 1913 was found in the ballast waters of the tanker Minotaur that arrived from the Chinese port of Laizhou (Bohai Bay, Yellow Sea). Earlier, an abundant population of mature adults of D. nitidimanus was found in Vostok Bay (Peter the Great Bay), this suggested the introduction and naturalization of this species in the Peter the Great Bay. The finding of its larva in ballast waters of a ship on the Russia-China route confirms the introduction of this species into Peter the Great Bay.     

Natural Colonization and Establishment of a Chinook Salmon, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</Emphasis>, Population in the Santa Cruz River,an Atlantic Basin of Patagonia

Synopsis We report the finding of an established population of exotic Chinook salmon spawning in headwaters of the Santa Cruz River system (Argentina), the first for this species in an Atlantic basin of South America. Spawning takes place in the Caterina River, a small tributary of Lake Argentino, located 488.5 km from the ocean. Anadromy was verified by correspondence of N and C stable isotope ratios with those of fish captured by bottom-trawlers in the ocean and those of anadromous rainbow trout from the same river basin. The scale patterns of most fish examined were consistent with a stream-type life cycle (i.e., seaward migration by juveniles after a full year in fresh water). Two potential origins were identified for this population: in situ introductions of fish imported directly from the USA in the early 20th century or fish from two ranching experiments conducted in southern Chile during the 1980s. In the latter case, colonization would have proceeded through the Strait of Magellan, helped by prevailing eastward currents.