呼和浩特白塔机场春季鸟类的鸟击危险等级评估

2005年3—5月采用样带法对呼和浩特白塔机场4个样区的鸟类进行了调查,共记录到鸟类59种，隶属于10目26科。通过分析春季鸟类群落中各鸟种的相对重要值、分布系数、密度和种间相遇概率等群落特征参数，结合鸟类在机场及周边地区的活动行为等综合因素确定影响飞机飞行安全的危险鸟类。其结果表明：构成飞行安全威胁有两类：喜鹊和红隼等23种鸟类为最危险的鸟类，雀鹰和金翅雀等8种鸟类为较危险的鸟类。     

天津滨海国际机场鸟类群落结构及多样性特征

于2015年3月—2016年2月,采用固定半径样点法和样带法,对天津滨海国际机场飞行区内的鸟类群落结构及多样性特征进行了调查。结果表明:天津滨海国际机场分布鸟类12目31科52种,其中留鸟7种(13.46%),夏候鸟17种(32.69%),冬候鸟5种(9.62%),旅鸟23种(44.23%);广性分布鸟类8种,优势种6种;综合鸟类的飞行高度、体重、数量、遇见频率及生境利用率等因素对飞机飞行安全的影响,对鸟类危险等级进行了评估,严重危险鸟类有红隼(Falco tinnunculus)、喜鹊(Pica pica)和麻雀(Passer montanus)3种;秋季鸟类多样性指数最高,春季优势度最高,湿地苇丛的多样性指数和均匀度指数最高,场内建筑区的优势度指数最高,机场围界区与场内建筑区的鸟类群落相似度最高。通过对不同季节、不同生境鸟类多样性的对比分析,搞清机场飞行区内被鸟类利用的生境特征及鸟类分布与活动规律,进而为机场开展鸟撞防范工作提供依据。     

机场鸟击特点及防范体系构建

鸟击是威胁机场飞行安全的主要因素之一,根据机场鸟击特点有针对性地制定鸟击防范体系对提升飞行安全、减少经济损失具有重要意义。本文收集了重庆市江北机场2009—2016年的鸟击事件信息并送检鸟击残留物,在2010年3月—2011年2月调查了江北机场及周边区域的鸟类群落,将江北机场鸟击物种信息与鸟类群落的物种信息进行相似性分析,同时将江北机场的鸟击信息数据与中国民航2007—2015年的鸟击信息数据进行对比研究。结果显示:(1)江北机场鸟击物种与飞行区鸟类群落的相似性显著高于农耕区(t=2.507,P=0.041)和城镇园林(t=2.562,P=0.037),其中,夏季白天的鸟击物种与飞行区鸟类群落相似性最高(S=0.413 8),表明飞行区鸟类鸟击率更高,是鸟击防范工作的重点区域,夏季更应关注飞行区的鸟类控制;(2)江北机场与中国民航鸟击在季节、时间等方面基本一致,均呈现秋、夏、春季以及夜间鸟击高发的特点;(3)迁徙鸟和家鸽Columba livia domestica、燕子、树麻雀Passer montanus、小云雀Alauda gulgula等部分机场当地常见鸟是鸟击高发的物种。根据分析结果,结合江北机场及各机场鸟击防范工作经验,本文建议从组织机构、制度管理、监控、信息分析、设备防范、环境管理、航班动态调整、应急处置等方面构建鸟击防范体系,以期为江北机场及其他机场提供参考。     

扬州泰州国际机场鸟类多样性及鸟击防控

鸟类群落多样性研究对机场鸟击防控有重要意义。国内机场现今均采用物种丰富度和均匀度等传统物种多样性指标来评价机场周边地区的鸟类群落, 该方法缺乏物种的生态系统功能和系统发育相关信息。为阐明机场鸟类群落多样性特点, 本文以扬州泰州国际机场为研究区域, 进行为期一年的调查, 从物种多样性、功能多样性、谱系多样性三个层次来研究。本研究共记录鸟类71种, 隶属13目33科, 雀形目鸟类物种数最多, 其次为鸻形目。从居留型看, 候鸟较多; 从区系上看, 广布种鸟类最多, 古北界和东洋界鸟类都较少。春季的FRic高于其他季节, 春、夏季的FEve和FDis高于秋冬季。FDiv在季节间无显著性差异, 群落物种的离散程度差异较小, 季节变化对FRic、FEve、FDis具有显著影响。各生境的FRic、FEve、FDiv无显著差异, FDis在湿地与草坪间存在显著性差异。栖息地类型的交错分布支持多种功能性状的鸟类, 使得各生境的鸟类功能分布无显著差异。谱系多样性分析发现, 鸟类群落呈现谱系发散趋势。结合鸟类多样性指数、分布系数及重要值, 严重危险鸟类有6种, 包括斑嘴鸭(Anas zonorhyncha)、珠颈斑鸠(Spilopelia chinensis)、夜鹭(Nycticorax nycticorax)、喜鹊(Pica pica)、家燕(Hirundo rustica)、八哥(Acridotheres cristatellus)。结合季节和生境的群落多样性特征, 机场需针对性地开展机场生态环境治理, 以应对危险鸟类在机场区域的活动。     

太原武宿国际机场鸟类多样性特征及鸟击防控

机场周边区域鸟类的活动给飞行安全造成了潜在的风险,掌握机场鸟类的多样性特征对开展鸟击防控工作有重要的指示意义。于2018年10月—2019年8月,采用样线法与网捕法对太原武宿国际机场飞行区与净空区进行了鸟类多样性调查。共记录到鸟类75种,隶属于13目31科,其中繁殖鸟占60%,非繁殖鸟占40%。用EstimateS软件对调查范围内鸟类丰富度进行估计,ACE值(81种),ICE值(98种),表明覆盖了调查范围内鸟类中76.53%～92.59%的物种,显示了较好的调查效果。为了明确所调查鸟类对鸟击防控工作的影响,根据这些鸟种的重要值(IV)与风险系数计算其危险指数。机场全年发生严重危险的鸟种有斑嘴鸭(Anas zonorhyncha)、家燕(Hirundo rustica)、绿头鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)、喜鹊(Pica pica)、环颈雉(Phasianus colchicus)、家鸽(Columba domestica)、珠颈斑鸠(Streptopelia chinensis)等10种。6种不同生境的鸟类群落多样性聚类分析表明:受人为干扰较大的生境类型为居民点和道路绿化带,其物种多样性较低(H=1.35±0.08);另外4种生境即机场草坪、水塘-滩涂、农田及人工林地受人为干扰较小,其物种多样性(H=1.66±0.04)较高。为此,在机场的鸟击防范工作中,要针对性地开展机场周边生态环境治理,制定靶向性的防控策略来应对危险鸟类在机场区域的活动。     

沈阳桃仙国际机场鸟类多样性及鸟撞防范

为了解沈阳桃仙国际机场附近的鸟类群落特征,给机场鸟类防范管理提供数据支持,预防鸟撞事故发生,于2012年9月—2013年8月在机场周围7 km范围内,采用样线法和样点法进行鸟类多样性调查。共布设3条样线和7个样点,涵盖居民区、农耕区、山地、林地和河流5种生境,共记录到鸟类35种,隶属于10目21科。计算了5种生境中鸟类多样性指数、分布系数及重要值,并考虑了鸟类在桃仙机场范围内飞行高度对鸟撞风险的影响,将所记录到的鸟类分为严重危险、很危险、较危险和一般危险4个等级,其中严重危险的有树麻雀、苍鹭、喜鹊、红隼,很危险的有家燕、夜鹭、大山雀、家鸽等5种,较危险的有白尾鹞、绿头鸭、大斑啄木鸟、灰喜鹊等16种,一般危险的有赤胸鸫、大沙锥、鹌鹑、锡嘴雀等10种。基于上述研究结果,提出了桃仙机场鸟撞防范对策和建议。     

云南沧源佤山机场鸟类多样性及鸟击风险评估

鸟击防范是民航机场保障航空飞行安全的重要工作。及时收集新建机场鸟情数据、开展鸟击风险评估,对机场鸟防工作有重要意义。云南沧源佤山机场在2016年末通航,2017年8月—2018年4月对其锥形面区域的鸟类进行了为期1年的调查,以掌握机场周边鸟类多样性的本底状况,并根据鸟类的数量、个体大小、遇见频次、生境利用率和飞行高度等5项指标,对每种鸟在不同季节的鸟击风险进行了评估。结果表明,佤山机场周边有野生鸟类13目46科164种,其中留鸟占73.8%。鸟类群落组成具有明显的季节性变化,物种数:春季冬季夏季秋季。基于风险等级评估方法,确定了以留鸟为主的13种高风险鸟类。根据这些鸟类的生态特征,提出了佤山机场的鸟防建议。     

重庆江北机场鸟类群落结构及鸟击防范

鸟击对民用和军用飞机的飞行安全构成严重威胁,了解和掌握机场及其周边地区的鸟类群落结构对机场开展鸟击防范工作具有重要意义。本研究于2013年6月至2014年5月,采用固定距离样线法对重庆江北机场以机场中心为圆心、半径8 km范围内的区域进行鸟类多样性调查。共记录鸟类102种,隶属于15目、40科。其中留鸟44种,夏候鸟30种,冬候鸟13种,旅鸟15种;雀形目鸟类占绝对优势,计54种,占调查鸟类物种总数的52.94%。对鸟类群落结构分析结果表明,冬季密度最大,夏季最低;秋季的多样性指数最高,夏季最低;春季的均匀度指数最高,夏季最低;夏季的优势度指数最高,秋季最低。结合鸟类的密度D值、分布系数ADC值、鸟击风险值R、相对风险比例RE以及鸟类生活习性等综合分析,与鸟击发生关系密切的鸟种为家燕(Hirundo rustica)、灰椋鸟(Sturnus cineraceus)、八哥(Acridotheres cristatellus)、黑卷尾(Dicrurus macrocercus)、金翅(Carduelis spinus)、珠颈斑鸠(Phasianus colchicus)以及人工饲养物种家鸽(Columba domestica)等,根据调查结果对重庆江北机场的鸟击防范工作提出了综合防治建议。     

扎兰屯成吉思汗机场鸟类多样性与鸟击防范

机场及其周边鸟类种类调查及其多样性研究对于新建机场开展鸟击防范工作具有重要意义。2015年1—12月,采用样线法和固定半径样点法对内蒙古扎兰屯成吉思汗机场及其周边8 km范围内的区域进行鸟类多样性调查。调查期间记录到鸟类82种,隶属于15目31科。根据对鸟类的群落结构分析:机场围界内春季的鸟类多样性指数(0.740)和均匀度指数(0.819)最高;冬季的优势度(0.683)最高;夏季的平均密度(2.83 ind·hm-2)最高。机场围界外:夏季湿地的多样性指数最高,为1.576;冬季的草地均匀度指数最高,为0.902;冬季的居民区优势度最高,为2.113;春季的湿地平均密度最高,为28.60 ind·hm-2。本文综合鸟类的体积、数量、出现次数、飞行高度、与机场的距离、出现的样带数以及是否集群7个因子对鸟类的危险值重新赋值并计算得出危险值,严重危险鸟类有普通鸬鹚(Phalacrocorax carbo)、麻雀(Passer montanus)、赤麻鸭(Tadorna ferruginea)等14种。根据调查结果提出不同季节、不同区域以及不同鸟种的针对性防范意见以及机场管理对策,为今后扎兰屯机场鸟击防范工作提供科学依据。     

湖南常德桃花源机场鸟类的时空分布与鸟击防范

桃花源机场位于湖南省常德市鼎城区斗姆湖镇,距市区12.2 km.机场自1998年6月复航以来,鸟击事故时有发生,严重地影响到机场的飞行安全.为指导机场开展有针对性的鸟击防范工作,2008年5月～2009年4月,作者对桃花源机场净空区的鸟类群落组成和不同生境的鸟类物种多样性进行了实地调查,共记录到91种鸟类,隶属13目28科.其中留鸟39种,夏候鸟25种,冬候鸟25种,旅鸟2种.在不同季节中,机场净空区鸟类的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀性指数在春季均为最高,秋季均为最低.在净空区灌草丛、树林、农田、村落和水域5种鸟类生境类型中,以灌草丛生境鸟类的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最高,村落生境鸟类的Pielou均匀性指数最高,农田生境鸟类的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀性指数均为最低.鸟类种群密度在灌草丛与农田、灌草丛与村落、灌草丛与水域、树林与农田、树林与村落、树林与水域、农田与村落、村落与水域生境之间的差异显著(P<0.05);灌草丛与树林生境、农田与水域生境间的差异不显著(P>0.05).鸟类种群密度在不同季节间的差异不显著(P>0.05).与鸟击的发生较为密切的鸟类为小云雀Alauda gulgula、牛背鹭Bubulcus ibis、金腰燕Hirundo daurica等鸟类.据此对桃花源机场的鸟击防范提出了相关建议.     

Conflicting traffic: characterization of the hazards of birds flying across an airport runway

Bird–aircraft collisions cost millions of dollars to aviation globally and cause deaths. We designed and tested a protocol to study the hazards to aircraft from birds flying across runways where aircraft rotate and climb during take‐off. We recorded birds and flight height of birds flying across runway 03L at OR Tambo International Airport, South Africa. A total of 7,938 birds of pigeon size or larger crossed a 400 m length of runway during 14 h and 15 min, a rate of 8.8 birds per minute; there were 200 aircraft taking off during this period. The biggest bird–aircraft collision hazard is posed by African Sacred Ibis and Grey‐headed Gull. Respectively, these species contribute a mean of 111 kg per 10 min and 47.2 kg per 10 min biomass flying across the runway. We identify possible management options to reduce the hazard of bird–aircraft collisions. Our survey protocol and data treatment is easy to use, will add additional and important definition to existing activities to reduce bird–aircraft collisions and can provide comparable hazard information to aerodrome authorities and pilots.     

Bird strike incidents involving Kenya Airways flights at three Kenyan airports, 1991–2001

Bird strike data involving Kenya Airways aircraft at three Kenya's international airports located at Mombasa (Moi International Airport), Nairobi (Jomo Kenyatta International Airport) and Kisumu (Kisumu International Airport) have been regularly gathered by Kenya Airways during the period 1991–2001. The Department of Ornithology, National Museums of Kenya, has been a key collaborator in this effort by identifying the bird species, often just from remains of the carcass or a few feathers. A total of 224 bird strike incidents were reported at the three airports during the study period. Nairobi had the highest number of strikes (n = 90), followed by Kisumu (n = 88) and Mombasa (n = 46). Seven bird families, namely Ciconiidae, Accipitridae, Threskiornithidae, Numididae, Ardeidae, Corvidae and Gruidae accounted for most incidents in different phases of aeroplane flights, time of day and seasons. The general trend of bird strike incidents at the three airports showed a consistent increase during the study period, with Nairobi experiencing a significant rise (regression analysis, P = 0.03) over the 10‐year period. This preliminary analysis provides baseline information necessary for bird hazard management at the three airports.     

样线法和网捕法在机场鸟情调查中的应用比较

鸟击事件主要发生在机场范围内,对机场周边生境的鸟类组成进行调查,是制定鸟击防范对策的重要前提。国内多数机场已经开展了相关的鸟类组成调查,但是选用的调查方法却存在较大差异。以样线法和网捕法两种常用的调查方法对沈阳桃仙国际机场周边的迁徙期鸟类进行了研究,旨在比较两种调查方法在机场鸟类群落组成调查中的效果及调查的鸟类群落组成差异。结果表明：两种方法均适合机场鸟类调研,共记录到鸟类97种,网捕法记录的鸟类种数(83种vs. 57种)高于样线法,网捕法单独记录的鸟类种数(40种vs. 14种)也高于样线法。尽管两种方法每期(半个月)调查的物种数和目的数量无明显差别,但随调查强度(如调查次数)增加,网捕法累计记录到的鸟类种类明显高于样线法,且较晚达到渐近线。另外,两种方法调查记录的鸟类群落组成也具有显著的差别,如网捕法记录到较多鹌鹑和鸮形目等夜间迁徙或活动鸟类,而样线法可记录到鹭科和雁鸭类水鸟等。这说明两种调研方法在鸟类调查中有较好的互补性。因此,本研究认为机场鸟情调研时应该根据鸟情特点,选择合适的鸟类调研方法,综合采用多种调研方法可更有利于获得科学的鸟情信息。     

沈阳桃仙国际机场鸟类夜间迁徙规律

在鸟类迁徙季节,夜间鸟击事故频发是机场鸟击发生的一个显著特点.了解鸟类的夜间迁徙规律对于改进夜间鸟击防范措施具有重要的指导意义.本研究综合采用网捕法和声音记录法对沈阳桃仙机场夜间鸟类迁徙物种组成和迁徙规律进行研究.结果表明: 56种鸟类(占比88.9%)具有夜间迁徙习性,且以后半夜迁徙为主;鸟类夜间迁徙具有明显的时间动态和迁徙次序,春季鸟类迁徙较为集中,迁徙高峰在5月中旬,主要鸟类由鹌鹑、红尾伯劳、栗耳鹀、黑喉石鵖、普通夜鹰、黄眉柳莺等组成,秋季迁徙较为分散,迁徙高峰出现在9月下旬至10月上旬,主要由鹌鹑、灰背鸫、红喉鹨、丘鹬、矛斑蝗莺和灰头鵐等组成.对夜间迁徙鸟类的危险等级评估发现,春季严重危险物种是鹌鹑和红尾伯劳,秋季严重危险物种是鹌鹑、纵纹腹小鸮、灰背鸫和丘鹬.分别从夜间迁徙鸟类组成、迁徙动态、时间节律和物种危险等级等角度提出了相应的鸟击防范对策,为桃仙机场鸟击防范提供参考.     

Using DNA barcodes to identify a bird involved in a birdstrike at a Chinese airport

One day at dusk in August, 200X, an airplane was struck by a bird at a Chinese airport (M Airport). After a careful check, some blades of the plane’s engine were found to be out of shape and a few feathers and some bloodstains were found in the air intake of the engine. In order to know which species of bird was involved in the birdstrike, firstly we extracted DNA from the bloodstains; secondly, the DNA barcode (portion of COI gene) of the unknown species was amplified by PCR method; thirdly, sequence divergences (K2P differences) of the DNA barcode between the unknown species and a library of 59 common bird species distributed at the airport area were analyzed. Furthermore, a neighbor-joining (NJ) tree based on COI barcodes was created to provide graphic representation of sequence divergences among the species to confirm the identification. The result showed that red-rumped swallow (Hirundo daurica) was involved in the birdstrike incident. Some suggestions to avoid birdstrikes caused by red-rumped swallows were given to the administrative department of M Airport to ensure flying safety.     

Wildlife hazard assessment for Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport

We examined wildlife abundance, distribution, and movement patterns at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (PHX) and within an 8-km radius to assess current air-strike hazards, and to provide baseline information for projecting changes in air-strike hazards as land-use patterns around PHX change. We found that water sources at or near PHX especially induced wildlife movement patterns that put air traffic at risk. This was particularly true of the Salt River bed adjacent to the airport, which also is a natural flight corridor for birds. Compounding the problem, air traffic at PHX was the heaviest when bird abundance and activity was the greatest during migration and breeding. We feel that air strike hazards at PHX are likely to increase substantially as the Salt River bed is reclaimed to produce additional lakes and high quality riparian habitat. We offer recommendations to reduce the hazard levels currently found at PHX and to reduce additional hazards as the habitat around PHX is converted and produces more attractive wildlife habitat.     

Changes in timing, duration, and symmetry of molt of Hawaiian forest birds

Food limitation greatly affects bird breeding performance, but the effect of nutritive stress on molt has barely been investigated outside of laboratory settings. Here we show changes in molting patterns for an entire native Hawaiian bird community at 1650-1900 m elevation on the Island of Hawaii between 1989-1999 and 2000-2006, associated with severe food limitation throughout the year beginning in 2000. Young birds and adults of all species took longer to complete their molt, including months never or rarely used during the 1989-1999 decade. These included the cold winter months and even the early months of the following breeding season. In addition, more adults of most species initiated their molt one to two months earlier, during the breeding season. Suspended molt, indicated by birds temporarily not molting primary flight feathers during the months of peak primary molt, increased in prevalence. Food limitation reached the point where individuals of all species had asymmetric molt, with different primary flight feathers molted on each wing. These multiple changes in molt, unprecedented in birds, had survival consequences. Adult birds captured during January to March, 2000-2004, had lower survival in four of five species with little effect of extended molt. Extended molt may be adaptive for a nutrient stressed bird to survive warm temperatures but not cool winter temperatures that may obliterate the energy savings. The changing molt of Hawaiian birds has many implications for conservation and for understanding life history aspects of molt of tropical birds.     

The role of landscape in shaping bird community and implications for landscape management at Nanjing Lukou International Airport

Understanding the patterns of bird diversity and its driving force is necessary for bird strike prevention. In this study, we investigated the effects of landscape on phylogenetic and functional diversity of bird communities at Nanjing Lukou International Airport (NLIA). Bird identifications and counting of individuals were carried out from November 2017 to October 2019. Based on the land-cover data, the landscape was divided into four main types, including farmlands, woodlands, wetlands, and urban areas. Bird phylogenetic and functional diversity were strongly affected by landscape matrix types. Species richness and Faith's phylogenetic distance were highest in woodlands, while mean pairwise distance (MPD), mean nearest-taxon distance (MNTD), and functional dispersion (FDis) were highest in wetlands. Based on the feeding behavior, carnivorous birds had the lowest species richness but had the highest FDis, which implied that carnivorous birds occupied most niches at the NLIA. Moreover, bird assemblages exhibited phylogenetic and functional clustering in the four kinds of landscapes. A variety of landscape attributes had significant effects on species diversity, phylogenetic and functional diversity. Landscape-scale factors played an important role in the shaping of bird communities around NLIA. Our results suggest that landscape management surrounding airports can provide new approaches for policymakers to mitigate wildlife strikes.     

Use of Tropical Dry Forests and Agricultural Areas by Neotropical Bird Communities

Agricultural activities represent a global threat to biodiversity, yet little is known about the relative importance of different agricultural land uses in relation to their wildlife communities. We explored bird community structure, diversity, and composition in a landscape dominated by primary tropical dry forest, and in three agricultural systems (i.e., tree orchards, herbaceous cropfields, cattle pastures) to evaluate the way in which birds use different habitats within the landscape. Tropical dry forests had the highest species richness and community evenness, although the bird community in tree orchards was also relatively species rich and even. Cattle pastures had more bird species than cropfields but both habitats were comparatively species poor with low evenness. Our results are related to habitat structure and the spatial location of sites within the landscape matrix. Based on our observations, we recommend including native tree species within agricultural systems and surrounding areas to provide additional resources for birds. Finally, we suggest promoting natural recruitment of native trees and shrubs within cattle pastures to provide suitable habitat for species that use tropical dry forest plants. Abstract in Spanish is available at http://www.blackwell‐synergy.com/loi/btp .     

Ranking birdstrike risk: A case study at Huanghua International Airport, Changsha, China

Bird-aircraft collisions (birdstrikes) pose a major threat to aviation safety worldwide. The bird distribution at the airfield of Huanghua International Airport in Changsha, Hunan Province, China, was investigated between December of 2006 and December of 2008, to study birdstrike avoidance and aviation safety. A total of 60 bird species was found and their risks were assessed by a birdstrike ranking assessment system. The highest-risk species were Barn swallow (Hirundo rustica), Red-rumped swallow (H. daurica), Grey-headed lapwing (Vanellus cinereus), Pintail snipe (Gallinago stenura), Oriental skylark (Alauda gulgula), Little egret (Egretta garzetta), and Eurasian woodcock (Scolopax rusticola), whereas the lowest-risk species were Black-capped kingfisher (Halcyon pileata) and White-throated kingfisher (H. smyrnensis). Through a hierarchical cluster analysis, all species were classified as four groups: (1) the extremely high-risk group with a risk level between 84% and 100%, which includes bird species ranked from the 1st to the 16th, and is the priori group in birdstrike prevention; (2) the high-risk group with a risk level between 71% and 81%, which includes bird species ranked from the 17th to the 28th, and is the sub-prior group in birdstrikes; (3) the sub-high-risk group with a risk level between 60% and 69%, which includes bird species ranked from the 29th to the 43rd, and is the concern group in birdstrike prevention; (4) the low-risk group with a risk level between 60% and 69%, which includes bird species ranked from the 44th to the 60th, and is the negligible group in birdstrike prevention. Finally, the first 16 bird species with high-risk values, which are the main focus of birdstrike prevention, were categorized as six prevention groups by a hierarchical cluster analysis. Therefore, this study provides targeted implementations for birdstrike prevention at Huanghua International Airport, Changsha.