An ecological perspective on environmental decision-making

Current research on environmental decision-makers at the professional and nonprofessional levels is reviewed. The potential utility of this research for achieving more adaptive man-environment relations in modern industrial societies is examined. A broader framework of research is suggested for viewing the antecedents and consequences of environmental decision-making from an ecological perspective. Mechanisms for promoting research on man-environment relations are considered. In particular, issues in the training of scientific man-power in this interdisciplinary field are discussed.This article was prepared while the author served as Senior Postdoctoral Fellow in Environmental Psychology at Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, 1970–1971.     

An ecological perspective on methane emissions from northern wetlands

Wetlands are significant sources of atmospheric methane, an important radiatively active ‘greenhouse’ gas that accounts for an estimated 12% of total greenhouse warming. Since global climate models predict the greatest temperature and precipitation changes at high latitudes, and as the largest areas of wetland (346 × 10⁶ha) are in the boreal and subarctic regions (40–70°N), recent research has focused on Identifying the factors that control methane emission from northern wetlands. Over the past few years, the database has expanded tremendously, and much progress has been made in understanding the environmental controls on methane emission at small spatial and temporal scales. However, we now need to broaden our understanding of regional differences in methane emission, ecological responses of northern wetlands to climate change, and the effect of other perturbations such as drainage and flooding.     

Invasive marine algae: An ecological perspective

The significance of marine algal invasion is undisputed in the global context; however, this topic has not received as much attention as it deserves. Although substantial evidence supports the fact of marine algal introduction and invasion, the underlying ecological principles need more attention to better explain such invasions. Marine algal invasions transcend national boundaries, so the problem must be considered an international problem. Commercial exploitation of invasive marine algae (and under this category we include deliberate introductions) should be undertaken, if at all, with great care and with a full understanding of all aspects of the biology and ecological consequences of the new exotic species. The aim of this article is to define algal invaders from a marine ecosystem standpoint and to discuss the different vectors, their dispersal patterns, and mechanisms of their dominance in their naturalized or introduced range     

An ecological perspective of microbial secondary metabolism

Bacteria and fungi produce a remarkable array of bioactive small molecules. Many of these have found use in medicine as chemotherapies to treat diseases ranging from infection and cancer to hyperlipidemia and autoimmune disorders. The applications may or may not reflect the actual targets for these compounds. Through careful studies of microbes, their associated molecules and their targets, a growing understanding of the ecology of microbial secondary metabolism is emerging that exposes the central role of secondary metabolites in many complex biological systems.     

Molecular mechanisms underlying the emergence of bacterial pathogens: an ecological perspective

The rapid emergence of new bacterial diseases negatively affects both human health and agricultural productivity. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying these disease emergences are shared between human‐ and plant‐pathogenic bacteria, not much effort has been made to date to understand disease emergences caused by plant‐pathogenic bacteria. In particular, there is a paucity of information in the literature on the role of environmental habitats in which plant‐pathogenic bacteria evolve and on the stress factors to which these microbes are unceasingly exposed. In this microreview, we focus on three molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenicity in bacteria, namely mutations, genomic rearrangements and the acquisition of new DNA sequences through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). We briefly discuss the role of these mechanisms in bacterial disease emergence and elucidate how the environment can influence the occurrence and regulation of these molecular mechanisms by directly impacting disease emergence. The understanding of such molecular evolutionary mechanisms and their environmental drivers will represent an important step towards predicting bacterial disease emergence and developing sustainable management strategies for crops.     

珊瑚礁区的生物多样性及其生态功能

珊瑚礁区生物多样性程度可以与陆地热带雨林相提并论,目前关于珊瑚礁物种多样性及其空间分布特征方面研究进展迅速,是生物多样性研究的重要基地。作为一种生态资源,珊瑚礁还具有重要的生态功能,近年来由于全球气候逐渐变暖、人类活动影响不断加剧,导致其生物多样性缩减、生态功能严重退化。珊瑚礁生态系统多样性、遗传多样性已成为珊瑚礁研究热点,珊瑚礁生态环境效应和保护管理方面的研究也越来越受到重视。我国珊瑚礁主要分布在广阔的南海海域和海南岛、台湾岛、香港和广东广西沿岸,礁区生物种类繁多,多样性程度较高,以往研究主要涉及地质、地貌、生物、环境等方面,现今和今后一段时间里迫切需要加强生物多样性和生态功能研究,以确保更有效地保护和管理珊瑚礁。     

An ecological resilience perspective on cancer: Insights from a toy model

In this paper we propose an ecological resilience point of view on cancer. This view is based on the analysis of a simple ODE model for the interactions between cancer and normal cells. The model presents two regimes for tumor growth. In the first, cancer arises due to three reasons: a partial corruption of the functions that avoid the growth of mutated cells, an aggressive phenotype of tumor cells and exposure to external carcinogenic factors. In this case, treatments may be effective if they drive the system to the basin of attraction of the cancer cure state. In the second regime, cancer arises because the repair system is intrinsically corrupted. In this case, the complete cure is not possible since the cancer cure state is no more stable, but tumor recurrence may be delayed if treatment is prolongued. We review three indicators of the resilience of a stable equilibrium, related with size and shape of its basin of attraction: latitude, precariousness and resistance. A novel method to calculate these indicators is proposed. This method is simpler and more efficient than those currently used, and may be easily applied to other population dynamics models. We apply this method to the model and investigate how these indicators behave with parameters changes. Finally, we present some simulations to illustrate how the resilience analysis can be applied to validated models in order to obtain indicators for personalized cancer treatments.     

土壤生物多样性的研究概况与发展趋势

本文概括性地介绍了土壤生物类群的多样性及其在生态系统中的作用; 同时简要地回顾和比较了国内外在土壤生物学方面的研究动态, 分析了土壤生物学今后的发展趋势。鉴于土壤生物在生态系统中的重要性以及我国在土壤生物学研究方面的不足, 《生物多样性》本期刊登了一系列有关土壤生物的文章, 目的是为了使国内科学家对土壤生物多样性在生态系统中的作用有更好的认识, 并希望能够唤起更多的年轻学者加入到土壤生物学研究的行列, 以推动土壤生物学在我国的迅速发展并将土壤生物学的研究成果应用于国民经济的发展中。     

!Kung spatial organization: An ecological and historical perspective

The ecological and social bases of spatial organization among hunters and gatherers are examined. After criticizing the patrilocal band model of social organization, the author documents the flexible, nonterritorial groupings of the !Kung Bushmen of Botswana and relates them to rainfall and surface water scarcity and variability. The paper goes on to consider the effects of extra-Bushman contacts on the breakdown of sociospatial organization and finds that the observed flexibility occurred in both the pre- and the postcontact periods. The final section attempts to relate the analysis to general issues. Three areas that need further work if a more valid model of hunter spatial organization is to be developed are the problems of time perspective in research, adaptation to long-term climatic variability, and critical thresholds of population density.     

An exposition of system reliability analysis with an ecological perspective

This paper attempts to set the stage for a prospective interplay between ecology and reliability theory concerning the common issues of network connectivity and redundancy. The paper treats the problem of survival reliability which is the probability of successful migration of a specific species from a critical habitat patch to destination habitat patches via heterogeneous imperfect corridors. The paper surveys techniques of system reliability in an ecological setting and contributes methods for computing a new measure of reliability that arises when paths to destination habitat patches share common corridors. Care is taken to ensure that the reliability expressions obtained are as compact as possible and to check them for correctness.     

An ecological perspective in aquatic ecotoxicology: Approaches and challenges

This paper aims to highlight the considerable potential of a better integration of ecological theory in aquatic ecotoxicology. It outlines how community ecology, studies on trophic interaction and disturbance ecology could provide an enhanced theoretical basis for aquatic ecotoxicology and increase ecological relevance in environmental risk assessment of chemicals. Based on the literature and own research, approaches from aquatic ecotoxicology are presented, which are based on ecological considerations and address a higher level of biological complexity for risk assessment strategies of chemicals. The concepts of species-sensitivity distribution (SSD), pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT), the use of model ecosystems and the sediment quality triad (SQT) in ecological risk assesment as well as inputs from ecotoxicology into landscape ecology are illustrated. These examples aim to evidence aquatic ecotoxicology as a rewarding field of ecological research.     

Freshwater protozoa: biodiversity and ecological function

The purpose of this article is to pull together various elements from current knowledge regarding the natural history of free-living protozoa in fresh waters. We define their functional role, set the likely limits of biodiversity, and explore how the two may be related. Protozoa are unicellular, phagotrophic organisms, and 16 phyla of protists contain free-living freshwater protozoan species. They are the most important grazers of microbes in aquatic environments and the only grazers of any importance in anoxic habitats. In sediments, ciliates are usually the dominant protozoans. Benthic ciliate biomass accounts for slightly less than 10% of total benthic invertebrate biomass, but ciliate production may equal or even exceed invertebrate production. Freshwater protozoan species are probably ubiquitous, although many may persist locally for long periods in a cryptic state – as potential rather than active biodiversity. As protozoa are among the largest and most complex of micro-organisms, it follows that bacteria and all other smaller, more numerous microbes are also ubiquitous. The number of protozoan species recorded in local surveys (232) is about 10% of the estimated global species richness (2390). The 'seedbank of protozoan (and microbial) species ensures that local microbial diversity is never so impoverished that it cannot play its full part in ecosystem functions such as carbon fixation and nutrient cycling.     

乡村生态景观生物多样性研究热点和趋势——基于文献计量研究

乡村生态景观生物多样性是全球生物多样性的重要组成部分,是乡村景观构建、评价和乡村宜居发展的重要保障。以Web of Science中1990-2020年522篇相关文献为研究对象,运用文献计量工具CiteSpace绘制文献共被引和关键词共现网络知识图谱,重点考察转折点、高突现及高被引文献,理清乡村生态景观生物多样性研究的发展脉络、热点与趋势。研究发现:(1)乡村生态景观生物多样性研究的发展可分3阶段,即萌芽期(1993-2002年),该期为乡村生态景观生物多样性研究指引了方向,提出了城市化对乡村生物多样性的影响;蓄势期(2003-2010年),该期以Hansen在2005年发表的探究生物多样性对景观变化的响应机制文章为节点,重点研究如何可持续地进行乡村生态景观生物多样性的恢复与保护;发展期(2011-2020年),突现性文献为2014年Beilin发表的文章,研究重点转向社会生态系统,即从生态、经济和社会多维度出发研究乡村生态景观生物多样性;(2)乡村生态景观生物多样性研究主线变化从大量的案例研究,到城市化对乡村生态景观生物多样性影响的理论归纳,再到将理论用于实践并持续保护乡村生态景观生物多样性;(3)乡村生态景观生物多样性研究热点变化从城市化对乡村生态景观生物多样性的影响,到乡村可持续发展,再到保证人类可持续生计。未来应加强以下工作:(1)研究和建立适用于不同乡村生态景观建设的规划体系;(2)研究和创新乡村生态景观生态系统多样性的维护技术;(3)研究和构建乡村生态景观生物多样性的监控预警机制。最终的研究目标均指向如何将乡村生态景观生物多样性更好地服务于人类社会。     

Local ecological impacts of regional biodiversity on reef fish assemblages

Aim We examined comparative data for cryptobenthic reef fishes to determine how variation in regional species richness relates to local species richness, abundance, and taxonomic and trophic composition, and to test whether systems with higher species richness exhibit finer habitat partitioning. Locations Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia; Bahía de Loreto, Gulf of California (GoC), Mexico. Methods Cryptobenthic reef fish assemblages from four habitats (coral heads, rubble, and horizontal and vertical surfaces of boulders) were collected using clove oil. Differences in density, species richness and biomass were examined between regions and among habitats. Habitat associations were identified for each habitat/location based on multivariate ordination, and the statistical significance of patterns was tested using analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). In addition, the trophic group composition of the assemblages for both regions was examined. Results A total of 91 species in 20 families were recorded (GBR, 66 species; GoC, 25 species). Total and habitat species richness were higher on the GBR, whereas biomass was higher in the GoC. No difference in fish density between regions was found. Habitat division among assemblages was greater in the depauperate GoC. Only coral head associations proved to be distinctive on the GBR, whereas three sample groups were found in the GoC (coral heads, horizontal boulders and vertical boulders/rubble). Trophic composition in the two regions was markedly different, with omnivores dominating the GBR fauna and planktivores the GoC. Main conclusions A positive regional–local relationship in fish diversity was found between regions, but fish abundance in both regions remained similar. Contrary to expectations, habitat partitioning, at a community level, was greater in the depauperate GoC. Differences in trophic composition and patterns of habitat use appear to reflect the disparate history of the regions, whereas patterns of abundance may reflect the influence of fundamental relationships between size and abundance in communities. This study highlights the potential of reef faunas to conform to universal numerical trends while maintaining an ability to respond ecologically to local/evolutionary influences. The GoC fauna appears to be exceptionally vulnerable to natural and anthropogenic disturbance owing to the high numerical dominance of habitat‐specific species and to the limited potential for functional redundancy within the system.     

Linking ecological function, biodiversity and habitat: a mini-review focusing on older ecological literature

Current editorial policies of scientific journals in combination with modern technology used for the search of scientific literature intensify the tendency that ecologists lose connections with the knowledge of the past. This is unfortunate because the older ecological literature provides elements for a comparative approach linking ecological function, biodiversity and habitat of large-scale, high-biodiversity systems. Such a comparative approach, seeking common or diverging properties among larger systems, would be a useful complement to current small-scale experimentation, but would require testable hypotheses. Deriving observations, ideas and views from the older ecological literature, we propose such testable hypotheses, linking Ecological processes (EP), Biodiversity (BD), Habitat complexity (HC), Habitat harshness (HH), Habitat extent (HE), Size of organisms (S) and Longevity of organisms (L) in ecosystems throughEP α BD^x1 α HC^x2 α HH^−x3 α HE^x4 α S^x5 α L^x6.This set of allometric relations represents a sort of null model. We use heterotrophic stream ecosystems as an example to illustrate how these hypotheses could be tested, how observed deviations may improve the mechanistic understanding of a system and how our approach could serve to assess scenarios of biodiversity changes. We also briefly discuss how properties of different ecosystem types could be compared with our approach.Gegenwärtige Praktiken von Herausgebern wissenschaftlicher Zeitschriften sowie die Nutzung moderner Technologien bei der Beschaffung wissenschaftlicher Literatur verstärken die Tendenz, dass Ökologen älteres Wissen kaum noch beachten. Dies ist bedauerlich, da die ältere ökologische Literatur Elemente für eine vergleichende Methodik enthält, die ökologische Funktion, Biodiversität und Lebensraum von großräumigen, hochdiversen Systemen verknüpft. Solch eine vergleichende Methodik, die gemeinsame oder divergierende Eigenschaften von Systemen zu ergründen sucht, würde eine nützliche Ergänzung zu gegenwärtigen Experimenten mit kleineren Systemen sein. Allerdings benötigte man zur Anwendung dieser vergleichenden Methodik prüfbare Hypothesen. Wir schlagen solch prüfbare Hypothesen vor, die wir aus Beobachtungen, Ideen und Auffassungen der älteren ökologischen Literatur ableiten. Dafür verknüpfen wir ökologische Prozesse (EP), Biodiversität (BD), Lebensraumkomplexität (HC), Lebensraumrauheit (HH), Lebensraumausdehnung (HE), Körpergröße von Organismen (S) und Lebensdauer von Organismen (L) in Ökosystemen durchEP α BD^x1 α HC^x2 α HH^−x3 α HE^x4 α S^x5 α L^x6.Dieser Satz von allometrischen Beziehungen repräsentiert eine Art von Nullmodell. Am Beispiel heterotropher Fließwasserökosysteme zeigen wir, wie diese Hypothesen geprüft werden könnten, wie abweichende Beobachtungen das mechanistische Verständnis eines Systems verbessern könnten und wie unsere Methodik zur Beurteilung von Szenarien veränderter Biodiversität dienen könnte. Zudem diskutieren wir, wie Eigenschaften verschiedener Ökosystemtypen mit unserer Methodik verglichen werden könnten.