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1.
用模糊权重列联比预测农业昆虫发生程度 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
用列联系数、相关系数和因子权重系数分别构成模糊向量,用列联表中的条件概率,模糊条件概率和列联比分别构成模糊矩阵,然后交叉组合,采用模型预测农业昆虫。凡是用列联比构成模糊矩阵的,回报准确率均达100%,明显优于条件概率,模糊条件概率构成的模糊矩阵。 相似文献
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本文对卧龙自然保护区60年代人工栽培的四川红杉林分生物量和生产力进行了测定和研究。按“径阶标准木法”和“样方收割法”分别调查了乔木层、灌木层、草本地被层和枯枝落叶层。据调查数据,应用“相对生长法则”建立了估测乔木层单株木各器官干重的回归方程,相关系数均达到极显著水平。文中还研究了林分平均净生产量和产量结构。结果表明:四川红杉人工林分生物量平均为135.17t/ha,净生产量为10820.52kg/ha·a,其中乔木层生物量为113.57t/ha,占林分生物量的84.02%,净生产量为8951.63kg/ha·a,占林分净生产量的82.73%。林分中灌木层、草本层的生物量和净生产量分别占林分生物量和净生产量的1.01%和3.16%、4.44%和13.86%。枯枝落叶层现存量为14.23t/ha,占林分的10.53%,林分年凋落物量和枯损物量为3996.14kg/ha·a,占林分生产力的36.93%。 相似文献
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利用采自太白山南坡药王殿、北坡上板寺的太白红杉树芯样品分别建立树轮宽度年表,运用Vaganov-Shashkin模型揭示秦岭太白红杉径向生长对各气候要素的响应.结果表明: 生长季(4—8月)的温度、生长初期的降水量以及7、8月的降水量是限制秦岭地区太白红杉生长的主要气候因子.良好的温度条件有利于太白红杉的生长,但生长初期的降水量会抑制太白红杉的生长;7、8月的降水量对秦岭南坡和北坡太白红杉的影响差异明显,该时段内丰富的降水量对北坡太白红杉的生长具有促进作用,而对南坡太白红杉的生长产生一定的限制作用;同一坡向、不同海拔采样点树木径向生长与气候因子的响应结果同样存在差异,高海拔采样点太白红杉的生长需要的温度条件低于低海拔采样点,但对土壤湿度的需求大于低海拔采样点.生长开始日的早晚对太白红杉树轮宽度的形成影响很大,而生长结束日仅与南坡采样点树轮宽度之间呈显著相关. 相似文献
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为了解秦岭北坡太白红杉(Larix chinensis)的碳源/汇动态,运用BIOME-BGC模型模拟了1959-2016年太白红杉生产力、碳储量和碳利用效率(CUE),并利用气候情景设定方法预测碳源/汇功能的未来趋势。结果表明,58年间太白红杉的平均净初级生产力(NPP)、初级生产力(GPP)和净生态系统生产力(NEP)分别为328.59、501.56和31.42 g C m–2a–1,平均碳储量为35.38 kg C m–2a–1,平均CUE为0.65;除1960-1961、1969-1970、1997-1999年为\"碳源\"年外,绝大多数年份为\"碳汇\"年,年内呈现\"碳源-碳汇-碳源\"的变化特征,碳储量总体增加,潜在固碳能力较为稳定。GPP、NPP、碳储量的正向作用排序为气温上升CO_2浓度增加,NEP的正向作用排序反之,降水增加对生产力和碳储量增加起反作用,气温升高对CUE起反作用;气温和CO_2浓度是北坡太白红杉生长的限制因子,气温的限制性强于CO_2浓度,未来气温或CO_2浓度升高有利于碳汇功能发挥,降水增加减弱碳汇效果。RCP4.5、RCP8.5情景下太白红杉生产力和碳储量在21世纪呈上升趋势,RCP8.5上升幅度略大于RCP4.5,潜在固碳能力仍较强;1-3月和10-12月为\"碳源\"月,5-9月为\"碳汇\"月。这揭示了气候变化背景下气温、降水和CO_2浓度对太白红杉碳源/汇的影响方式,气温和CO_2浓度上升是碳汇的促进因素,降水增加为阻碍因素。 相似文献
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利用Biome-BGC模型模拟了1960—2013年太白山太白红杉林生态系统的净初级生产力(NPP),对其与太白红杉的径向生长关系进行了探讨,并分析了NPP值对气候变化的响应关系。结果表明:1960—2013年太白山太白红杉林北坡NPP年均值为305.33g C m~(-2)a~(-1),南坡为320.71g C m~(-2)a~(-1),南北坡的NPP值均呈现出一定的上升趋势,北坡的上升速率(0.47g C m~(-2)a~(-1))要小于南坡(1.29g C m~(-2)a~(-1)),但是北坡太白红杉分布下限区NPP值波动浮动较大。且北坡太白红杉NPP值随着海拔高度的上升而逐渐下降,低海拔的变化振幅要大于高海拔地区,南坡无明显变化。多数采样点的模拟NPP值与树轮宽度指数年际变化趋势趋于一致,相关关系呈显著相关。太白红杉标准年表、模型模拟NPP值与气象因子的相关分析均表明太白红杉的生长与生长季气温的相关性显著高于降水,即生长季的气温是太白红杉生长的限制因子。气候的变化作为制约太白红杉生境的重要因素,影响了太白红杉树木的生长,进而对NPP的变化产生了影响。树木年轮很好的检验了Biome-BGC模型模拟结果。 相似文献
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对川西高山树线红杉新鲜凋落物中有机组分于11月进行自然条件(对照)、加氮(2 g N·m-2)、增温(顶开式培养室)、加氮+增温4个处理的原位培养,并监测凋落物中有机组分的分解动态.结果表明: 在试验开始后4个月内,增温、加氮以及加氮+增温处理比对照显著促进了红杉凋落物中水溶性糖、水溶性酚和多酚的分解,但随着培养时间的延长,累积分解量的差异逐渐缩小.与对照相比,增温、加氮和增温+加氮处理均抑制红杉凋落物中CH2Cl2提取组分、酸溶碳水化合物、酸溶木质素和非酸溶木质素分解,其中增温处理抑制作用最强,加氮处理抑制效果最弱,增温+加氮处理介于二者之间;增温处理对非酸溶木质素和CH2Cl2提取组分的半分解周期延长1倍以上,热水溶组分的半分解周期延长50%以上.在原位培养条件下,红杉新鲜凋落物中水溶性糖、水溶性酚、多酚、酸溶碳水化合物、酸溶木质素是较容易分解的有机组分,半分解周期分别为182、159、127、154和190 d;热水溶组分、CH2Cl2提取组分和非酸溶木质素是较难分解的有机组分,半分解周期分别是209、302和318 d;尽管低温季节(11月至次年3月)极其寒冷,气温均低于0 ℃,常被认为是微生物活性最弱、有机物分解最慢的时期,但结果显示低温季节期间红杉凋落物各有机组分却分解最快.因此,氮沉降和升温将迟滞该区域高寒红杉林凋落物的分解.这将有利于高寒森林生态系统的土壤碳固持. 相似文献
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山西绵山植被优势种群的分布格局与种间联结的研究 总被引:34,自引:0,他引:34
本文用方差/平均数比率的方法和通过2×2列联表进行X~2检验的方法,研究了山西绵山植被优势种的分布格局及种间联结性。结果表明:绵山优势种都服从集群分布;种间的正联结是物种对同质生境有相同适应性的反应;种问的负联结则是不同物种对异质生境适应性不同所致。在用X~2检验研究物种联结性的同时,用点相关系数来刻划种间的联结性强度,作为对种间联结的辅助说明是完全必要的。通过对种间联结的分析,还可以看出绵山植被的动态演替趋势。 相似文献
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为揭示川西亚高山林线优势树种岷江冷杉(Abies fargesii var.faxoniana)和红杉(Larix potaninii)径向生长对气候变化的响应差异。通过树木年轮生态学的方法,研究了岷江冷杉和红杉径向生长与年均温的分异现象、生长衰退以及应对严重干旱事件的抵抗力和恢复力稳定性,并结合限制岷江冷杉和红杉径向生长的主要气候因素进行了分析。结果表明:(1)温度是限制林线岷江冷杉径向生长的主要气候因素,而限制红杉径向生长的主要气候因素是降水;(2)岷江冷杉的径向生长与年平均温度的变化趋势一致,红杉在20世纪90年代后径向生长呈现出下降的趋势,与年均温的升高出现分异;(3)1800-2019年间,岷江冷杉出现生长衰退2次,红杉出现生长衰退5次,相同的时间内,红杉的衰退频率高于岷江冷杉;(4)岷江冷杉对严重干旱事件的恢复力相比升温前有所增强,抵抗力相比升温前下降明显,红杉对严重干旱事件的抵抗力和恢复力相比升温前均呈现出下降的趋势。可为川西亚高山林线的植被动态变化预测和历史区域气候重建提供参考。 相似文献
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为探讨不同稀有种处理对TWINSPAN分类结果的影响,以北京小龙门林场华北落叶松林调查数据为例,采用2×2列联表比较了剔除频度<5%、盖度<5%的稀有种前后TWINSPAN分类结果的异同,同时结合引入的DBI重点对比了最佳分类等级的吻合性。结果表明:(1)在相同的分类终止原则下,剔除稀有种前后的最大分类结果分别分为12、11个群落类型;(2)基于结合系数r,剔除稀有种前后TWINSPAN在低分类等级的结果差异较大,随着分类等级的增加,二者的吻合度增大,表明稀有种对低分类等级的结果影响较为明显;(3)引入的DBI适用于确定TWINSPAN分类的最佳分类等级,尽管剔除稀有种前后的最佳分类等级不同,但分类结果的吻合度较高。因此,在TWINSPAN分类应用中,建议引入DBI指数辅助确定最佳分类等级,同时取低分类等级结果时必须做删除稀有种处理。 相似文献
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Fred Bker 《Biometrical journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift》1988,30(7):779-786
A model selection criterion for log-linear models with orthonormal basis for contingency tables is developed using the Gauss discrepancy between the logarithms of the frequencies. The contribution of each parameter to the criterion may be determined separately. A test for the hypothesis that the use of a certain parameter increases the expected discrepancy is given. 相似文献
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Li Lin-chu 《植物分类学报:英文版》1993,31(5):405-412
The present paper reports the karyotype of Larix potaninii Batal.endemic to China, and discuss classification of Larix and its systematic position inthe Pinaceae based on karyotype and other data. The karyotypic formula of thespecies is K(2n)=24= 12m+ 8sm+4st, which belongs to Stebbins’2A type andthe chromosome complement of relative length is 2n=24=4L+8M2+8M1+4S.The karyotype of the genus Larix (10 species) is composed of six pairs of longermetacentric chromosomes and six pairs of shorter submetacentric or subtelocentricchromosomes with arm ratio>2. This karyotype is an advanced one. It seemsthat Sect. Multiserales is more advanced than Sect. Larix. On the basis of thecomparison among the karyotypes of pinaceous genera, the author finds thatLarix and Pseudotsuga are much more closely related to each other than any ofthem to the others. Therefore, it may be more appropriate to group these twogenera into Subfamily Laricoideae, which is a more advanced one. The conclusionis also supported by the data from morphology, anatomy, palynology,biochemistry, palaeobotany and so on. 相似文献
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Configural frequency analysis (CFA) is a widely used method for the identification of types and syndromes in contingency tables. However, the type model of CFA shows some major deficiencies. In this paper, we propose an alternative modeling of types eliminating the shortcomings of CFA. Basically, a type is modeled as a combination of traits or symptoms that deviates from the pattern of association holding true for the complementary configurations of the contingency table. The new approach is formulated in terms of a log-linear model. It is shown that parameter estimation can be performed with methods known from the analysis of incomplete contingency tables. Test procedures for confirmatory analysis and methods for exploratory search for type configurations are developed. We illustrate the methodology with two practical examples. 相似文献
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T. Payson Wilber Jr. 《Oecologia》1989,81(1):6-15
Summary Two populations (salt marsh and seagrass bed) of the hermit crab Pagurus longicarpus were sampled to examine associations between shell characteristics and egg production. Multivariate statistical analyses controlled for crab size and time of year, variables that otherwise could be confounded with shell effects. Although correlations between shell characteristics and reproduction existed in both populations, generalizations could not be made because associations varied within and between populations. Shell species was not associated with a female's reproductive state (i.e., whether or not she was barren when sampled) in either population. In the seagrass population, medium-large and large females occupying severely damaged or fouled shells were half as likely to be reproductive as females occupying other shell conditions. However, there was no association between shell condition and reproductive state for small and small-medium females in the seagrass population or among all females in the salt marsh population. In the seagrass population, small through medium-large reproductive females occupied shells more similar to their predicted shell size, regardless of whether the occupied shell was relatively small or large, than nonreproductive females. In contrast, relative shell sizes of reproductive and nonreproductive females were similar for large females in the seagrass population and all females in the salt marsh population. Clutch sizes were enhanced for females occupying Polinices duplicatus shells or shells larger than their predicted shell size in the seagrass population. Relative shell size also was associated with clutch size in the salt marsh population, but crabs occupying shells similar to their predicted shell size had the largest clutches. 相似文献
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Abstract Thiocyanation of tubercidin with thiocyanogen chloride gave the 5-thiocyanate, which was converted to the 5-methylthio, 5-methylsulfonyl as well as 6-propyl and 6-cyano derivatives. The 6,5′-O-cyclotubercidins were also prepared. 相似文献
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Katia Maria Paschoaletto Micchi de Barros Ferraz Bryan Manly Luciano Martins Verdade 《Population Ecology》2010,52(2):263-270
Capybaras were monitored weekly from 1998 to 2006 by counting individuals in three anthropogenic environments (mixed agricultural fields, forest and open areas) of southeastern Brazil in order to examine the possible influence of environmental variables (temperature, humidity, wind speed, precipitation and global radiation) on the detectability of this species. There was consistent seasonality in the number of capybaras in the study area, with a specific seasonal pattern in each area. Log-linear models were fitted to the sample counts of adult capybaras separately for each sampled area, with an allowance for monthly effects, time trends and the effects of environmental variables. Log-linear models containing effects for the months of the year and a quartic time trend were highly significant. The effects of environmental variables on sample counts were different in each type of environment. As environmental variables affect capybara detectability, they should be considered in future species survey/monitoring programs. 相似文献
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基于树轮年代学方法,利用玉龙雪山、哈巴雪山和普达措国家公园海拔上限大果红杉树轮宽度资料,分别建立3个样点大果红杉的差值年表(RES),研究其径向生长对气候响应的异同,探讨影响滇西北大果红杉生长的关键气候因子.结果表明: 生长季初期(5月和6月)温度是影响滇西北大果红杉生长的主要因子,与3个样点的径向生长表现出显著正相关关系,同时普达措国家公园大果红杉还受生长季以前温度的影响,分别与上年7月和11月温度呈显著负相关和显著正相关;3个样点大果红杉生长对降水的响应存在差异,随着纬度升高主要由负相关转为正相关,大果红杉径向生长与降水的关系在玉龙雪山(纬度梯度最南)主要表现为与生长季初期降水量呈显著负相关,在哈巴雪山(纬度梯度中部)表现为与9月降水量呈显著负相关,在普达措国家公园(纬度梯度最北)表现为与3月降水量呈显著正相关.另外,7月降水的增多有利于玉龙雪山大果红杉的生长.基于气候模型预测,综合大果红杉对温度和降水响应模式与响应程度分析,未来气候变化有利于滇西北高原大果红杉的径向生长. 相似文献
18.
Alexander von Eye Jochen Brandtstdter 《Biometrical journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift》1988,30(6):651-665
Prediction analysis (PA) of cross classifications is characterized as a method for the analysis of local prediction hypotheses, that is, hypotheses that link particular predictor states to particular states of criteria. To evaluate the success of a prediction, PA compares the observed with an expected frequency distribution. The latter is estimated under the assumption of independence between predictors and criteria. When predictors of criteria have ordinal categories, the success of a prediction hypothesis is overestimated if there is a regression of the cell frequencies on the ranks of the variable categories. Using the method of log-linear models, it is shown how ordinal categories can be taken into account in PA. Numerical examples are given from the areas of cognitive development and drug research. 相似文献
19.
濒危植物太白红杉种群年龄结构及其时间序列预测分析 总被引:30,自引:0,他引:30
为了阐明太白红杉(Larix potaninii var.chinensis)种群的年龄结构和未来发展趋势,合理保护现有资源,在太白山地区调查了 29个样地(10 m×10m),对处于不同生境的 5个种群的年龄结构、静态生命表和时间序列预测进行了分析。种群年龄结构分析表明,各种群个体数量主要集中于Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ龄级(个体数量比重占68.64%),幼、老龄个体数量较少。受所处生境条件影响,不同种群年龄结构特点不同:海拔较低的种群(B)由于水热条件适宜,林内有林窗出现,幼龄级个体数相对丰富;而其他种群由于幼龄个体严重缺乏,衰退趋势明显。太白红杉不同种群生命表和存活曲线的分析表明,尽管所处的生境差异较大,但存活曲线基本属于Deevey Ⅲ型,种群偏离典型存活曲线的程度与幼苗缺乏程度有关,一般V-Ⅸ龄级死亡率较高。时间序列分析表明,在未来20、60、100和200年中,各太白红杉种群均会呈现老龄级株数先增加后减少的趋势,种群稳定性维持困难。太白红杉种群年龄结构和动态趋势与银杉(Cathaya argyrophylla)等其他濒危植物比较,导致种群衰退的原因相似:在郁闭的林下种子萌芽和幼苗生长困难。应该利用太白红杉喜光、耐旱和中老年个体产种量丰富的特性,对现有太白红杉林分实行就地保护,合理抚育管理。低海拔地区,应适当间伐非目的树种 相似文献