Template-directed oligomerization of 3-isoadenosine 5′-phosphate

Summary Template-directed oligomerization of an activated derivative of 3-isoadenosine 5-phosphate (piA) on polyuridylic acid [poly(U)] was studied. The reaction of ImpiA is more efficient than the corresponding reaction of ImpA, and produces 3–5-linked oligomers while the reaction of ImpA gives only 2–5-linked oligomers. The base pairing between piA and poly(U) in this system is probably of the Hoogsteen type (involving the 6-amino group and N7 of 3-isoadenosine) rather than of the Watson-Crick type.     

Template-directed oligomerization of 5′-deoxy-5′-nucleosideacetic acid derivatives

5-Deoxy-5-nucleosideacetic acids II–V are isostructural analogues of nucleotides with a carboxylate group in the place of the 5-phosphate group. We have studied their oligomerization in aqueous solution using a water-soluble carbodiimide as the condensing agent in the presence or absence of an appropriate polynucleotide template. Condensation of adenylic acid analogues IIa, IIIa, and Va in the presence of polyuridylic acid were found to be the most efficient reactions. Cyclization of the activated monomers to lactones and the insolubility of the oligomers in aqueous solution were found to be obstacles to the efficient formation of long oligomers.     

Acceleration of the template-directed reactions of nucleoside 5′-phosphorimidazolides by acylation

Summary Nucleoside-5-phosphorimidazolides react readily with acylating agents to give N-substituted products that are highly activated. In most cases these acylated derivatives undergo rapid hydrolysis to give nucleoside 5-phosphates, whether or not a complementary template is present. However, guanosine 5-phosphorimidazolide reacts with diethyl pyrocarbonate to give a derivative that oligomerizes rapidly and efficiently in the presence of polycytidylic acid and Pb²⁺. The reaction is complete in about 1 h, whereas the corresponding reaction in the absence of an acylating agent takes several days. However, the final yield of long oligomers is lower when diethyl pyrocarbonate is present.     

The 5′-Purine-Pyrimidine-3′ Stacks are More Stabilizing in a Self-3′-Pyrinudine-Purine-5′ complementary DNA Duplex than the 5′-Purine-Purine-3′ 3′-Pyrimidine-Pyrimidine-5′ Stack

Abstract

First experimental evidence is herein reported supporting the earlier quantum chemical calculations that 5′-Punne-pyrimiidine-3′ 3′ -Pyrimidine-Punne-5 stack is more stable than 5′-Pyrimiidine-Punne-3′ 3′-Punne-Pyrimidine-5′.     

3′-3′,3′-5′ and 5′-5′ TpT-Amides: Synthesis,Characterization and Alkaline Hydrolysis

Abstract

A simple procedure is described for the preparation of the title compounds 1, 8 and 9. 3′-3′ or 3′-5′ or 5′-5′ TpT was reacted with a twofold molar excess of TPS in anhydrous DMF, at room temperature, for 5 min, followed by a 1 min in situ treatment of the reaction mixture with excess 7.0 N NH₄OH, at 0°C. The alkaline hydrolysis of 1, 8 and 9 proceeds without the assistance of 3′- and 5′-hydroxyl groups resulting in equimolar mixtures of thymidine (4) and thymidine 3′-phosphoramidate (6) (for the 3′-3′ isomer) or thymidine 5′-phosphoramidate (7) (for the 5′-5′ isomer) or 6 and 7 in equal quantities (for the 3′-5′ isomer).     

The limits of template-directed synthesis with nucleoside-5′-phosphoro(2-methyl)imidazolides

In earlier work we have shown that C-rich templates containing isolated A, T or G residues and short oligo(G) sequences can be copied effectively using nucleoside-5-phosphoro(2-methyl)imida-zolides as substrates. We now show that isolated A or T residues within an oligo(G) sequence are a complete block to copying and that an isolated C residue is copied inefficiently.Replication is possible only if there are two complementary oligonucleotides each of which acts as a template to facilitate the synthesis of the other. We emphasize the severity of the problems that need to be overcome to make possible non-enzymatic replication in homogeneous aqueous solution. We conclude that an efficient catalyst Was involved in the origin of polynucleotide replication.     

Synthesis of 3′-Amino-3′-deoxyguanosine 5′-Triphosphate

Abstract

Phosphorylation of 2′-0-acetyl-3′-trifluoroacetamido-3′-deoxy-N²-palmitoylguanosine with N-morpholino-O, O-bis(1-benzotriazolyl)phos-phate gives a 5′-phosphotriester. Removal of the benzotriazolyl group and addition of pyrophosphoric acid gave, after deblocking all protecting groups, GTP(3′NH₂).     

Cyclisches Adenosin-3′:5′-monophosphat in pflanzlichen Leitbahnen?

Summary Sieve tube sap of the secondary phloem of Robinia pesudoacacia L. and exudate from the trumpet hyphae of the cauloids of Laminaria saccharina (L.) Lamour. were analyzed for the occurrence of cyclic adenosine-3:5-monophosphate with the help of the radio isotope dilution test (Boehringer, Mannheim). The concentration was about 0,1 M in the Laminaria exudate and 9,0 nM in the Robinia sap. Pretreatment of the saps with phosphodiesterase removes the activity of the A-3:5-MP. It therefore seems probable that A-3:5-MP occurs in the translocation tissues of plants.     

Geometry of the dry-state oligomerization of 2′,3′-cyclic phosphates

Summary Evaporation of a solution of thymidine plus either theexo or theendo diastereomer of uridine cyclic 2,3-O, O-phosphorothioate (U > p(S) in 1,2-diaminoethane hydrochloride buffer gave the 2,5 and 3,5 isomers of (P-thio) uridylylthymidine (Up(S)dT) in a ratio of 1:2 with a combined yield of about 20%. These isomers were re-converted to U > p(S) and dT by a reaction that is known to proceed by an in-line mechanism. Both the 2,5 and 3,5 isomers gave as product the same diastereomer of U > p(S) that had been used originally in their formation. These dry-state prebiotic reactions (Verlander, Lohrmann, and Orgel 1973) are thus shown to be stereospecific, and both the 2,5 and 3,5 internucleotide bonds are formed by an in-line mechanism.Abbreviations DAE 1,2-diaminoethane - HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography - RNase bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A, EC 3.1.4.22 - TEAB triethylammonium bicarbonate - tris tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane - UMP(S) uridine monophosphorothioate - U > p uridine cyclic 2,3-phosphate - U > p(S) uridine cyclic 2,3-O, O-phosphorothioate - Up(S)dT (P-thio)uridylylthymidine - U2p(R_p-S)5dT (P-thio)uridylylthymidine with theR configuration at phosphorous, and a 2,5 internucleotide linkage     

Occurrence of Guanosine-5′-diphosphate-3′-diphosphate and Adenosine-5′-triphosphate-3′-diphosphate in Streptomyces galilaeus

Synthetic activity and existence of ppGpp and pppApp in an anthracycline-producing strain Streptomyces galilaeus were determined by radioimmunoassay and ³²P-labeling method during cultivation under both the antibiotic productive and non-productive conditions. The cellular ppGpp(pppGpp)-synthesizing activity was highest at the end of exponential growth, and 3-fold higher in the antibiotic-productive cultivation than in non-productive cultivation. The intracellular level of ppGpp determined by radioimmunoassay was high at the end of exponential growth, and afterwards its level decreased by one fifth. The low level of cellular ppGpp during the period of intense antibiotic production suggests that ppGpp consumption may play an important role in antibiotic production of S. galilaeus. The concentration of pppApp was not determined intracellularly by radioimmunoassay.     

Oligodeoxyribonucleotides Covalently Linked via Nucleic Bases with 3′-5′ and 5′-5′ Polarities

Abstract

The solid-phase preparation of oligodeoxyribonucleotides covalently linked via nucleic bases with normal (3′-5′) or inverted (5′-5′) polarities is reported. The key-step of these syntheses is the preparation of the tethered dimers.     

鹤望兰类黄酮3′,5′-羟化酶基因SrF3′5′H的克隆及表达分析

采用RT-PCR和RACE方法从鹤望兰黄色花萼中克隆到类黄酮生物合成途径关键基因SrF3′5′H。该cDNA全长1 766 bp,具有完整的开放阅读框（ORF）,共1 509个碱基,编码503个氨基酸。氨基酸同源性分析表明,SrF3′5′H编码的氨基酸序列与已报道的其他植物的F3′5′H蛋白具有很高的同源性。系统进化树分析显示,鹤望兰SrF3′5′H与非洲紫罗兰蛋白亲缘关系较近。应用半定量PCR分析表明,SrF3′5′H在始花期转录水平达到最高,且在蓝色花瓣中表达最高,在黄色花萼中几乎没有表达。     

An Improved Synthesis of 3′-Keto-5′-Tritylthymidine

Abstract

The title compound is prepared in consistently high yield and purity by molecular sieve catalyzed pyridinium dichromate oxidation of 5′-0-tritylthymidine. Shortcomings of other preparations are described, and properties of the title compound are reported.     

4′-Aza-3′,5′-dihomothymidine and Derivatives

Abstract

A series of 3′-branched 4′-azanucleoside analogues have been prepared. These compounds comprise three asymmetric atoms, two carbons and one nitrogen. They constitute nucleoside analogues imparted with a “flickering configuration”, the nitrogen inversion replacing a D-L epimerization of their natural congeners. The 1′,3′-cis and 1′,3′-trans isomers have been separated and their configuration established by ¹H NMR and the X-ray diffraction structure of one crystalline example. The configurations of the frozen invertomers were assessed by low temperature ¹H NMR experiments assisted by molecular mechanics simulations. None of these compounds exhibited any significant in vitro antiviral activity.     

紫色马铃薯类黄酮3，′5′-羟化酶基因（StF3′5′H）的克隆及分析

类黄酮3′,5′羟-化酶（ flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase, F3′5′H）是植物花青素生物合成途径中的一个关键酶,紫色土豆（ Solanum tueb or sum） F3′5′H基因的克隆将为花青素合成调控和花青素代谢工程研究提供优质基因资源。研究采用RACE技术克隆了紫色土豆F3′5′H基因的cDNA全长序列,用生物信息学方法对其核苷酸和蛋白质序列进行了分析,并用半定量PCR 技术分析了F3′5′H基因在不同组织中的表达情况,同时研究了赤霉素和蔗糖处理后F3′5′H基因表达与花青素积累之间的相关性。研究结果表明,克隆的紫色土豆F3′5′H的cDNA全长为1854 bp,包含一个1530 bp的完整ORF,共编码509个氨基酸。生物信息学分析表明,StF3′5′H基因推测编码的氨基酸序列与其它植物的F3′5′H蛋白的相似性很高。 StF3′5′H基因的表达具有组织特异性,在紫色土豆根、茎和叶柄中都有表达,其中在叶柄中表达最强,而在块茎、叶轴和叶片中几乎检测不到StF3′5′H基因的表达。赤霉素和蔗糖能促进紫色土豆StF3′5′H基因的表达,进而促进花青素的积累。     

Antimutagenic Role of Autonomous 3′ → 5′-Exonucleases

Original and published data on the antimutagenic role of autonomous 3 5-exonucleases (AE) are analyzed. AE are not bound covalently to DNA polymerases but are often involved in replicative complexes. AE overproduction in bacterial cells is accompanied by a sharp suppression of mutagenesis, whereas AE inactivation in bacteria and higher fungi results in the increase in mutation rates by two to three orders of magnitude. The combined action of AE and DNA polymerases substantially improves the fidelity of their functioning in vitro. The fidelity of nuclease-free DNA polymerases and increases by two to three orders of magnitude in the presence of AE. The fidelity of moderately processive DNA polymerase I increases by two orders of magnitude, and that of highly processive DNA polymerase increases by a factor of 5–10, although both these polymerases possess their own 3 5-exonucleolytic activity. In biochemical experiments, AE was shown to participate directly in the correction of errors made by DNA polymerase I. The presence of AE in multienzyme DNA polymerase complexes increases their fidelity by a factor of 5–10. A model of extrinsic proofreading by AE in DNA biosynthesis is proposed. An investigation of thirty objects from all three kingdoms of life (from archaea and bacteria to mammals, including humans) has shown that AE account for 30–90% of the total cellular 3 5-exonucleolytic activity. Therefore, AE increase significantly the intracellular ratio of 3 5-exonuclease to DNA polymerase activities in a wide phylogenetic variety of species, which always leads to the increasing fidelity of DNA biosynthesis.     

Syn- and anti-conformations of 5′-deoxy- and 5′-O-methyl-uridine 2′,3′-cyclic monophosphate

Two uridine 2′,3′-cyclic monophosphate (cUMP) derivatives, 5′-deoxy (DcUMP) and 5′-O-methyl (McUMP), were studied by means of quantum chemical methods. Aqueous solvent effects were estimated based on the isodensity-surface polarized-continuum model (IPCM). Gas phase calculations revealed only slight energy differences between the syn- and anti-conformers of both compounds: the relative energies of the syn-structure are −0.9 and 0.2 kcal mol^-1 for DcUMP and McUMP, respectively. According to the results from the IPCM calculations, however, both syn-conformers become about 14 kcal mol^-1 more stable in aqueous solution than their corresponding anti-structures. Additionally, the effects of a countercation and protonation on DcUMP were studied, revealing that the syn-structure is also favored over the anti-one for these systems.