黄猄蚁对橡胶盔蚧种群消长的影响

调查西双版纳地区黄猄蚁OecophyllasmaragdinaFabricius对橡胶盔蚧Parasaissetianigra(Nietner)种群数量和寄生蜂的影响。结果表明:黄猄蚁对橡胶盔蚧种群消长及寄生蜂均有影响。"有蚂蚁"枝条上介壳虫种群数量显著高于"无蚂蚁"枝条。"有蚂蚁"枝条介壳虫死亡率和寄生蜂都显著低于"无蚂蚁"枝条。说明黄猄蚁的存在影响了橡胶树介壳虫的种群繁殖率和死亡率。建议在今后综合防治中,充分利用蚂蚁与橡胶树介壳虫关系。通过驱逐橡胶树上的蚂蚁来有效遏制介壳虫的发生。     

黄猄蚁饥渴耐受能力的初研究

在实验室恒温条件下,通过完全饥渴、清水和蜂蜜水处理3种方式对黄猄蚁工蚁进行了饥渴耐受能力的测定.结果表明,完全饥渴处理的黄猄蚁工蚁平均存活时间为81.38 h(24～132 h),清水处理的黄猄蚁工蚁平均存活时间为92.25 h(48～156 h),两者差异显著(P＜0.05).蜂蜜水处理死亡的黄猄蚁工蚁平均存活时间为...     

西双版纳入侵长足捷蚁与土著黄猄蚁的种间竞争

【目的】入侵物种能够通过竞争影响本地物种的种群,从而影响入侵地的生物多样性。长足光捷蚁Anoplolepis gracilipes是全球最具破坏力的入侵蚂蚁之一。本研究旨在明确西双版纳地区入侵长足捷蚁与土著优势种蚂蚁黄猄蚁Oecophylla smaragdina之间的竞争关系。【方法】通过野外调查和室内控制试验相结合的方法,观察和对比分析长足捷蚁和黄猄蚁的体型大小,雾凉季和雨季的巢穴外觅食活动规律,觅食能力(搜寻食物的时间、在觅食时间内召集的最大工蚁数),打斗行为(不同打斗组合的攻击强度和死亡率)以及对饥渴的耐受性(无食物和水分供应时平均存活时间和存活率随时间的变化)。【结果】长足捷蚁工蚁体长(3.66±0.06 mm)显著小于黄猄蚁工蚁(8.27±0.16 mm)。在雾凉季时,长足捷蚁具有比黄猄蚁更长的觅食活动时间;而在雨季时,两种蚂蚁均在下午温度较高时段觅食活动的个体数量减少。苹果、蜂蜜和火腿肠3种食物作为诱饵时,长足捷蚁具有更快搜寻食物的能力,4~8 min便能找寻到食物,而黄猄蚁需要8~21 min才能找寻到食物,此外在寻找到食物后,长足捷蚁也有更快召集同伴的能力。在人工控制试验中,1头长足捷蚁和1头黄猄蚁同时存在时主要以不攻击和低强度攻击为主,而当两种蚂蚁中的任意其中一种的个体数量增加到5头时,攻击强度会显著增加,两种蚂蚁均存在种间协作行为。在饥渴状态下,两种蚂蚁工蚁的平均存活时间差异不显著,但长足捷蚁最长存活120 h,黄猄蚁最长存活96 h。【结论】在西双版纳地区,长足捷蚁相较于土著黄猄蚁具有更强的觅食的能力,雾凉季觅食活动时间更长,暗示长足捷蚁可能具有较强的温度适应能力。有必要加强对这一入侵蚂蚁的研究,并密切关注其种群在该地区的发展。     

黄猄蚁对柚子花期害虫的影响

于2008年3月柚子花期,将柚园划分为两个区域,一个区域引迁黄蚁,另一个区域不做处理作为对照。在2个区域分别选取20个枝条共40枝,对柚子花期主要害虫(柑桔花蕾蛆、蓟马)及健叶率进行调查。结果表明:对照区柑桔花蕾蛆和蓟马的虫口密度及虫花率都显著高于处理区,而且虫口数量一直保持在较高的水平;有黄蚁存在的情况下,柚子树花蕾蛆的有虫花率减少了70%～80%,蓟马有虫花率减少了近60%,健叶率增加了30%左右。建议在今后害虫综合防治中,充分认识到黄蚁对害虫的防治作用,通过保护和引迁黄蚁来有效防治害虫。     

捕食风险及其对动物觅食行为的影响

对捕食风险的涵义及其对猎物动物觅食行为的影响、猎物动物面对捕食风险时的反应进行了论述。捕食风险可以简单地理解为一定时间内猎物动物被杀死的概率。当捕食风险存在时 ,动物会选择相对安全但觅食效益较低的地点觅食 ;由于死亡率和消化方面的限制 ,一般都会产生食谱收缩 ;觅食活动方式的时间格局也会因捕食风险而发生改变 ,如水生动物的昼夜垂直迁移、某些陆生动物昼行性与夜行性活动的转换、月光回避等。在与捕食者发生遭遇时 ,猎物动物的主要反应是 :①发出某些信号以阻止捕食者的追捕 ;②靠近并注视捕食者 ;③逃逸 ;④在一定的时间恢复觅食活动。在以往的研究中 ,对捕食者种类已经有了较多的了解 ,而对猎物如何判断捕食者丰富度信息、估计风险程度等方面则知之甚少 ;同时 ,对捕食风险水平的调控、对多种因素的综合分析也较少涉及。在今后的研究中 ,还应该考虑研究的尺度问题 ,因为在不同尺度的环境条件下 ,猎物动物对于捕食风险的反应可能大相径庭。     

中华蜜蜂对猕猴桃的访花行为及授粉效果研究

本研究采用中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana(简称"中蜂")为猕猴桃授粉,研究中蜂对猕猴桃的访花授粉行为规律,以及中蜂授粉对猕猴桃果实生长发育及品质的影响,以期为规范猕猴桃中蜂授粉和产业提质增效提供理论依据.结果表明:中蜂既采集雄花又采集雌花,每日的访花活动时间为7:40-19:30,访花的温度区间为18.9...     

多巴胺神经通路及其对蜜蜂行为的影响

蜜蜂复杂的社会行为受到了研究者的广泛关注,了解蜜蜂的学习、记忆、导航、信息传递等行为的神经分子基础,可对探索人类自身的脑科学和复杂社会行为的分子基础提供比较研究信息。本文综述了多巴胺的作用机制及其在蜜蜂行为中的作用,详细介绍了蜜蜂脑部的多巴胺受体,总结了蜜蜂脑部多巴胺水平的影响因子等,最后对进一步研究多巴胺神经通路对蜜蜂行为的作用及机制的前景做一展望。     

农药对蜜蜂行为的影响

农药对蜜蜂的安全性评价包括在实验室以及更高层次的半大田和大田水平上的研究。蜜蜂行为是蜜蜂机体是否正常的直接表现,因此也是安全性评价的重要指标。文章概述农药对蜜蜂行为的影响,包括蜂王产卵行为,工蜂分工、采集行为、同群和外群工蜂辨别、学习行为和农药对蜜蜂的驱避性。     

Prey Selection by the Lady Beetle Harmonia axyridis: The Influence of Prey Mobility and Prey Species

The influence of prey mobility and species on prey selection by the coccinellid Harmonia axyridis Pallas was determined under laboratory conditions for two prey species, Hyaliodes vitripennis (Say) and Tetranychus urticae Koch. Prey selection was influenced by prey mobility. In the presence of active prey, the coccinellid selected T. urticae while in presence of immobilized prey, H. vitripennis was preferred. Harmonia axyridis searching time was longer in the presence of active H. vitripennis than in the presence of active T. urticae. Moreover, the coccinellid capture rate was lower for active H. vitripennis caused by effective defensive mechanisms. Prey suitability was affected by prey mobility and species. Immobilized H. vitripennis were the most profitable prey, i.e. induced a shorter developmental time and no mortality. However, active H. vitripennis were not a suitable food source for H. axyridis. Our results suggested that three factors are involved in prey selection by H. axyridis: (i) prey mobility; (ii) prey defensive mechanisms; and (iii) prey species.     

大熊猫的刻板行为及其矫正对策——丰富圈养环境举措

由于生活环境单一、活动空间狭小等阻碍了正常行为的表达,圈养大熊猫经常发生一种谓之“刻板行为”的机械、呆板行为。所谓刻板行为,是指圈养大熊猫无明显目的的、不变的、以固定频率反复重复的无任何功能效果的简单行为。丰富圈养环境举措(环境富集)是矫正刻板行为的一种重要的行之有效的对策。介绍了圈养大熊猫刻板行为的表现、特点、发生机制及富集化矫正对策。     

圈养大熊猫在兽舍与半野外条件下的行为和习性的初步比较

2003年7月8日～2004年7月7日,用聚焦动物法和点取样法对卧龙自然保护区首次进行放归前期野化培训的两岁龄大熊猫双胞胎之一“祥祥”,及其对照个体大熊猫双胞胎之二“福福”(生活在传统兽舍之中)的行为进行观察,并对观察数据进行定性分析。X^2适合度检验表明：1．在不同的环境下,大熊猫的行为存在明显差异。表现在：取食、机械行为、人为干扰和寻食行为所占时间不同;人为活动对大熊猫行为的影响不同。2．行为多样性指数不同。3．在不同环境下,大熊猫的生态习性也是有差异的。表现在以下两个方面：一是对不同竹子的利用;二是对不同区域的利用。培训结果表明,影响将来放归的重要因素是圈养条件下形成的机械行为和对人及人工食物的依赖性。因此,在将圈养出生的大熊猫真正放归野外时,必须考虑这些因素的影响。     

高海拔地区昆明野生动物园大熊猫春季刻板行为探究

2011年2月26日～5月2日,在高海拔地区昆明云南野生动物园,采用连续记录法(Continuous recording) 和焦点动物取样法(Focal animal sampling)记录与分析了3只亚成年雌性大熊猫昼间刻板行为发生频次和持续时间,并就温度、游客流量与刻板行为发生的相关性进行了初步探讨.结果表明,大熊猫刻板行为发生频次(次·h-1)高峰和持续时间( min·h-1)较长的高峰均出现在10:00～11:00和16:00～17:00,各时段行为表达水平存在极显著差异(x2=61.183,P＜0.01;x2 =56.470,P＜0.01).个体间刻板行为持续时间昼间分布无显著差异(x2=3.185,P＞0.05);个体间发生频次在14:00～15:00时段存在显著差异(x2=7.796,P＜0.05),而在其他时段则存在极显著差异(x2=11.536 ～20.212,P＜0.01).温度与刻板行为发生频次、持续时间均无显著相关性(rx=-0.067,P＞0.05;rs=-0.012,P＞0.05);游客流量与持续时间、发生频次有一定的正相关,但不显著(rs =0.187,P＞0.05;rs=0.159,P＞0.05).此外,在刻板行为型时间分配格局中,以刻板踱步最高,占56.78％,其次为爬笼、吮掌,而旋转、摇摆及坐着旋转等其他刻板行为表现较少,其总和仅占1.20％.     

Impact of Flooding on the Species Richness, Density and Composition of Amazonian Litter-Nesting Ants

Litter-nesting ants are diverse and abundant in tropical forests, but the factors structuring their communities are poorly known. Here we present results of the first study to examine the impact of natural variation in flooding on a highly diverse (21 genera, 77 species) litter-nesting ant community in a primary Amazonian forest. Fifty-six 3 × 3 m plots experiencing strong variation in flooding and twenty-eight 3 × 3 m terra firme plots were exhaustively searched for litter-nesting ants to determine patterns of density, species richness and species composition. In each plot, flooding, litter depth, twig availability, canopy cover, plant density, percent soil nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus were measured. Degree of flooding, measured as flood frequency and flood interval, had the strongest impact on ant density in flooded forest. Flooding caused a linear decrease in ant abundance, potentially due to a reduction of suitable nesting sites. However, its influence on species richness varied: low-disturbance habitat had species richness equal to terra firme forest after adjusting for differences in density. The composition of ant genera and species varied among flood categories; some groups known to contain specialist predators were particularly intolerant to flooding. Hypoponera STD10 appeared to be well-adapted to highly flooded habitat. Although flooding did not appear to increase species richness or abundance at the habitat scale, low-flooding habitat contained a mixture of species found in the significantly distinct ant communities of terra firme and highly flooded habitat.
     

Observations on the Ecology of Weaver Ants (Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius) in a Thai Mangrove Ecosystem and Their Effect on Herbivory of Rhizophora mucronata Lam.

Ants of the genus Oecophylla are predators of other insects and are able to protect a variety of terrestrial plants against pest insects; however, observations on the ecology of these ants in mangrove forests are lacking. General observations on the ecology of Oecophylla smaragdina were carried out in a Thai mangrove forest to determine if these ants can protect their host plants in less favorable mangrove habitats. Leaf herbivory and the density of O. smaragdina ants were measured on Rhizophora mucronata trees at two sites. The results showed a negative correlation between ant density and herbivory. At both sites, the mean percent damaged leaf area was more than four times higher on trees without ants compared to “ant‐trees.” A significant negative correlation was found between tree mean percent leaf damage and the density of ants on the tree. Furthermore, on trees with ants, there was less herbivory on leaves close to ant nests compared to other leaves on the tree. Most damage was caused by chrysomelid beetles (62%) and sesarmid crabs (25%) and both types of herbivory were significantly reduced on ant‐trees.     

Seasonal Foraging Activity and Bait Preferences of Ants on Barro Colorado Island, Panama1

A yearlong arboreal baiting survey of ants was conducted during 1983 on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Because of a severe El Nino event, the 1983 dry season in Panama was exceptionally long and dry with a distinct boundary between the dry and wet seasons. Baits, located on tree trunks, attracted both terrestrial and arboreal ants, allowing comparisons between the two groups. Species composition at baits changed dramatically with season. Baits were primarily occupied by arboreal species during the dry season, while wet season baits were occupied mostly by terrestrial species. Arboreal and terrestrial ants differed markedly in their preferences for protein‐ or carbohydrate‐based baits; arboreal ants preferred protein‐based baits and terrestrial ants preferred carbohydrate‐based baits. Foraging preference for protein suggests that protein resources were limiting for arboreal ants, particularly during the dry season, and that carbohydrate resources were limiting for terrestrial ants. Fundamental differences in arboreal and terrestrial habitats may promote the differences in foraging strategies observed during an annual cycle in a seasonal tropical forest.     

Foraging and Calling Behavior of Carolina chickadees (Poecile carolinensis) in Response to the Head Orientation of Potential Predators

When animals detect predators they modify their behavior to avoid predation. However, less is known about whether prey species modify their behavior in response to predator body and behavioral cues. Recent studies indicated that tufted titmice, a small songbird, decreased their foraging behavior and increased their calling rates when they detected a potential predator facing toward a feeder they were using, compared to a potential predator facing away from that feeder. Here, we tested whether related Carolina chickadees, Poecile carolinensis, were also sensitive not just to the presence of a predator model, but to its facial/head orientation. Although chickadees are closely related to titmice, recent studies in different populations suggest chickadees respond to risky contexts involving predators differently than titmice. We conducted two field studies near feeders the birds were exploiting. In Study One, a mask‐wearing human observer stood near the feeder. In Study Two, a model of a domestic cat was positioned near the feeder. In both studies, the potential threatening stimulus either faced toward or faced away from the feeder. Chickadees avoided the feeder more in both studies when the potential predator was present, and showed strongest feeder avoidance when the potential predator faced toward the feeder. Chickadee calling behavior was also affected by the facial orientation of the potential predator in Study 1. These results suggest that, like titmice, chickadees exhibit predation‐risk‐sensitive foraging and calling behavior, in relation to facial and head orientation of potential threats. These small birds seem to attend to the likely visual space of potential predators. Sensitivity to predator cues like behavior and body posture must become more central to our theories and models of anti‐predator behavioral systems.     

捕食风险与动物行为及其决策的关系

捕食风险与动物行为及其决策的关系边疆晖樊乃昌（中国科学院西北高原生物研究所,西宁８１０００１）（浙江师范大学,金华３１００００）ＴｈｅＥｆｅｃｔｏｆＰｒｅｄａｔｉｏｎＲｉｓｋｏｎＡｎｉｍａｌｓ’ＢｅｈａｖｉｏｒａｎｄＴｈｅｉｒＤｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ．Ｂｉａ...