共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
2.
3.
4.
Baccam P Boechler M 《Biosecurity and bioterrorism : biodefense strategy, practice, and science》2007,5(1):26-34
A discrete-time, deterministic, compartmental model was developed and analyzed to provide insight into how the use of anthrax vaccine before or after a large-scale attack can reduce casualties. The model accounts for important response and protection factors such as antibiotic and vaccine efficacy, the protective effects of buildings, the timing of emergency response, and antibiotic adherence and vaccine coverage in the population prior to the attack. The relative benefit of pre- versus post-exposure vaccination is influenced by the timing of the post-exposure antibiotic distribution campaign as well as assumptions of antibiotic adherence. The results indicate that, regardless of which vaccination policy is adopted, a rapid and effective post-attack medical response has a large impact on the number of lives that can be saved by a post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) campaign. A sensitivity analysis of the model indicates that uncertainty in medical efficacy and the time to initiate a PEP campaign are the model parameters that have the greatest impact on the number of predicted deaths. It is shown that for each day that a mass prophylaxis campaign is delayed, more casualties and deaths result than for each day that the completion of the campaign is delayed. 相似文献
5.
6.
Shevtsov AN Darmov IV Saîtseva GA Borovskoî DV Menovshchikov VA Kunof VK Gracheva TA 《Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii, i immunobiologii》2007,(5):51-53
Study of humoral immune response and allergy in recipients of dry combined anthrax vaccine was performed. Immune response was assessed by antibody titers to protective antigen and by index of preventive properties of blood serum (PPS) of recipients. Relation of index of PPS and antibody titers in blood serum of the donors was established. Distribution of erythrocyte antigens in recipients of live dry and combined anthraxvaccines depending on blood group, Rh-factor, and age was studied. It has been shown that 80% of recipients of dry combined anthrax vaccine formed potent immunity with its high level lasted for 8 months. Study of allergenic properties of the combined anthrax vaccine using registration of neutrophils chemiluminescence in vivo showed low level of sensitization of vacinees. 相似文献
7.
8.
9.
Onishchenko GG Aĭdinov GT Moskvitina EA Lomov IuM Tikhonov NG Prometnoĭ VI Shvager MM Ryzhkov VIu Savchenko PP Dmitrieva TA Batashev VV Pukhov IuM Pichurina NL Ivanova NG Gavrinev SA Kovalev EV Kipaĭkin VA Pauk VL Emel'ianova ZN Orekhov IV Lipkovich AD Stakheev VV Trepel' VG Usatkin AV Markov VI Borisevich IV Merkulov VA Makhlaĭ AA Vasil'ev NT Mishan'kin BN Vodop'ianov SO Mazrukho TV Badunenko VP 《Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii, i immunobiologii》2000,(2):36-42
The results of the epidemiological analysis of the outbreak of hemorrhagic fever which was caused by Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and occurred during the period of July 3-19, 1999, in the Oblivskaya district of Rostov Province are presented. The specific epidemiological features of the outbreak have been determined. The possible versions of the appearance of the focus of infection and the role of Ixodes ticks in the circulation of the infective agent are discussed. 相似文献
10.
11.
12.
Epidemiological analyses were performed in five breeding kennels with Escherichia coli infections in newborn pups using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Previous reports demonstrated the high discriminatory power of this method and its usefulness for detecting epidemiologically related isolates. A total of 113 E. coli strains were isolated from vagina, faeces, oral cavity, milk and organs from 19 adult dogs, and 57 diseased or dead pups from 12 litters. Restriction enzyme analyses were performed using XbaI and BlnI digests and the resulting 91 DNA patterns were aligned for comparison. The results showed that a total of 60% of E. coli strains from progeny were also found in vaginal samples of the mothers. Another bacterial source was the faeces found within the kennels. One instance of milk and oral cavity isolates of the mother was found to be identical with strains isolated from the pups. The results indicate that for repeated cases of E. coli infections in neonates, diagnostic procedures of vaginal and faecal swabs from dams result in isolation of the responsible bacteria with high probability and further suggest that preterm treatment could help to control bacterial diseases and losses in pups. In addition, the observation that two canine strains were found to be identical with an E. coli strain isolated from a human case of diarrhoea strongly supports the canine reservoir hypothesis. 相似文献
13.
Antibiotic sensitivity of 38 strains of enteric bacteria, such as Serratia marcescens Klebsiella pneumoniae and others and Ps. aeruginosa isolated during an outbreak of meningitis in a premature infant resuscitation department was studied. It was shown that all the isolates were multiple resistant, most frequently to 7 antibiotics. All the resistance markers were transferred on conjugation, segregation of some markers being observed. Investigation of the plasmid composition of the clinical strains and transconjugants of E. coli revaled the presence of 2 plasmids with the molecular weights of 40 and 60 Md or one of them. The restriction analysis demonstrated that the plasmids with the same molecular weights isolated from different strains were identical. It was suggested that such plasmids originated from the same source and were distributed by conjugation. The possible part of R plasmids in epidemiological analysis of hospital infections is discussed: the possible part as an additional marker in determination of the infection source and the possible part through its ability to change the host cell phenotype, including the phage and bacteriocin types. 相似文献
14.
Gandon S Mackinnon M Nee S Read A 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2003,270(1520):1129-1136
An aim of some vaccination programmes is to reduce the prevalence of an infectious disease and ultimately to eradicate it. We show that eradication success depends on the type of vaccine as well as on the vaccination coverage. Vaccines that reduce the parasite within-host growth rate select for higher parasite virulence and this evolution may both increase the prevalence of the disease and prevent disease eradication. By contrast, vaccines that reduce the probability of infection select against virulence and may lead more easily to eradication. In some cases, epidemiological feedback on parasite evolution yields an evolutionary bistable situation where, for intermediate vaccination coverage, parasites can evolve towards either high or low virulence, depending on the initial conditions. These results have practical implications for the design and use of imperfect vaccines in public- and animal-health programmes. 相似文献
15.
E N Shliakhov E V Gruz V I Prisaker' 《Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii, i immunobiologii》1980,(4):91-95
The improved epidemiological situation requires the proper revision of the tactics used in vaccinating the population against anthrax. The important task lies in the optimization of the immunoprophylaxis of the rural population in accordance with the epizootologic situation in a given locality. To ensure correct orientation in choosing the groups of population to be vaccinated a rational classification of inhabited localities is proposed: they are classified as anthrax-free and anthrax-affected, and the latter fall into manifest, conditionally manifest, nonmanifest and unclassified. The use of the cartographic method based on this classification is recommended. The proposed vaccination tactics will allow to reduce the number of persons covered by immunoprophylaxis by 70-75%, making this coverage more exact, and to improve the epidemiological effectiveness of vaccination. 相似文献
16.
17.
18.
An outbreak of Type C botulism in waterbirds was investigated at Lake Lalbert in northwestern Victoria, Australia. Total losses were estimated at 1,500 birds, with 80% of affected birds being grey teal (Anas gibberifrons). The outbreak was associated with a falling water level, and extensive decomposition of plant material. 相似文献
19.
The incidence of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) before (1984-1988) and after (1989-1994), a nationwide intervention with VA-MENGOC-BC vaccination started in 1989, was compared. The prevaccination period incidence density (ID> 8.8/10(5) year-person) was higher than the postvaccination ID (ID< 6.5/10(5) year-person). The percentage proportional differences from the start to the end of each period of ID in the vaccinal period was higher (87%) than the prevaccinal (37%) with significant differences among vaccinated groups (< 25 years old). A break-point (Chow test) was confirmed by the decrease in the ID between 1989 and 1990 in children under 1 year old, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19 and 50-54 years. Comparison of ID using maps showed a decrease in IMD in all municipalities during the postvaccination period. These findings support the epidemiological impact of VA-MENGOC-BC vaccination in the reduction of IMD morbidity. 相似文献
20.
We consider the interplay of vaccination and migration rates on disease persistence in epidemiological systems. We show that short-term and long-term migration can inhibit disease persistence. As a result, we show how migration changes how vaccination rates should be chosen to maintain herd immunity. In a system of coupled SIR models, we analyze how disease eradication depends explicitly on vaccine distribution and migration connectivity. The analysis suggests potentially novel vaccination policies that underscore the importance of optimal placement of finite resources. 相似文献