京郊草坪蛴螬的种类和为害特点

2004–2006年,在北京及周边地区对草坪生产基地、绿化草坪、高尔夫球场草坪及运动场草坪地下害虫蛴螬种类和为害进行了调查。共鉴定蛴螬2 220头,隶属2亚科10属17种,其中华北大黑鳃金龟、黄褐丽金龟和铜绿丽金龟是重要的为害种。提供了鉴别特征图和北京地区草坪蛴螬种类检索表。     

Acoustic estimation of infestations and population densities of white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in turfgrass

Incidental sounds produced by Phyllophaga crinita (Burmeister) and Cyclocephala lurida (Bland) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) white grubs were monitored with single- and multiple-sensor acoustic detection systems in turf fields and golf course fairways in Texas. The maximum detection range of an individual acoustic sensor was measured in a greenhouse as approximately the area enclosed in a 26.5-cm-diameter perimeter (552 cm2). A single-sensor acoustic system was used to rate the likelihood of white grub infestation at monitored sites, and a four-sensor array was used to count the numbers of white grubs at sites where infestations were identified. White grub population densities were acoustically estimated by dividing the estimated numbers of white grubs by the area of the detection range. For comparisons with acoustic monitoring methods, infestations were assessed also by examining 10-cm-diameter soil cores collected with a standard golf cup-cutter. Both acoustic and cup-cutter assessments of infestation and estimates of white grub population densities were verified by excavation and sifting of the soil around the sensors after each site was monitored. The single-sensor acoustic method was more successful in assessing infestations at a recording site than was the cup-cutter method, possibly because the detection range was larger than the area of the soil core. White grubs were recovered from >90% of monitored sites rated at medium or high likelihood of infestation. Infestations were successfully identified at 23 of the 24 sites where white grubs were recovered at densities >50/m2, the threshold for economic damage. The four-sensor array yielded the most accurate estimates of the numbers of white grubs in the detection range, enabling reliable, nondestructive estimation of white grub population densities. However, tests with the array took longer and were more difficult to perform than tests with the single sensor.     

Arecanut white grubs Leucopholis species (Melolonthinae: Scarabaeidae: Coleoptera) morphological,molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis

Arecanut (Areca catechu) is one of the most important commercial crops in India, which grows extensively in the malnad and coastal areas. White grubs are the most important pests on this crop and cause considerable yield loss. Surveys were conducted to record species that are infested with white grubs of Karnataka and Kerala states. Three species of white grubs were collected and described using morphological and molecular characters. A detailed study of male genitalial structures such as aedeagus and endophallus in three species of Leucopholis Dejean, 1833 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) viz., Leucopholis lepidophora Blanchard, 1850, Leucopholis burmeisteri Brenske, 1894 and Leucopholis coneophora Burmeister, 1855 showed substantial differences. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene was sequenced for molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis in this respect. L. lepidophora, L. burmeisteri and L. coneophora species were successfully identified by employing COXI gene. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the COXI DNA barcode fragment of Leucopholis species and out-group taxa, available in genetic databases, confirms the species identity.     

Synergism of imidacloprid and entomopathogenic nematodes against white grubs: the mechanism

Entomopathogenic nematodes and the chloronicotinyl insecticide, imidacloprid, interact synergistically on the mortality of third-instar white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). The degree of interaction, however, varies with nematode species, being synergistic for Steinernema glaseri (Steiner) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, but only additive for Steinernema kushidai Mamiya. The mechanism of the interaction between imidacloprid and these three entomopathogenic nematodes was studied in the laboratory. In vials with soil and grass, mortality, speed of kill, and nematode establishment were negatively affected by imidacloprid with S. kushidai but positively affected with S. glaseri and H. bacteriophora. In all other experiments, imidacloprid had a similar effect for all three nematode species on various factors important for the successful nematode infection in white grubs. Nematode attraction to grubs was not affected by imidacloprid treatment of the grubs. Establishment of intra-hemocoelically injected nematodes was always higher in imidacloprid-treated grubs but the differences were small and in most cases not significant. The major factor responsible for synergistic interactions between imidacloprid and entomopathogenic nematodes appears to be the general disruption of normal nerve function due to imidacloprid resulting in drastically reduced activity of the grubs. This sluggishness facilitates host attachment of infective juvenile nematodes. Grooming and evasive behavior in response to nematode attack was also reduced in imidacloprid-treated grubs. The degree to which different white grub species responded to entomopathogenic nematode attack varied considerably. Untreated Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) grubs were the most responsive to nematode attack among the species tested. Untreated Cyclocephala borealis Arrow (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) grubs showed a weaker grooming and no evasion response, and untreated C. hirta LeConte (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) grubs showed no significant response. Chewing/biting behavior was significantly increased in the presence of nematodes in untreated P. japonica and C. borealis but not in C. hirta and imidacloprid-treated P. japonica and C. borealis. Our observations, however, did not provide an explanation for the lack of synergism between imidacloprid and S. kushidai.     

Restriction fragment length polymorphism species-specific patterns in the identification of white truffles

A molecular method for the identification of ectomycorrhizae belonging to five species of white truffle is described. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and universal primers were used to amplify internal transcribed spacers and 5.8S rDNA, target sequences present in a high number of copies. The amplified products were digested with restriction enzymes in order to detect interspecific polymorphisms. Species-specific restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns were determined for all five species. The use of PCR in conjunction with restriction enzymes provides a sensitive and efficient tool for use in distinguishing ectomycorrhizal species and monitoring inoculated seedlings or field mycorrhizal populations.     

Acoustic accelerometry reveals diel activity patterns in premigratory Port Jackson sharks

Distinguishing the factors that influence activity within a species advances understanding of their behavior and ecology. Continuous observation in the marine environment is not feasible but biotelemetry devices provide an opportunity for detailed analysis of movements and activity patterns. This study investigated the detail that calibration of accelerometers measuring root mean square (RMS) acceleration with video footage can add to understanding the activity patterns of male and female Port Jackson sharks (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) in a captive environment. Linear regression was used to relate RMS acceleration output to time‐matched behavior captured on video to quantify diel activity patterns. To validate captive data, diel patterns from captive sharks were compared with diel movement data from free‐ranging sharks using passive acoustic tracking. The RMS acceleration data showed captive sharks exhibited nocturnal diel patterns peaking during the late evening before midnight and decreasing before sunrise. Correlation analysis revealed that captive animals displayed similar activity patterns to free‐ranging sharks. The timing of wild shark departures for migration in the late breeding season corresponded with elevated diel activity at night within the captive individuals, suggesting a form of migratory restlessness in captivity. By directly relating RMS acceleration output to activity level, we show that sex, time of day, and sex‐specific seasonal behavior all influenced activity levels. This study contributes to a growing body of evidence that RMS acceleration data are a promising method to determine activity patterns of cryptic marine animals and can provide more detailed information when validated in captivity.     

Accuracy of using visual identification of white sharks to estimate residency patterns

Determining the residency of an aquatic species is important but challenging and it remains unclear what is the best sampling methodology. Photo-identification has been used extensively to estimate patterns of animals' residency and is arguably the most common approach, but it may not be the most effective approach in marine environments. To examine this, in 2005, we deployed acoustic transmitters on 22 white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in Mossel Bay, South Africa to quantify the probability of detecting these tagged sharks by photo-identification and different deployment strategies of acoustic telemetry equipment. Using the data collected by the different sampling approaches (detections from an acoustic listening station deployed under a chumming vessel versus those from visual sightings and photo-identification), we quantified the methodologies' probability of detection and determined if the sampling approaches, also including an acoustic telemetry array, produce comparable results for patterns of residency. Photo-identification had the lowest probability of detection and underestimated residency. The underestimation is driven by various factors primarily that acoustic telemetry monitors a large area and this reduces the occurrence of false negatives. Therefore, we propose that researchers need to use acoustic telemetry and also continue to develop new sampling approaches as photo-identification techniques are inadequate to determine residency. Using the methods presented in this paper will allow researchers to further refine sampling approaches that enable them to collect more accurate data that will result in better research and more informed management efforts and policy decisions.     

绿僵菌大孢变种的生物学特征及其对蛴螬的毒力研究

以报道较多的蛴螬病原真菌 布氏白僵菌、绿僵菌小孢变种作参照菌,系统研究了新分离鉴定的绿僵菌大孢变种的生物学特性,测定了其在偏低的自然气温下对蛴螬的致病能力.结果表明,绿僵菌大孢变种与参照菌的培养要求接近,最适宜的温度为25 ℃.3种供试的培养基中,PPDA为最适宜的培养基,其次为SDAY.在偏低的温度环境下绿僵菌大孢变种对蛴螬的毒杀能力强于布氏白僵菌,土壤和喷雾处理后累计僵虫率分别达88.23%和76.47%,有很好的田间应用前景.     

Evaluation of chemical controls and entomopathogenic nematodes for control of Phyllophaga white grubs in a Fraser fir production field

The results of 2 yr of field trials evaluating various chemical and biological controls of Phyllophaga anxia (LeConte) white grubs in a Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir] Christmas tree production field are reported here. Chemical insecticides evaluated included bifenthrin, chlorantraniliprole, thiamethoxam, and time-released imidacloprid tablets (Coretect, Bayer CropScience, Research Triangle Park, NC). Entomopathogenic nematodes evaluated included Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar) and Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser). Overall, the chemical controls provided the best root protection and grub control. Targeted treatments of an insecticide in the root zone may provide adequate tree protection and can be a way to reduce overall insecticide input compared with banded sprays. The nematode H. bacteriophora provided limited root protection and grub control, whereas S. carpocapsae did not provide effective control. Differences in efficacy and persistence of the two entomopathogenic nematode species can be attributed to the biology and environmental preferences of these organisms.     

Lack of interactions between fire ant control products and white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in turfgrass

Insecticides are widely used to manage turfgrass pest such as white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta (Buren) are important predators and pests in managed turfgrass. We tested the susceptibility of white grub life stages (adults, egg, and larvae) to predation by S. invicta and determined if insecticides applied for control of S. invicta would result in locally greater white grub populations. Field trials over 2 yr evaluated bifenthrin, fipronil, and hydramethylnon applied to large and small scale turfgrass plots for impacts on fire ant foraging and white grub populations. Coincident with these trials, adults, larvae, and eggs of common scarab species were evaluated for susceptibility to predation by S. invicta under field conditions. Field trials with insecticides failed to show a significant increase in white grub populations resulting from treatment of turfgrass for fire ants. This, in part, may be because of a lack of predation of S. invicta on adult and larval scarabs. Egg predation was greatest at 70% but < 20% of adults and larvae were attacked in a 24 h test. Contrary to other studies, results presented here suggest that fire ants and fire ant control products applied to turfgrass have a minimal impact on white grub populations.     

花生蛴螬空间分布型研究及药效评价方法探讨

花生蛴螬田间分布属于聚集分布。在已知的m m回归关系的基础上提出了不同密度下花生蛴螬的理论抽样数和防治花生蛴螬的田间试验方法 ,并对 2种药效计算方法进行了评价。     

Population analysis of white grubs (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) throughout the Brazilian Pampa biome

The replacement of natural grassland by cultivated areas might favor the increase in abundance of some root-feeding species such as the white grubs, which may become a constraint for field crop production. This research aimed to assay the population density and geographical distribution of white grubs pest and other species in natural grassland and cultivated areas throughout the Brazilian Pampa biome. White grubs were sampled in 18 locations in both landscape use types and identified. Population density (number of larvae m^?2) was calculated for each recorded species and sorted within two groups (pest species and other species), compared between natural grasslands and cultivated areas, as well as among locations. A dendrogram to evaluate species similarity among locations was built based on combined data obtained from both landscape use types throughout the region. In total, 31 species were found in the Brazilian Pampa, and four of them are considered as crop pests: Diloboderus abderus (Sturm, 1826), Euetheola humilis (Burmeister, 1847), Lyogenys fusca (Blanchard, 1830), and Phyllophaga triticophaga Morón & Salvadori, 1998. The average population density of pest species in cultivated areas was less than five larvae m^?2, at most of locations. Some species had a wide geographical distribution (e.g. D. abderus and Cyclocephala modesta Burmeister), while other melolontids occurred at only one location. The knowledge of which white grub species are present in a field and its population densities assist farmers to take proper management decisions.     

Incidence of turf-damaging white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and associated pathogens and parasitoids on Kentucky golf courses

Root-feeding grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) were sampled from damaged areas of 61 irrigated roughs on 32 Kentucky golf courses to determine species composition and natural enemy incidence, the first such survey in the United States' transitional turfgrass climatic zone. Masked chafers (Cyclocephala lurida Bland and C. borealis Arrow) and Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) accounted for ≈73 and 26% of grubs found in an autumn survey, with Cyclocephala spp. predominating at most sites, although mixed infestations were common. Only a few Phyllophaga spp., and no exotic species other than P. japonica were found. Cyclocephala spp. also predominated in seasonal and statewide surveys regardless of whether a course had cool- or warm-season grass fairways. Pathogenic bacteria, Paenibacillus and Serratia spp., and the autumn-active parasitoid Tiphia pygidialis Allen were the main enemies associated with Cyclocephala spp. Predominant enemies of P. japonica were Paenibacillus, Serratia, and Metarhizium spp. in autumn, and eugregarines, Stictospora sp. (probably S. villani Hays and Clopton) and Tiphia vernalis Rohwer in spring. Entomopathogenic nematodes and the microsporidian Ovavesicula popilliae Andreadis & Hanula were nearly absent in our samples. No predictive relationships were found between soil parameters and proportionate abundance of Cyclocephala or P. japonica, or with natural enemy incidence at particular sites. Although incidence of individual enemies was generally low (<20%; often <5%) in these point-in-time surveys, collectively and over their hosts' prolonged development they may take a significant toll on grub populations.     

Impact of four insecticides on Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) egg predators and white grubs in turfgrass

Field experiments were conducted to measure the effects of four commonly used turfgrass insecticides (isofenphos, diazinon, imidacloprid, halofenozide) on white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and ant predators of white grub eggs. Ant populations were measured over time with canned tuna, whereas predation by the ants was measured with artificially placed Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, eggs. The effectiveness of each insecticide at controlling Japanese beetle grubs, when applied at different times during the growing season, also was measured. Isofenphos and diazinon significantly reduced both ant numbers and white grub egg predation, whereas imidacloprid and one halofenozide treatment did not significantly impact either measurement. A second halofenozide treatment significantly reduced white grub egg predation. Isofenphos and diazinon were ineffective at controlling Japanese beetle grubs when applied in June but were highly efficacious when applied in August. Evidence of enhanced biodegradation was found in plots that received both June and August applications of diazinon. Both June and August applications of imidacloprid and halofenozide provided good control of white grubs.     

Current issues involved with the identification and nutritional value of wood grubs consumed by Australian Aborigines

The so called witchetty grub is a publicized food source for Australian Aborigines. Despite heavy use, the identities and number of species consumed is still not known because of the lack of identified voucher specimens. Taxonomy based on adults makes identification of larval forms difficult. Dwelling in the root, trunks, and stems of woody plants, grubs are a reliable and highly valued food source that may be in decline. Much information on edible insects may already be lost in parts of Australia heavily settled by Europeans. However, there are many parts of Australia where information on edible insects is still strong and needs to be recorded accurately for long‐term use. Recent identification of “witchetty grubs” from the witchetty bush at Barrow Creek has revealed that those there, based on their DNA, are not Endoxyla leucomochla. As grubs are collected and eaten before they mature and scientific taxonomy is based on adults, there are many unanswered questions on the grub identification and biology, host plants, and plant and grub distributions.     

Luminometric measurement of population activity of genetically modified Pseudomonas fluorescens in the soil

Genetically modified cells of Pseudomonas fluorescens, chromosomally marked with genes for bioluminescence, were inoculated into sterile soil microcosms. During incubation for 90 days, viable cell concentration did not change significantly but light output, measured by luminometry, decreased, indicating reduced metabolic activity due to lack of substrates. Amendment with nutrients resulted in parallel increases in both luminescence and dehydrogenase activity. Luminometry therefore enables rapid monitoring of the activity of populations of luminescence-marked microbial inocula in the soil, with greater sensitivity and selectivity than traditional techniques.     

Online measurement of the respiratory activity in shake flasks enables the identification of cultivation phases and patterns indicating recombinant protein production in various Escherichia coli host strains

Escherichia coli is commonly used for recombinant protein production with many available host strains. Screening experiments are often performed in batch mode using shake flasks and evaluating only the final product concentration. This conventional approach carries the risk of missing the best strain due to limited monitoring capabilities. Thus, this study focuses on investigating the general suitability of online respiration measurement for selecting expression hosts for heterologous protein production. The oxygen transfer rate (OTR) for different T7‐RNA polymerase‐dependent Escherichia coli expression strains was compared under inducing and noninducing conditions. As model enzymes, a lipase A from Bacillus subtilis (BSLA) and a 3‐hydroxybutyryl‐CoA dehydrogenase from Thermus thermophilus (HBD) were chosen. Four strains were compared during expression of both enzymes in autoinduction medium. Additionally, four strains were compared during expression of the BSLA with IPTG induction. It was found that the metabolic burden during recombinant protein production induces a phase of constant OTR, while undisturbed cell growth with no or little product formation is indicated by an exponential increase. This pattern is independent of the host strain, expressed enzyme, and induction method. Furthermore, the OTR gives information about carbon source consumption, biomass formation, and the transition from production to noninduced second growth phase, thereby ensuring a fair comparison of different strains. In conclusion, online monitoring of the respiration activity is suited to qualitatively identify, if a recombinant protein is produced by a strain or not. Furthermore, laborious offline sampling is avoided. Thus, the technique is easier and faster compared to conventional approaches. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:315–327, 2018     

Acoustic activity across a seabird colony reflects patterns of within-colony flight rather than nest density

Passive acoustic monitoring is increasingly being used as a cost-effective way to study wildlife populations, especially those that are difficult to census using conventional methods. Burrow-nesting seabirds are among the most threatened birds globally, but they are also one of the most challenging taxa to census, making them prime candidates for research into such automated monitoring platforms. Passive acoustic monitoring has the potential to determine presence/absence or quantify burrow-nesting populations, but its effectiveness remains unclear. We compared passive acoustic monitoring, tape-playbacks and GPS tracking data to investigate the ability of passive acoustic monitoring to capture unbiased estimates of within-colony variation in nest density for the Manx Shearwater Puffinus puffinus. Variation in acoustic activity across 12 study plots on an island colony was examined in relation to burrow density and environmental factors across 2 years. As predicted fewer calls were recorded when wind speed was high, and on moon-lit nights, but there was no correlation between acoustic activity and the density of breeding birds within the plots as determined by tape-playback surveys. Instead, acoustic indices correlated positively with spatial variation in the in-colony flight activity of breeding individuals detected by GPS. Although passive acoustic monitoring has enormous potential in avian conservation, our results highlight the importance of understanding behaviour when using passive acoustic monitoring to estimate density and distribution.