芽孢杆菌WS-3L淀粉酶的纯化和特性的研究

芽孢杆菌WS-3L产生的a-淀粉酶AmyL经过多步纯化, 酶的回收率为15.5%, 比活提高了345倍。该淀粉酶能够有效水解淀粉生成麦芽寡糖。酶的最适反应温度为45℃, 最适反应pH为6.5, 在pH 7.0~8.0, 40℃以下酶活较稳定; 离子Cu2+、NH4+、Ag+、Hg+ 和EDTA、SDS对酶活力有显著抑制作用, 而其他一些常见金属离子如Na+、K+则对酶活影响不大。AmyL对可溶性淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉的Km值和Vmax分别为2.81 mg/mL、8.37 mg/mL、1.80 mg/mL和11.67 mmol/（min·mL）、10.00mmol/（min·mL）、13.33 mmol/（min·mL）, 表明支链淀粉是该酶的理想水解底物。玉米淀粉对AmyL有很高的吸附率, 预示这可以作为酶快速固定的一个简易方法应用到实际生产中。     

来源于Laceyella sp.的α-淀粉酶基因克隆、重组表达及酶学性质研究

从土壤中筛选产淀粉酶菌株,对其淀粉酶基因进行克隆及异源表达,分析其酶学性质。采用固体淀粉筛选培养基,从安阳面粉厂附近土壤里分离得到一株产淀粉酶的菌株Laceyella sp.,编号为MF-8-1。然后利用同源克隆的方法得到淀粉酶编码基因AmyL。将AmyL与表达载体pET-22b(+)连接构建pET-22b-AmyL重组质粒,并转化至E.coli BL21(DE3)中进行表达。最后对重组酶进行分离纯化以及酶学性质测定。AmyL在E.coli中成功表达,重组酶AmyL分子量为55 kD,最适反应温度为45℃,最适pH值为6.0。在温度低于60℃时,有较好的温度稳定性;在pH 6.0-10.0内较稳定。酶的动力学研究表明,该酶的比活、Km和Vmax分别为185.39 U/mg、0.95 mg/mL、343.12μmol/(min·mg)。结果表明,AmyL在中温碱性条件下具有高活性且保持稳定,在洗涤剂、纺织、造纸等行业具有潜在的应用价值。     

双酶法水解辐照改性马铃薯淀粉动力学研究

为了解辐照改性马铃薯淀粉的酶解特性,用α-淀粉酶和糖化酶同时作用于马铃薯原淀粉和经400 kGy剂量辐照处理后淀粉,考察了pH值、酶解温度、α-淀粉酶用量、糖化酶用量对反应速率的影响.以米氏方程为基础,用Lineweaver-Burk法求解动力学参数.结果表明,辐照后马铃薯淀粉的酶解反应速率明显高于马铃薯原淀粉.在单一水解体系中,α-淀粉酶和糖化酶对辐照前后马铃薯淀粉的降解都遵循Michaelis-Menten方程,α-淀粉酶的Km分别为11.343 mg· mL-1和9.386 mg· mL-1,Vmax分别为0.406 mg（mL·min）-1和1.079 mg（mL·min）-1;糖化酶的Km分别为10.307 mg· mL-1和8.905 mg·mL-1,Vmax分别为0.338 mg（mL·min）-1和0.821mg（mL·min）-1;水解产物葡萄糖对反应体系具有竞争性抑制剂的作用,其抑制常数Ki分别为1.298 mg·mL-1和0.934 mg·mL-1.研究结果表明辐照有效提高了马铃薯淀粉的酶解反应活性.     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌中温α-淀粉酶基因的克隆、表达与酶学性质分析

以中温α-淀粉酶生产菌株Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M23基因组DNA为模板。PCR扩增得到了2．0kb α-淀粉酶基因全长序列。该基因由上游启动子220bp,结构基因1544bp和终止序列320bp构成。将无信号肽的α-淀粉酶结构基因amyQ,克隆入表达载体pET28a,转化E．coli BL21（DE3）,经诱导,测定α-淀粉酶活性。结果表明：α-淀粉酶基因amyQ获得了活性表达,酶活力为2．297U／mL,SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示出分子量约为58kDa特异性蛋白质条带。酶学性质分析表明,重组α-淀粉酶的最适反应温度为60℃,最适反应pH为6．5,在60℃保温15min保持85％以上活性,超过15min,酶迅速失活,在pH5．5～10．0环境下稳定。水解产物分析表明：淀粉水解终产物主要为麦芽寡糖和糊精和少量葡萄糖。     

一株产α-高温淀粉酶的地衣芽孢杆菌的分离和筛选

从西藏当雄温泉附近的土壤中用锥虫蓝平板,55℃培养,筛选到一株分泌高温淀粉酶的菌株,经生理生化初步鉴定后,克隆16s rDNA基因测序,提交GenBank比对后,鉴定为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheninformis),命名为B.licheninformis LT.通过对B.licheninformis LT的生长条件和产酶条件的研究表明:该菌高温特性良好,最高可以在65℃生长,产酶最适温度50℃;可以在pH 3.O～pH 11.0的LB培养基中生长,最佳产酶pH 10.0,LB培养基加入淀粉诱导,发酵液酶活可达80 U.对该菌所产α-高温淀粉酶的性质研究表明:酶的最适反应温度为95℃,100℃处理60 min发酵液酶活力没有明显下降,最适酶作用pH 10.0,添加1g/L的钙离子具有激活作用.     

Secreted expression of the pullulanase in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BF7658

根据文献报道的核苷酸序列合成Bacillus deramificans普鲁兰酶成熟肽编码基因BdP.将BdP基因插入芽孢杆菌分泌表达载体pUC980信号肽编码区下游,获得重组质粒pUC980-BdP,重组质粒转化中温α-淀粉酶生产菌解淀粉芽孢杆菌BF7658菌株.摇瓶发酵实验表明,重组转化子发酵液有明显普鲁兰酶酶活,约48 h酶活达到最高水平,为2.8 ASPU/mL.酶学性质分析表明,重组酶最适作用温度约为60℃,最适反应pH为5.0,60℃保温3h仍保存50％的活性.重组酶性质适合淀粉糖化工艺的要求.     

中温α-淀粉酶在地衣芽孢杆菌中的异源表达

提高中温α-淀粉酶生产菌株的发酵温度,对减少冷却水消耗降低生产成本有重要意义。本文利用基因删除技术删除了地衣芽孢杆菌CBBD302菌株α-淀粉酶的编码基因(amy L)获得突变株D402。将表达解淀粉芽孢杆菌中温α-淀粉酶基因Ba A的重组质粒p HY-WZX-Ba A转化D402,获得表达中温α-淀粉酶的重组地衣芽孢杆菌D402/p HY-WZX-Ba A。摇瓶发酵实验显示,重组菌最适发酵温度为42℃,比原生产菌株提高8℃,最高产酶水平达到301 U/m L。30 L发酵罐发酵试验,78 h达到最高酶活531 U/m L。重组酶的最适作用温度为60℃,最适作用p H 6.5,在90℃保温20 min可以完全失活,保持了中温α-淀粉酶既能在淀粉糊化温度下保持稳定又便于灭酶的优良性能。     

一株高产淀粉酶的解淀粉芽胞杆菌的分离鉴定及其产酶条件优化

目的从土壤中分离产淀粉酶相对较高的菌株,并对其产酶条件进行优化,以期获得更经济、易得的高活力淀粉酶。方法用平板稀释涂布法分别从温州及其周边地区多个淀粉含量高的土壤、污水中采集的样品中筛选产淀粉酶菌株,通过菌落形态、生理生化反应和16S rDNA序列比对对菌株进行鉴定;并从碳源、氮源、离子浓度及紫外诱变等产酶条件对高产淀粉酶菌株进行优化;利用碘-淀粉法等对粗酶液酶学性质进行初步研究。结果从采集到的26个样品中共筛选到19株酶活较高、产酶稳定的野生型菌株。其中编号为Z19的菌株酶活最高,达到351.78 U/mL。经形态和生理生化鉴定,结合16S rDNA序列分析,将该菌株鉴定为解淀粉芽胞杆菌。对菌株Z19的液体发酵条件研究表明,最佳条件为玉米粉1.0%,明胶1.5%,淀粉含量0.5%,NaCl 0.5%,pH7.0,发酵温度37℃,72 h,酶活达到1 360.92 U/mL;在固体培养基上,直接用麸皮,接种量为0.1%,含水量为60%,pH7.0,120 h时,酶活达到1 504.2 U/mL。其最适酶反应pH为6.5,反应温度55~60℃,底物浓度为0.5%。结论从土壤中分离得到了产淀粉酶相对较高的解淀粉芽胞杆菌Z19菌株,产酶条件适用于工业生产,具有一定的应用前景。     

一株中温淀粉酶菌株的分离鉴定及其产酶条件分析

利用固体淀粉筛选培养基,从安阳市郊区面粉厂附近的土壤里分离筛选出1株产淀粉酶的菌株,编号为MF-3-2.经过菌株形态、革兰氏染色、16S rDNA鉴定及系统进化树分析,初步确定其为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis).摇瓶培养后对其酶学性质研究发现,该菌株淀粉酶的最适温度为65℃,最适pH值为6.0,在pH值4.8～6.0范围内仍能残余70％以上的酶活力.该菌株的最适生长温度为40℃,最适生长pH值为6.5.产酶条件优化结果表明:最适碳源为马铃薯淀粉,最适氮源为豆粕粉,最适碳氮比为1∶15,发酵温度30℃,发酵pH值6.0,装液量10％,种龄10h,接种量5％,转速200 r/min,48 h达到产酶高峰.通过发酵产酶条件优化,其淀粉酶活性达到86.8 U/mL,是优化前的35倍.另外,在酸性条件下还具有较好的活性.因此,该菌株的淀粉酶具有潜在的工业应用前景.     

深海放线菌生淀粉酶基因的克隆表达及酶学特性研究

从深海放线菌Streptomyces sp.SCSIO03032基因组中扩增到1条含淀粉结合域的水解糖苷13家族基因amy032,该基因编码氨基酸与已知蛋白一致性最高为67%。将amy032插入表达载体pET32a启动子下游,构建重组载体pET-amy。重组质粒导入大肠杆菌Rosseta(DE3)菌株中,SDS-PAGE分析结果显示目的基因成功实现异源表达。Ni-NTA对重组酶进行纯化,并对其酶学性质进行表征。结果表明:重组淀粉酶AMY032的最适作用温度为50℃,最适pH为8.0,以可溶性淀粉为底物时的比酶活为(276±57)U/mg,Km为0.02g/L,Vmax为70mg/(L·min)。Ca2+能提高该酶的催化活性,Ni2+、Cu2+、Zn2+和Mn2+对该酶有抑制作用。AMY032对生玉米淀粉和生大米淀粉具有水解活性,其比酶活分别为(49±12)U/mg和(39±11)U/mg;扫描电镜结果显示AMY032使生玉米淀粉的表面产生明显凹陷。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.