Effect of planting date,ventilation and soil temperature on growth and nutrition of tomato in high tunnels

Growth rates and tissue nutrient concentrations were measured in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) grown in unheated high tunnels in the spring in the northeast USA. Two weeks after transplant on 3 April, seedlings had low concentrations of Nitrogen, Magnesium and other nutrients, while later plantings on 17 April and 1 May had adequate nutrition. The low yield and small fruit of the 3 April planting, compared to the later plantings, was likely related to this nutrient stress soon after transplant. Air and soil temperatures were less than 10°C at planting on 3 April. Air and soil were warmed during the day to different extents in tunnels vented at different temperatures. Over all plantings and ventilation regimes, relative growth rates over the two weeks after transplant were correlated to average air temperature. However, there was little uptake of P, N and Mg, when soil was cooler than 12°C. Nutrient concentrations in the shoot became very low because shoot growth continued when soil temperature limited nutrient uptake.     

Effect of crop and soil management practices on soil compatibility in maize and groundnut plots in a Paleustult in Southeastern Nigeria

Frequent occurrences of soil compaction damage resulting from high raindrop impact energy, and from human and animal trafficking during field operations pose a problem to farmers around the tropics. We studied the effect of some crop and soil management practices (manure, mulch, NPK applications, tillage and crop type) on some soil compactibility indices (dry bulk density, cone index, total soil porosity, gravimetric soil water content) in a Typic Paleustult in southeastern Nigeria. The study was carried out for three consecutive planting seasons using two tillage systems and four other soil management practices (poultry droppings + NPK, mulch + NPK, NPK alone and no amendment). These were laid out as split-plot in a RCB design replicated three times and using maize (Zea mays L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogea) as test crops. Results indicate that the different soil management techniques adopted influenced dry bulk density, penetration resistance, total soil porosity and gravimetric soil water content at 44 and 66 days after planting (DAP) whereas only gravimetric soil water content was affected at 90 DAP. The dry bulk density of tilled maize and groundnut plots increased significantly (P<0.05) by between 2 and 14% relative to no-till plots at 44 and 66 DAP. In both maize and groundnut plots, dry bulk density decreased significantly (P<0.05) in plots amended with poultry droppings +NPK relative to the control plots by 3–10% at 44 and 66 DAP. Tilled maize and groundnut plots had 37–45% lower (P< 0.05) penetration resistance than their corresponding no-till plots at both 44 and 66 DAP. Penetration resistance measurements were lower by 16.5–25% in plots amended with poultry droppings + NPK relative to unamended plots at 44 and 66 DAP. Cumulative (1996, 1997, 1998) data indicate that gravimetric soil water content in maize and groundnut plots generally increased significantly (P<0.05) in no-till plots relative to tilled plots by 18–27% at both 44 and 66 DAP. Plots amended with poultry droppings + NPK had between 24 and 111% increase (P<0.05) in soil gravimetric soil water content at both 44 and 66 DAP. Results are indicative that all soil compactibility indices measured were not affected at 90 DAP except for soil gravimetric soil water content in 1996 and 1998. Results from this work demonstrate that some crop and soil management practices could be used to reduce soil compactibility problems thus increasing productivity of such soils.     

不同类型拌种剂对花生及其根际微生物的影响

拌种处理对于花生一播全苗和稳定高产非常重要.选用不同类型的4种拌种剂即哈茨木霉菌剂(真菌拮抗剂)、甲基托布津(杀真菌剂)、适乐时(杀真菌剂)、好安威(化学杀虫剂)处理花生种子,通过测定花生农艺性状、品质指标、根际土壤微生物动态等来评价其对花生和环境的综合效应.结果表明:1)各种杀菌剂拌种均能提高花生成苗率,而好安威略差;各拌种剂促进花生株高、叶绿素含量,而单株叶片数适乐时增多,好安威减少,单株分枝数盛花期有所增多(好安威除外),结果期均略减少;单株烂、虫、芽果数均减少,单株秕果数增加,单株饱果数降低(好安威除外),百果重和百仁重提高(哈茨木霉除外),而饱满度降低;最终荚果产量除哈茨木霉略低,其余拌种剂增产效果极显著,甲基托布津、适乐时、好安威比对照分别增产34.58％、25.90％、22.82％.2)哈茨木霉拌种使蛋白质含量、亚油酸含量增幅最大,油份含量增幅较大,油亚比值降幅最大;甲基托布津处理的蛋白质和油份含量降幅最大;适乐时对提高油份含量、油亚比值效果最佳;好安威对品质指标的影响有限.3)从细菌及放线菌与真菌的比值来看,甲基托布津促细菌、抑真菌的效果好且长,对放线菌/真菌比值影响较小;哈茨木霉在前中期促细菌与放线菌、抑真菌的效果明显,但后期效果趋反;适乐时促细菌、抑真菌的效果短促,且一直强烈抑制放线菌;而好安威相比影响较小.4)好安威对根瘤菌具有显著的抑制作用,而哈茨木霉、适乐时、甲基托布津均极显著增加根瘤数量.结论:各拌种剂对花生产量、品质、根瘤、根际微生物产生了较大差异的综合效应,须因地、因时选用;化学杀菌剂甲基托布津的农艺效应、环境微生物效应均最好,唯蛋白质含量、油份含量略有降低,是一种较理想的综合优良拌种剂.     

黑色地膜覆盖的土壤水热效应及其对马铃薯产量的影响

以马铃薯为研究材料,采用随机区组设计,设全膜覆盖垄沟种植(PM)和裸地平作(CK)两个处理,研究西北半干旱区黑色地膜覆盖的土壤水热效应及其对马铃薯产量的影响。结果表明:PM能增加马铃薯全生育期0—25 cm土壤温度1.5℃左右,增温效应呈"抛物线型";盛花期PM增温效果主要在8:00,14:00和20:00具有降温和稳定地温作用;同时,在平水年和欠水年,PM能促进马铃薯盛花期和薯块膨大期耗水,盛花期PM耗水量增加21.2%—50.5%,块茎膨大期增加5.4%—57.9%,但全生育期耗水量PM与CK差异不显著;PM在调节地温、促进关键生育期耗水作用下,产量较CK提高13.6%—64.5%,WUE提高24.1%—69.5%,差异均达显著水平。在年均降水391.4 mm条件下,连续4a地膜覆盖高产种植的0—200 cm土层土壤贮水量增加了123.4 mm,优化了土壤水分状况。     

Growth and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants in soil inoculated with Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem

Aspergillus niger, a soil-borne fungus is a causative agent of hypocotyl malformations in infected groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants, but its effect on yield is unknown. This study sought to determine its effect on growth and yield. Seeds of Chinese and JL45 varieties were sown in soil inoculated with A. niger. Fresh and dry weights of the shoots and roots were taken at 10-day intervals. Nodule count was done at 30 days after emergence and subsequently at 10-day intervals. Pods of 20 plants each from inoculated and uninoculated soils were harvested. Growth was suppressed in plants grown on A. niger inoculated soil. Eight-day old plants grown in inoculated soil developed curvatures on their hypocotyls. Nodulation was suppressed (p < 0.05) in plants grown in inoculated soil. Although growth was suppressed in plants grown on inoculated soil, yield of both varieties of groundnut was not affected.     

土壤温度与气温对紫花雪山报春光合作用和蒸腾作用的影响

在气候箱中研究了土壤温度、气温对高山草本植物紫花雪山报春光合作用和蒸腾作用的影响。结果显示 :1 0℃～ 2 5℃土壤温度范围内 ,净光合速率和蒸腾速率及气孔导度和胞间CO2 浓度随土壤温度的变化为“单峰”曲线。“峰”值及其位置受气温影响。在 1 0℃～ 35℃气温范围内 ,净光合速率随气温的变化曲线为“单峰”型 ,蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间 CO2 浓度随气温升高既有增加又有减少 ,增加或是减少及变化速率与土壤温度有关。土壤温度和气温对光合作用和蒸腾作用都有影响 ,各因子对光合作用和蒸腾作用的影响受到另一因子的促进或制约。其中一因子处于不利状态 ,光合作用和蒸腾作用都将受到严重损害。土壤温度和气温分别为 2 0℃和 2 5℃时 ,紫花雪山报春叶片净光合速率最大 ,为 1 4 .67μmol CO2 · m-2 · s-1 。光合作用的最适温度范围是土壤温度 1 5℃～ 2 0℃ ,气温 2 0℃～ 2 5℃。经相关系数分析表明 :在不同气温条件下 ,土壤温度变化时净光合速率、蒸腾速率与气孔导度、胞间 CO2 浓度的相关性不同 ;在不同土壤温度条件下 ,气温变化时它们之间的相关性也不同。不同气温下土壤温度影响光合作用、蒸腾作用或不同土壤温度下气温影响光合作用、蒸腾作用的生理机制不完全相同     

Evaluation of some fungal diseases and yield of groundnut in groundnut-based cropping systems

A study on the evaluation of some fungal diseases and yield of groundnut in groundnut-based cropping systems was conducted in 2002 and 2003 planting seasons. Analysis of variance indicated that intercropping was highly significant on leaf spot disease severity 0.76; 0.75, rust 2.75; 2.69, as well as percentage defoliation 78.42%; 78.10% in 2002 and 2003, respectively. Plant population was significant on leaf spot severity 4.52, 4.60 rust 2.76; 366 and defoliation 226.5; 441.1 fungal as well as yield, while interactions were not significant on the fungal diseases and yield. Sole groundnut recorded significantly high severity of the fungal diseases investigated but low yield, when groundnut was intercropped with maize and melon and recorded the lowest yield in 2002 and 2003 respectively. 250,000 plants/ha recorded the lowest severity of the diseases investigated, while 444,444 plants/ha recorded the highest. Sole groundnut also recorded the highest percentage defoliation 79.37%, 79.25% when groundnut was intercropped with maize recorded the lowest 77.06%; 77.60%. 250,000 plants/ha had the lowest defoliation when 444,444 plants/ha had the highest 80.75% 82.13% in 2002 and 2003, respectively. Sole groundnut recorded the lowest in the majority of yields when intercropped with maize and with melon recorded a high yield and yield components in 2002 and 2003, respectively. The microorganisms identified were Cercospora spp., Aspergillus linked and Blastomyces.     

亚高温下不同空气湿度对番茄光合作用和物质积累的影响

为了研究亚高温下不同空气湿度对番茄植株光合作用及物质积累的影响,本试验利用人工气候室,在11:00—15:00平均温度为33℃的亚高温条件下,设置3个空气相对湿度处理,分别为70%～80%(高湿)、50%～60%(中湿)和不加湿的30%～40%(低湿)。结果表明:在处理25d时,高湿处理番茄叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率显著高于低湿处理,而低湿处理果实空洞率比高湿处理高18.4%(P<0.05);在33℃亚高温条件下,70%～80%的相对湿度有利于光合作用的增强和果实品质的提高。     

甘蔗—大豆间作对大豆鲜荚产量和农艺性状的影响

为探讨甘蔗-大豆间作模式对大豆鲜荚产量和农艺性状的影响,于2009—2011年连续3年在广州市华南农业大学农场进行大田试验,试验设置2种施氮水平(常规施氮(525kg·hm-2)和减量施氮(300kg·hm-2))和3种种植模式(甘蔗-大豆(1∶1)、甘蔗-大豆(1∶2)、单作大豆)。结果表明:甘蔗-大豆间作(1∶2)模式下,2009年减量施氮水平的大豆鲜荚产量较常规施氮水平提高了33%,2010和2011年不同施氮水平间均无显著差异;甘蔗-大豆间作模式对大豆的单株鲜荚重、多粒荚数和百粒鲜重无显著影响;大豆单株鲜荚重与多粒荚数在不同种植模式下均呈显著相关(P<0.05),在常规施氮间作模式下与大豆单株荚数呈显著相关(P<0.05)。甘蔗-大豆间作没有降低大豆的单株鲜荚产量,也没有对大豆的农艺性状产生负面影响,从增产增收、提高土地生产力来考虑,减量施氮模式下甘蔗-大豆间作具有一定的可行性。     

开放式增温下非对称性增温对冬小麦生长特征及产量构成的影响

在江苏南京(2007-2009年)设置了全天增温(AW)、白天增温(DW)和夜间增温(NW)3种处理,研究冬小麦生长及产量构成的响应差异.结果表明:非对称性增温条件下,冬小麦的无效分蘖减少,有效分蘖增加.对照(CK)处理的无效分蘖分别是AW、DW和NW处理的2.6、1.7和3.5倍,但有效分蘖却比3个增温处理分别减少13.7%、3.2%和0.5%.AW、DW和NW处理小麦株高分别较CK提高了5.6%、4.5%和1.3%.旗叶面积分别提高了45.7%、39.4%和26.1%,开花期总绿叶面积分别提高了25.1%、29.8%和17.3%,同期绿叶比分别提高了37.7%、43.3%和38.7%.穗部性状中,AW、DW和NW处理的每穗颖花数平均比CK提高了4.1%、5.7%和1.7%,每穗实粒数分别提高了2.2%、5.3%和2.6%.AW、DW和NW处理冬小麦的粒叶比平均分别较CK降低了15.3%、8.5%和11.3%,但千粒重平均分别提高了6.9%、6.2%和11.8%,单位面积产量平均分别提高了27.0%、40.1%和18.3%.表明预期增温条件下华东地区冬小麦生产力将可能进一步提高.     

Effect of liming on dry matter yield of wheat in pots of low humic gley soil

Summary This experiment was carried out with the aim of verifying the effect of liming on three wheat cultivars, IAC-5, Alondra and Anahuac, in lowland hydromorphic soils (Low Humic Gley) rich in organic matter. The treatments consisted of five levels of liming using two recommended methods. These treatments were: control without liming; liming by the aluminium method and 1/3, 2/3 and 4/3 of the liming recommended by the buffer method of Shoemaker, McLean and Pratt (SMP buffer method). Adequate levels of calcium and magnesium in the plants were obtained with higher doses of calcium than those indicated by the aluminium method. With the aid of curves adjusted to the experimental data it was verified that the maximum yields of dry matter of 15.86, 15.88 and 12.53 g/pot for the cultivars IAC-5, Alondra and Anahuac, respectively, occurred with higher quantities of calcium at 2/3 of liming indicated by the SMP method at pH 6.0 At this rate of liming aluminium levels in the soil were not totally neutralized and the levels of calcium and magnesium adequate for maximum yield were estimated in 4.6, 4.08 and 4.7 meq/100 g of soil.The results indicate that for Low Humic Gley soils with a high level of organic matter, the level exchangeable aluminium does not constitute an adequate criterion for indicating liming requirements for wheat.     

两种酚酸类物质对花生根部土壤养分、酶活性和产量的影响

为探讨连作花生土壤中酚酸类物质的累积与花生连作障碍的关系,通过大田盆栽试验,研究了对羟基苯甲酸、肉桂酸对花生花针期(出苗后45 d)、结荚初期(出苗后75 d)、结荚末期(出苗后105 d)根部土壤养分、酶活性及产量的影响.结果表明: 经两种酚酸类物质处理后,花生根部土壤养分和酶活性均发生了明显的变化,以在花针期受到的影响最大,土壤碱解氮、有效磷、有效钾和土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、中性磷酸酶活性均显著降低;到花生结荚初期和结荚末期,两种物质对土壤养分、酶活性的抑制作用有减弱趋势.初始含量相同时,肉桂酸的化感作用相对较强.高浓度(80 mg·kg^-1干土)对羟基苯甲酸、肉桂酸处理分别使每盆花生荚果产量降低了45.9%、52.8%,单株结果数降低了46.2%、48.9%.     

Effects of Bradyrhizobium strain and host genotype,nodule dry weight and leaf area on groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L. ssp. fastigiata) yield

Effects of inoculating four Arachis hypogaea ssp. fastigiata cultivars with 17 Bradyrhizobium spp. strains were studied in a glasshouse experiment using a sandy soil devoid of an indigenous Bradyrhizobium population. Firstly, a wide range of parameters, indicative of symbiotic performance, were assessed for their influence on seed yield, by correlation and statistical analyses. It was found that nodule dry weight and leaf area were relevant parameters concerning seed yield. Secondly, the effects of host and strain genotype on those parameters were described.Variations in nodule dry weight did not have an effect on seed yield, except for cultivar Natal Common at lower nodule dry weight values. Therefore, it was concluded that the quantity of nitrogen fixing tissue met the demand for combined nitrogen and did not limit seed yield. This conclusion was further supported by the observation that at low nodule numbers per plant the nodule size increased to generate sufficient nitrogen fixing tissue.Leaf area, which comprises components for both photosynthetic capacity and plant development, was found to correlate well with seed yield. An increase in leaf area resulted in significant seed yield increases for all three spanish-type cultivars, but not for the valencia-type cultivar. Leaf area, thus, appeared as a factor limiting seed yield of spanish-type groundnuts.Cultivar performance concerning seed yield was significantly better for Natal Common compared to the other three cultivars, while Natal Common had a significantly lower plant (biomass excluding seed) dry weight value.Inoculation with different strains of Bradyrhizobium resulted in significantly different nodule dry weight values, but hardly led to significant differences in seed yield. This agreed with the finding that the amount of nitrogen fixing tissue appeared not to limit the availability of combined nitrogen.A large quantity of nitrogen was partitioned to the groundnut seeds: 62% to 76% of total accumulated nitrogen was located in the seeds.This study showed that testing for symbiotic effectiveness in the groundnut Bradyrhizobium symbiosis should include assessment of final (seed and biomass) yield, because parameters measured at stages prior to maturity, like nodulation parameters, may lead to flawed effectiveness ratings.     

Current options for improving leafspot disease resistance and yield of groundnut in an Ultisols

A two-season experiment was conducted in 2003 and 2004 on the current options for improving the severity of leafspot disease and yield of groundnut in the Ultisiols of Imo State. Four plant densities were variously combined with three organic manures at four replications with zero as the control in 2003 and 2004, respectively. The result showed that organic manure significantly reduced the severity of leafspot disease (P<0.05; 0.52 and 0.66). It also significantly influence stalk yield (tha^?1) and yield (tha^?1) 11.00; 12.86; 14.05; 15.82 in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Planting density 250 000 plants/ha, recorded the least leafspot severity 0.48; 0.55 while 444 444 plants/ha recorded the highest leafspot severity of 1.00 and 1.25 in 2003 and 2004. Fowl droppings significantly reduced the severity of leafspot disease 0.38; 0.50 in comparison with cow dung 0.66; 0.88 which were lower in 2003 and 2004, respectively. However, control (O-treatment) recorded the highest severity of leafspot disease 0.92; 1.30 in 2003 and 2004, respectively. The same trends were observed in stalk yield with fowl dropping recording the highest yield 14.28, 15.06 followed by cow dung 13.25; 14.00 while O-treatment (control) recorded the lowest 11.96; 12.50 in 2003 and 2004, respectively. But 250 000 plants/ha produced the lower stalk yield (tha^?1) 13.64; 14.40, but the highest seed yield 11.35; 12.00, while 444 444 plants/ha had the highest stalk yield 16.28; 17.10 but lower seed yield 11.26; 11.88 tha^?1 in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Also, the severity of leafspot disease increases with plant age in all treatments and all seasons. Edaphic conditions of the study site especially concerning soil reaction influenced the incidence and severity of leafspot disease on groundnut. The succulence of groundnut leaves promoted leafspot disease attack.     

高温胁迫对华北地区冬小麦灌浆及产量的影响

冬小麦灌浆期高温是制约我国北方冬小麦产量的一个重要气候因素,随着全球气候变暖,日趋频繁的极端温度事件可能引起该地区冬小麦产量的大幅波动。为了明确冬小麦灌浆期异常高温对冬小麦产量的影响程度,在河北固城生态与农业气象试验站自然大田条件下,采用自由空气红外辐射增温技术,开展了冬小麦灌浆中后期短期高温处理模拟试验。结果表明,灌浆中后期短期高温胁迫致使冬小麦灌浆速率下降及灌浆持续时间缩短从而使粒重降低,在消除了影响粒重的其它因素的作用后,短期高温处理期间的午间平均冠层气温与粒重之间存在显著的负线性相关关系。高温对冬小麦产量的威胁程度由高温强度及其持续时间两个因素决定。结合了高温强度及其持续时间综合作用的高温有效度时被证明是一个能全面反映灌浆中后期高温胁迫影响的特征量。     

Effects of straw mulching on soil temperature, evaporation and yield of winter wheat: field experiments on the North China Plain

Straw mulching is an effective measure to conserve soil moisture. However, the existence of straw on the soil surface also affects soil temperature, which in turn influences crop growth, especially of winter crops. Five‐year field experiments (2000–2005) investigated the effects of straw mulching and straw mass on soil temperature, soil evaporation, crop growth and development, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at Luancheng Station on the North China Plain. Soil is a moderately well‐drained loamy soil with a deep profile at the station. Two quantities of mulch were used: 3000 kg ha^?1 [less mulching (LM)] and 6000 kg ha^?1 [more mulching (MM)], representing half and all of the straw from the previous crop (maize). In the control (CK), the full quantity of mulch was ploughed into the top 20 cm of soil. The results showed that the existence of straw on the soil surface reduced the maximum, but increased the minimum diurnal soil temperature. When soil temperature was decreasing (from November to early February the next year), soil temperature (0–10 cm) under straw mulching was on average 0.3°C higher for LM and 0.58°C higher for MM than that without mulching (CK). During the period when soil temperature increased (from February to early April, the recovery and jointing stages of winter wheat), average daily soil temperature of 0–10 cm was 0.42°C lower for LM and 0.65°C lower for MM than that of CK. With the increase in leaf area index, the effect of mulching on soil temperature gradually disappeared. The lower soil temperature under mulch in spring delayed the development of winter wheat up to 7 days, which on average reduced the final grain yield by 5% for LM and 7% for MM compared with CK over the five seasons. Mulch reduced soil evaporation by 21% under LM and 40% under MM compared with CK, based on daily measuring of microlysimeters. However, because yield was reduced, the overall WUE was not improved by mulch.     

宁南旱区耕作覆盖对马铃薯产量及土壤水热特征的影响

为探究耕作覆盖对土壤水热及旱作马铃薯产量的影响,连续2年在宁南旱区不同耕作深度结合覆盖模式下开展了研究工作。结果表明: 耕作深度、覆盖材料对马铃薯播种期0～100 cm土层土壤贮水量有极显著影响,而二者交互作用无显著影响;2019年土壤贮水量以深松30 cm覆盖地膜处理最高,2020年以深松40 cm覆盖秸秆处理较高,分别较翻耕15 cm不覆盖处理(对照)显著提高16.9%和33.4%;耕作深度、覆盖材料可显著影响马铃薯关键生育期土壤贮水量;同一耕作深度下土壤贮水量以秸秆、地膜覆盖处理效果较好,同一覆盖材料下以深松30～40 cm处理最佳。覆盖材料、耕作深度与覆盖材料二者交互作用对播种-现蕾期0～25 cm土层土壤有效积温影响显著;同一耕作深度下覆盖地膜处理土壤有效积温平均较不覆盖处理显著增加9.3%,而覆盖秸秆处理较不覆盖处理显著降低18.7%;2019和2020年各处理全生育期土壤有效积温分别以深松30 cm和深松40 cm覆盖地膜处理最高。2019年马铃薯总产量和经济效益以深松30 cm覆盖秸秆处理较高,分别较对照显著提高84.6%和107.9%;2020年以深松40 cm覆盖秸秆处理最佳,分别较对照显著提高81.7%和105.7%。耕作深度、覆盖材料对作物水热利用效率均有显著影响,水分利用效率以深松30～40 cm覆盖秸秆处理较高,而积温利用效率不同耕作深度结合秸秆覆盖各处理均较翻对照显著提高。相关分析表明,块茎形成期的土壤水分和有效积温对马铃薯总产量的形成至关重要,而全生育期土壤水分对总产量的影响高于土壤有效积温。可见,深松30～40 cm覆盖秸秆处理可改善土壤水热状况,实现马铃薯增产增收和水热资源的高效利用,在宁南半干旱区马铃薯生产中有一定的应用推广价值。     

寄主植物与温度对大豆食心虫滞育期间糖类和脂质含量的影响

【目的】本文探究了大豆食心虫Leguminirora glycinioorella(Mats.)Obraztsov进入滞育以后体内糖类、脂质和水分含量的变化,以及不同寄主植物和滞育诱导期温度对大豆食心虫体内糖类、脂质和水分含量的影响。【方法】通过蒽酮硫酸法和氯仿甲醇分离法测定了滞育前后、以大豆Glycine max(L.)Merr和野大豆Glycine soja Sieb.et Zucc.两种植物为寄主以及不同滞育诱导温度下的大豆食心虫体内脂质、水分、总糖、糖原和海藻糖的含量,结果利用SPSS17.0数据分析软件进行分析。【结果】进入滞育阶段的大豆食心虫体内脂质、总糖、海藻糖和糖原含量显著增加,含水量显著下降。以大豆为寄主的大豆食心虫在滞育阶段体内水分含量、总糖和糖原含量较野大豆寄主的高,海藻糖含量较野大豆的低,差异均显著。不同滞育诱导温度下的大豆食心虫体内生化物质含量基本一致。【结论】滞育前后大豆食心虫体内各种生化物质变化明显,以栽培大豆为寄主和以野大豆为寄主的大豆食心虫体内生化物质含量不同,而滞育诱导温度对大豆食心虫体内生化物质含量影响不大。     

不同带长微喷带灌溉对麦田土壤水分分布和干物质积累及籽粒产量的影响

为了研究麦田用微喷带灌溉的适宜带长,2015—2016和2016—2017两年度以‘济麦22’为材料,设置了带宽80 mm微喷带下带长为60 m (T₁)、80 m (T₂)和100 m (T₃) 3个处理的试验,试验小区长度等于带长,试验小区内沿灌溉方向每20 m为一个取样区段,依次命名为A、B、C、D、E,分析不同带长微喷带灌溉对麦田土壤水分和干物质积累的影响.结果表明:1)两年度不同处理A区段拔节期、开花期灌水后0~40 cm土层土壤相对含水量为T₁23,B区段为T₁、T₂3,C区段为T₁>T₂、T₃,D区段为T₂>T₃;各处理区段间土壤相对含水量的变异系数为T₁23.2)不同处理A、B区段小麦开花后20、30 d的叶面积指数和冠层光截获率、开花后干物质积累量、成熟期干物质积累量均无显著差异,C区段上述指标为T₁>T₂、T₃,D区段为T₂>T₃;不同处理开花后20、30 d叶面积指数、冠层光截获率及开花后干物质积累量为T₁>T₂>T₃,成熟期干物质积累量为T₁、T₂>T₃.3)不同处理A、B区段籽粒产量均无显著差异,C区段为T₁>T₂、T₃,D区段为T₂>T₃,整畦籽粒产量为T₁、T₂>T₃.4)两年度不同处理籽粒产量、水分利用效率为T₁、T₂>T₃,灌溉水利用效率为T₁>T₂>T₃.综合考虑籽粒产量和水分利用效率,本试验条件下带宽80 mm、带长60 m的处理(T₁)是节水高产的最优处理,带长为80 m的处理(T₂)是较优处理.研究结果可为山东省小麦利用微喷带进行节水高产灌溉提供理论依据.     

不同土壤水分条件下硅对紫花苜蓿水分利用效率及产量构成要素的影响

硅是地壳中含量仅次于氧的元素,植物不可能在无硅的环境中生长.通过盆栽试验研究了不同土壤水分条件下硅对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)水分利用效率及产量构成要素的影响.结果表明,在土壤含水量为田间最大持水量的35%和80%的条件下,硅对紫花苜蓿水分利用效率和生物量没有显著影响,而在土壤含水量为田间最大持水量的50%和65%的条件下,硅显著提高了紫花苜蓿水分利用效率和生物量(p<0.05),紫花苜蓿水分利用效率的增幅分别为35%和20%,主要途径为降低叶片蒸腾速率;紫花苜蓿生物量增幅分别为41%和14%,主要通过促进分枝和株高生长,而不受单枝生物量的影响.因此硅对紫花苜蓿水分利用效率和生物量的有益作用与其生长环境中的土壤水分条件密切相关.