嗜酸硫氧化细菌消解元素硫的研究进展

浸矿酸性环境下,金属硫化矿在Fe3+作用下,经过硫代硫酸盐途径或多聚硫化氢途径而分解的过程中导致大量元素硫的累积,进而可能在金属硫化矿表面形成疏水元素硫层,阻碍金属离子的进一步浸出。酸性环境下,惰性元素硫的消解必须借助嗜酸硫氧化细菌来实现。该消解过程包括嗜酸硫氧化细菌对元素硫的吸附、转运以及氧化转化等过程。本文对近年来嗜酸硫氧化细菌消解元素硫过程的相关研究进行了全面评述,认为有关嗜酸硫氧化细菌消解元素硫的分子机制的清晰阐述还有待人们通过对消解过程的各个环节的分子机制进行大量研究来实现。     

嗜酸热硫球菌(S-5)对硫化物的氧化

从中国一热泉区分离到一种新的嗜热菌——嗜酸热硫球菌(Sulfosphaerellus thermoarido- philum)S-5能直接氧化元素硫(S)和黄铁矿(FcS2)等硫化物,氧化元素硫的温度范围是55—80℃,最适70℃;pH范围是1．0—5．5,最适2．5。在最适条件下,含元素硫1％,静置10天,细菌氧化元素硫溶液中的硫酸根(soi一)使浓度从1．10 g／L增加到6．56g/L,pH从2．35降到1．00。还发现嗜酸热硫球菌与中温的氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans)T一9以同样方式氧化黄铁矿,但是前者的氧化能力比后者的更强,而且温度范围也更广。当使用一200目黄铁矿矿粉、矿浆浓度10％、振荡氧化20天时,在接人嗜热菌的溶液中,可溶性铁浓度从1．79 g/L增加到16．40 g／L,pH从2．23降到0．85,而接人中温菌的溶液中可溶性铁浓度从1．23 g,L只增加到7．37 g,L,pH从2．23只降到1．20。     

一株中度嗜热嗜酸硫氧化杆菌的分离和系统发育分析

从云南腾冲温泉酸性水样分离得到一株中度嗜热嗜酸硫氧化杆菌MTH 0 4 ,对分离菌株进行了形态、生理生化特性研究及 1 6SrDNA序列分析。该菌株为革兰氏阴性细菌 ,短杆状 ,菌体大小 (0 6～ 0 8) μm× (1～ 2 ) μm ,化能自养 ,可利用硫磺、四硫酸盐、硫代硫酸盐为能源生长 ,不能利用蛋白胨、葡萄糖、酵母粉 ,也不能进行混合型生长。最适生长温度在 4 0℃～ 4 5℃之间 ,最适生长pH 2 0～ 3 0 ,代时 8h。以 1 6SrDNA序列同源性为基础构建了包括 1 3株相关种属在内的系统发育树 ,结果表明 ,MTH 0 4与喜温硫杆菌 (Thiobacilluscaldus)处于同一进化树分支中 ,相似性达 99 5 %以上     

一株分离自网箱养殖区沉积物的硫氧化菌B1-1的鉴定及其硫氧化特性

【背景】海水网箱养殖是一种高密度、高投饵的人工养殖方式,其产生的硫化物污染严重影响了海水养殖业的经济效益及可持续发展。【目的】鉴定从网箱养殖区沉积物中分离得到的硫氧化菌B1-1并研究其硫氧化特性,为利用生物技术修复网箱养殖环境提供理论依据。【方法】通过形态观察、生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列分析对硫氧化菌B1-1进行鉴定;通过摇床培养对该菌株氧化硫代硫酸盐的最适培养条件(pH、温度、底物浓度、外加碳源、外加氮源、金属离子)进行研究。【结果】该菌株被鉴定为HalothiobacillushydrothermalisB1-1。菌株B1-1生物氧化硫代硫酸盐的最适pH为8.0,最适生长温度为30°C,最适底物浓度为5.0g/L;外加碳源对该菌株氧化能力无显著影响,外加铵盐(硫酸铵或草酸铵)可以将延滞期缩短至12 h,添加Mg~(2+)可以显著提高菌株的氧化能力,氧化率达100%。【结论】Halothiobacillus hydrothermalisB1-1耐盐性较强,对硫代硫酸盐氧化率高,可作为修复受硫化物污染网箱养殖环境的潜在菌株资源。     

嗜酸性硫杆菌群体感应系统研究进展

嗜酸性硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus spp.)是一类重要的极端环境微生物与工业微生物。该类细菌通过氧化硫或亚铁获得电子以固定二氧化碳进行自养生长,是驱动矿山环境酸化和重金属溶出的关键菌群,也是生物冶金等微生物浸出技术中的核心菌群。群体感应(quorum sensing, QS)系统是细菌种内及种间信息交流的重要方式,广泛分布于嗜酸性硫杆菌等化能自养微生物中,比如类似于LuxI/R的AfeI/R系统。系统介绍近年来嗜酸性硫杆菌菌体感应系统研究成果,尤其是在AfeI/R种群分布、生物学功能、调节机制及其应用研究中的新发现与新理论。讨论今后嗜酸性硫杆菌群体感应系统研究的主要方向及需要解决的关键科学问题,以促进极端微生物群体感应系统理论研究的开展与产业应用技术的开发。     

硫醌氧化还原酶研究进展

硫化物是一种广泛分布的有毒物质。硫醌氧化还原酶是生物体硫化物代谢的一种关键酶。对该酶的发现与分布、序列特征、催化机制、催化特性、三维结构和生理功能等几个方面进行概述,并对该酶未来研究方向进行展望。     

极端嗜酸硫杆菌高效筛选、高密度发酵及保藏方法的研究

【目的】针对嗜酸硫杆菌极端特殊的生化特性,分别建立双层平板培养高效筛选方法和补料分批高密度发酵策略,并优选最佳保藏方法,以强化对该类菌种资源的利用和储备效率。【方法】分别采用以异养型微生物Sacchromyces ellipsoideu和Rhodotorula sp.为底层培养物的双层平板培养嗜酸硫杆菌,并结合透射电子显微镜技术(TEM)考察细胞形态差异。结合硫化矿培养基设计及单质硫补料培养策略,延长Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans对数期,提高比生长速率。分析不同保藏方法对嗜酸硫杆菌细胞存活率的影响。【结果】采用异养微生物——Rhodotorula sp.作为底层培养物的双层平板培养法在缩减1/3检出周期的同时将Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans和Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans的检出率提高了3倍左右。TEM结果表明双层培养中细胞形态更为规则。采用基于Starkey-硫化矿培养基的补料分批发酵策略提高了Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans平均比生长速率,硫对生物量转化率和生产强度分别比分批培养提高31.1%和187.9%。4°C低温保藏方式更适于嗜酸硫杆菌的保藏,有效保藏期1–3月。【结论】Rhodotorula sp.为辅助培养物的双层平板培养法可有效提高嗜酸硫杆菌的筛选效率。设计的Starkey-硫化矿培养基结合补料分批培养策略可实现Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans高密度培养。简单高效的4°C低温保藏方式更适合于嗜酸硫杆菌的中短期保藏。     

嗜热古菌异化型硫氧化途径的研究进展

微生物参与的还原性无机硫化合物的氧化过程是硫地球化学循环的重要组成部分,也可应用于生物冶金工业及酸性矿水治理等方面。嗜热古菌是高温环境中存在的一群特殊的微生物,其所参与的异化型硫氧化途径复杂多样,涉及众多氧化还原酶以及硫转运蛋白。本文将结合我们的研究工作,就参与异化型硫氧化代谢过程的嗜热古菌的种类,以及它们所参与的硫氧化过程进行系统的介绍。     

极端嗜酸硫杆菌高密度培养的研究进展

极端嗜酸硫杆菌属微生物在生物冶金、生物脱硫以及固体废弃物的处置中扮演重要作用,但该类微生物在培养过程中细胞浓度很低,限制了该类微生物的广泛应用.高密度培养是提高微生物生产效率的有效手段.高密度培养技术在嗜酸微生物中的应用能够显著减少微生物培养的生成成本,缩短生产周期,极端嗜酸硫杆菌微生物菌剂的输出速率.本文从菌种选育、...     

硫代硫酸盐氧化菌TX的分离、鉴定及其生物学特性

从聚硫橡胶废水处理系统中分离到一株硫代硫酸盐氧化细菌TX.根据其形态学特征、生理特征和16S rRNA基因序列相似性分析,将该菌株初步鉴定为盐生硫杆菌属(Halothiobacillus sp.)(GenBank登录号为EU871645).该菌株能利用硫代硫酸盐、单质硫、连四硫酸盐、硫化物或亚硫酸盐为唯一能源进行自养生长,不能利用葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖、乳糖、麦芽糖或酵母粉进行异养生长,为专性化能无机自养型硫杆菌.在以硫代硫酸钠为唯一能源的培养基中其最适生长温度为30℃～35℃,最适起始pH值为3.0～5.0.在矿物盐培养基中,硫代硫酸盐最终被氧化成硫酸,造成培养基pH持续下降.在摇瓶分批培养和硫胶废水处理过程中均检测到连四硫酸盐的积累,表明该菌株主要通过连四硫酸盐途径或"S4I"途径进行硫代硫酸盐的生物氧化.     

Antioxidant Effect of Gly-Gly-His on Cu(II)-catalyzed Autoxidation and Photosensitized Oxidation of Lipids

The level of alkaline inorganic pyrophosphatase (EC 3.6.1.1) in different plant leaves varies to a great extent. Out of twenty two families comprising of fifty one species of plant leaves studied, a very high level of activity was found in leaves of Amarantus blitum and Amarantus gangeticus, which belong to the Amarantaceae family. A possible role of this enzyme in the C₄ pathway of photosynthesis has been discussed. The purified enzyme from the leaf of Amarantus blitum was found to have optimum pH at 9.0, with magnesium being an absolute requirement. Excess substrate inhibits the enzyme activity.     

Chemolithoautotrophic growth on elemental sulfur (S°) and respiratory oxidation of S° by Thiobacillus versutus and another sulfur-oxidizing bacterium

Abstract Thiobacillus versutus was shown to grow chemolithoautotrophically under microaerophilic conditions, with crystalline elemental sulfur (S°) and thiosulfate as sole electron source. The exponential growth rate on S° ( μ = 0.106 h⁻¹) measured in batch culture was similar to the reported maximum growth rate on thiosulfate in chemostat cultures. The rates of thiosulfate, S° and sulfite oxidation were measured respirometrically using an oxygen electrode. During growth under air on thiosulfate, as well as under low oxygen pressure on S° and thiosulfate, a relatively strong sulfuroxidizing activity (SOA) was measured. The induction of the SOA on cells growing with thiosulfate and the similar growth rates on S° and thiosulfate strongly suggest that S° could be an important intermediate during thiosulfate utilization.     

Sulfide oxidation in Ectothiorhodospira abdelmalekii. Evidence for the catalytic role of cytochrome c-551

A cytochrome c-551 was isolated and purified from Ectothiorhodospira abdelmalekii. It is a small acidic haemoprotein with a molecular weight of 9,500, an isoelectric point of 3.5 and a redox potential of-7 mV at pH 7.0. It showed three maxima in the reduced state (=551, =529, =417). The best purity index (A₂₈₀/A₄₁₇) obtained was 0.29. During sulfide oxidation to elemental sulfur a considerable amount of polysulfides were transiently accumulated. The digestion experiment can be taken to indicate that cytochrome c-551 is localized on the outside of the cell membrane. The addition of cytochrome c-551 to a suspension of spheroplasts stimulated the velocity of sulfide oxidation. These experiments support the interpretation that cytochrome c-551 may be a sulfide: acceptor oxidoreductase.In memory of Prof. Yousef Abd-el-Malek, who died in a traffic accident February 12, 1983     

Dissimilatory Oxidation and Reduction of Elemental Sulfur in Thermophilic Archaea

The oxidation and reduction of elemental sulfur and reduced inorganic sulfur species are some of the most important energy-yielding reactions for microorganisms living in volcanic hot springs, solfataras, and submarine hydrothermal vents, including both heterotrophic, mixotrophic, and chemolithoautotrophic, carbon dioxide-fixing species. Elemental sulfur is the electron donor in aerobic archaea like Acidianus and Sulfolobus. It is oxidized via sulfite and thiosulfate in a pathway involving both soluble and membrane-bound enzymes. This pathway was recently found to be coupled to the aerobic respiratory chain, eliciting a link between sulfur oxidation and oxygen reduction at the level of the respiratory heme copper oxidase. In contrast, elemental sulfur is the electron acceptor in a short electron transport chain consisting of a membrane-bound hydrogenase and a sulfur reductase in (facultatively) anaerobic chemolithotrophic archaea Acidianus and Pyrodictium species. It is also the electron acceptor in organoheterotrophic anaerobic species like Pyrococcus and Thermococcus, however, an electron transport chain has not been described as yet. The current knowledge on the composition and properties of the aerobic and anaerobic pathways of dissimilatory elemental sulfur metabolism in thermophilic archaea is summarized in this contribution.