伪狂犬病病毒gE基因主要抗原表位区的原核表达及其在疫苗接种和自然感染鉴别诊断中的应用

根据伪狂犬病病毒（PRV）Min-A株gE基因序列,利用PCR方法扩增了PRV-gE基因不含信号肽、胞内区和跨膜区的主要抗原表位区,并克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-6p-1中,获得的重组质粒命名为pGEX-tgE。经SDSPAGE电泳分析证实克隆的部分gE基因获得了表达,融合表达产物大小约为63kD,并在终浓度为0.6mmol/L的IPTG诱导下,3.5h其表达量达到高峰。通过改变诱导条件,有效抑制了包涵体形成,提高了重组蛋白的溶解性。Western blot分析证实表达的重组gE蛋白具有抗原反应活性。将表达产物利用亲和层析法纯化后作为ELISA抗原,通过对其特异性、敏感性及工作条件的优化试验,和对48份PRV阴性血清样品的检测结果的统计学分析,建立了猪伪狂犬病tgE-ELISA鉴别诊断方法。通过对400份送检血清样品的检测结果分析,表明其与PRV全病毒ELISA试验的符合率高达95%以上,与基于抗gE蛋白单抗竞争性ELISA的符合率达94%。此方法可用于gE基因缺失PRV疫苗免疫动物和PRV自然感染动物的鉴别诊断。     

猪细小病毒NS1基因的原核表达及重组蛋白的复性

利用PCR技术扩增出PPVNS1基因抗原区。将目的基因与原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1进行连接并转化,重组质粒经鉴定并测序。测序结果表明,目的基因插入的位置、大小和读码框均正确,通过试验摸索并确定了表达NS1基因的最佳诱导条件:IPTG终浓度为1.0mmol/L,诱导时间为10h,温度为37℃,其表达量占全菌蛋白的29.8%。表达产物经SDS-PAGE分析,得到分子量约为52kDa的重组蛋白且以包涵体形式存在。重组蛋白经Westernblot检测,结果证明重组蛋白可被PPV阳性血清识别。用8mol/L尿素变性溶解包涵体,再用稀释方法和还原型、氧化型谷胱甘肽系统相结合的方法对重组蛋白进行复性。ELISA检测表明,复性后的重组蛋白有良好的生物活性。     

猪β-干扰素的原核表达及其对猪流行性腹泻病毒的抑制作用研究

本研究通过PCR技术克隆了猪β干扰素全基因,设计引物亚克隆猪β干扰素成熟蛋白编码基因并对,5'端1个稀有密码子进行了大肠杆菌偏嗜性改造.构建了猪IFN-β原核单纯表达载体pRLC-poIFNβ,实现了poIFN-β在大肠杆菌中的表达,表达产物约占菌体总蛋白的17.3%.表达产物以包涵体形式存在,用含6mol/L盐酸胍的变性液溶解及含GSH-GSSG复性液复性处理,复性后的表达产物经凝胶层析纯化后,MDBK细胞-VSV病变抑制法测定结果表明,重组猪β干扰素具有良好的抗病毒活性,约为5.6x105U/mg.用重组猪β干扰素处理猪肾传代细胞PK-15后,细胞病变抑制法(CPE50)测定结果表明重组猪β干扰素可显著抑制猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)的感染.     

猪β-干扰素的原核表达及其对猪流行性腹泻病毒的抑制作用研究

本研究通过PCR技术克隆了猪β干扰素全基因,设计引物亚克隆猪β干扰素成熟蛋白编码基因并对,5’端1个稀有密码子进行了大肠杆菌偏嗜性改造。构建了猪IFN-β原核单纯表达载体pRLC-poIFNβ,实现了poIFN-β在大肠杆菌中的表达,表达产物约占菌体总蛋白的17.3%。表达产物以包涵体形式存在,用含6mol/L盐酸胍的变性液溶解及含GSH-GSSG复性液复性处理,复性后的表达产物经凝胶层析纯化后,MDBK细胞-VSV病变抑制法测定结果表明,重组猪β干扰素具有良好的抗病毒活性,约为5.6x105U/mg。用重组猪β干扰素处理猪肾传代细胞PK-15后,细胞病变抑制法(CPE50)测定结果表明:重组猪β干扰素可显著抑制猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)的感染。     

猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌apxIA基因在大肠杆菌中的融合表达与纯化

选取猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(APP)apx1A基因序列中的抗原决定簇集中的区域,采用PCR方法从APP血清1型参考株259的基因组DNA中,扩增apxIA基因中约954 bp的片段,连接到pMD-18T载体,经测序正确后,以EcoR I和Not I双酶切,亚克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1中,转化大肠杆菌DH5α,经0.4 mmol/L IPTG诱导表达,产物通过尿素变性复性,并以Glutathione Sepharose 4B亲和层析的方法对目的蛋白进一步纯化.SDS-PAGE分析结果显示,目的基因在大肠杆菌DH5ct中以包涵体形式高效表达,经薄层凝胶扫描分析占菌体总蛋白的32%,纯化后的GST融合蛋白纯度达到95%,为亚单位疫苗和诊断抗原的研究奠定了基础.     

重组人EGF-IL-18融合蛋白的表达纯化及复性

融合基因EGF-IL-18与表达载体pET32a( )连接构建融合型原核表达质粒pET32a( )-EGF-IL-18。该基因在E.coliRosetta(DE3)中获得高效表达,SDS-PAGE分析表明表达产物大部分以包涵体形式存在。以2mol/L尿素和1%TritonX-100对包涵体进行反复洗涤后,利用离子交换柱层析对包涵体进行柱上复性,结果表明离子交换层析柱上复性不仅能够获得可溶性的EGF-IL-18融合蛋白,而且产物同时得到纯化,纯度大于90%。复性的EGF-IL-18经分子筛进一步纯化后,体外实验证明具有促进人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)IFN-g基因表达的能力。该方法简单、高效,为进一步开展EGF-IL-18的动物实验及其大量纯化制备打下基础。     

猪囊尾蚴CE18重组蛋白的复性纯化及抗原性鉴定

猪囊尾蚴CE18重组蛋白(rCE18)在大肠杆菌表达后形成包涵体, 为了获得高纯度的、有生物活性的rCE18, 本研究采用超声破碎菌体, 0.2%、2% DOC(脱氧胆酸钠)逐次洗涤包涵体及0.9% SKL(十二烷基肌氨酸钠)溶解包涵体后, 利用透析与凝胶过滤层析技术相结合对rCE18进行复性和纯化。同时, 采用GST-FF亲和柱层析及SDS-PAGE胶回收蛋白两种方法纯化rCE18, 比较三者的纯化效果。并通过间接ELISA检测复性蛋白的生物学活性。结果表明: 经透析与凝胶层析复性纯化后的rCE18蛋白的纯度可达到60%以上, 活性回收率为41.3%, 间接ELISA证实, 复性后的rCE18蛋白能特异性识别猪囊虫阳性血清, 检测敏感性高达97.2%, 与全囊虫抗原检测的符合率为100%。本试验初步建立了猪囊尾蚴rCE18包涵体纯化及复性的有效方法, 为猪囊尾蚴rCE18蛋白的诊断应用奠定了基础。     

结核分枝杆菌多表位诊断抗原的制备

将结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Mtb)多个B细胞预测表位串联表达(命名为B102),并初步评价其作为诊断抗原的血清学诊断价值。将MtbPstS1、ESAT6、CFP10、Ag85B、Ag85A及PPE54等6个蛋白的11个B细胞预测表位串联,加入合适的连接臂后全基因合成;将多表位片段插入带有TRX标签的表达质粒中,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中诱导表达,并利用Ni~(2+)-Chelating亲和层析和DEAE阴离子交换层析纯化目的蛋白;利用Western blotting (WB)技术对目的蛋白抗原性进行鉴定,并建立Mtb抗体检测竞争法ELISA技术,初步评价此方法对阴阳血清样本的鉴别能力。目的蛋白以包涵体形式存在,其表达量约占菌体总蛋白的31.25%,经纯化及复性后蛋白B102可溶性存在,浓度为3.124mg/mL,纯度为96.71%;WB实验表明目的蛋白能与Mtb阳性血清相应抗体发生反应。对60份Mtb阳性血清及60份Mtb阴性血清进行检测得出其灵敏度为90.00%,特异性为93.33%,阳性预测值为93.10%,阴性预测值为90.32%,符合率为91.67%,McNemer检验的结果提示与"金标准"诊断结果无差异,Kappa=0.833,提示两种方法诊断结果一致性优异。原核表达与层析纯化可以获取抗原性优异的Mtb多表位诊断抗原,作为诊断抗原可以应用于Mtb的血清学检测中。     

人血清Q型对氧磷酶在大肠杆菌中的表达

目的:应用大肠杆菌原核表达系统高效表达人血清Q型对氧磷酶(PON1)。方法:从pBlueScript-PON1重组质粒中通过PCR扩增得到了人PON1基因,将其亚克隆至原核表达载体pBV220中,构建了重组表达质粒pBV220-PON1,转化大肠杆菌,获得表达菌株。结果:rhPON1重组蛋白以不溶形式存在于包涵体中。凝胶扫描分析表明,重组蛋白表达量约占菌体总蛋白的18%。包涵体经分离、变性、复性等步骤处理后,产物未显示酶活性。结论:原核表达的rhPON1以包涵体形式存在,实现了人PON1在大肠杆菌中的高效表达。     

基于纳米抗体CDR3区抗原表位展示制备生存素抗体及其鉴定

目的:通过纳米抗体CDR3区展示生存素N端表位的方式,探索纳米抗体在抗原表位展示中的作用。方法:通过基因合成方法将生存素N端起始表位(氨基酸序列1~15)插入纳米抗体CDR3区,再构建到原核表达载体pET24a中,IPTG诱导表达,用带His标签的填料纯化,获得高纯度的目的蛋白,免疫雌性BALB/c小鼠,间接ELISA检测5次免疫后的效价,用抗原偶联纯化介质纯化免疫多抗,Western印迹检测多抗特异性。结果:IPTG诱导后,目的蛋白主要以包涵体形式存在,亲和层析获得纯度大于96%的目的蛋白,包涵体经复性后免疫小鼠,效价可达1∶512000,West?ern印迹特异性检测显示免疫多抗能够特异性结合生存素。结论:纳米抗体CDR3区生存素抗原N端表位展示的方法可用于抗生存素抗体的制备,并为今后纳米抗体表位展示相关研究奠定基础。     

伪狂犬病毒gE基因在昆虫细胞中的高效表达

In order to develop a simple and safe test for the detection of vaccinated as well as wild type Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infected pigs, the modified gE gene of PRV Ea strain, obtained by cutting the 5' UTR using PCR and DNA recombinant technique, was inserted into baculovirus expression vector pFastBac 1, resulting the trans-position plamid pFE1.75. After homologous recombination, recombinant baculovirus rvBacE1.75 was gained and high level expression of glycoprotein E (gE) was observed after the infection of rvBacE1.75 to Tn-5B1-4 cells. The expression product was 80-88 kD and was specific to antisera against PRV Ea strain by Western-blotting. Purified recombinant proteins were used as an antigen in Latex Agglutination Test(gE-LAT) and the test was specific, sensitive, safe and simple.     

伪狂犬病病毒gE基因在昆虫细胞中的高效表达

伪狂犬病病毒(Pseudorabies virus,PRV)属疱疹病毒科α-疱疹病毒亚科,能引起多种家畜及野生动物的伪狂犬病,尤其是猪的伪狂犬病,已成为危害当今养猪业的最严重的传染病之一[1].由于伪狂犬病病毒具有极强的潜伏感染特性和神经嗜性[2-3],80年代以前一直以为伪狂犬病无法根除.随着现代生物技术的发展,尤其是基因工程缺失标记疫苗和单克隆抗体技术的诞生与应用,才使该病的根除成为可能.     

The extracellular domain of herpes simplex virus gE is indispensable for efficient cell-to-cell spread: evidence for gE/gI receptors

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) spreads rapidly and efficiently within epithelial and neuronal tissues. The HSV glycoprotein heterodimer gE/gI plays a critical role in promoting cell-to-cell spread but does not obviously function during entry of extracellular virus into cells. Thus, gE/gI is an important molecular handle on the poorly understood process of cell-to-cell spread. There was previous evidence that the large extracellular (ET) domains of gE/gI might be important in cell-to-cell spread. First, gE/gI extensively accumulates at cell junctions, consistent with being tethered there. Second, expression of gE/gI in trans interfered with HSV spread between epithelial cells. To directly test whether the gE ET domain was necessary for gE/gI to promote virus spread, a panel of gE mutants with small insertions in the ET domain was constructed. Cell-to-cell spread was reduced when insertions were made within either of two regions, residues 256 to 291 or 348 to 380. There was a strong correlation between loss of cell-to-cell spread function and binding of immunoglobulin. gE ET domain mutants 277, 291, and 348 bound gI, produced mature forms of gE that reached the cell surface, and were incorporated into virions yet produced plaques similar to gE null mutants. Moreover, all three mutants were highly restricted in spread within the corneal epithelium, in the case of mutant 277 to only 4 to 6% of the number of cells compared with wild-type HSV. Therefore, the ET domain of gE is indispensable for efficient cell-to-cell spread. These observations are consistent with our working hypothesis that gE/gI can bind extracellular ligands, so-called gE/gI receptors that are concentrated at epithelial cell junctions. This fits with similarities in structure and function of gE/gI and gD, which is a receptor binding protein.     

Role of Envelope Protein gE Endocytosis in the Pseudorabies Virus Life Cycle

Several groups have reported that certain herpesvirus envelope proteins do not remain on the surface of cells that express them but rather are internalized by endocytosis in a recycling process. The biological function of membrane protein endocytosis in the virus life cycle remains a matter of speculation and debate. In this report, we demonstrate that some, but not all, membrane proteins encoded by the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) are internalized after reaching the plasma membrane. Glycoproteins gE and gB are internalized from the plasma membrane of cells, while gI and gC are not internalized efficiently. We show for gE that the cytoplasmic domain of the protein is required for endocytosis. While the gI protein is incapable of endocytosis on its own, it can be internalized when complexed with gE. We demonstrate that endocytosis of the gE-gI complex and gB occurs early after infection of tissue culture cells but that this process stops completely after 6 h of infection, a time that correlates with significant shutoff of host protein synthesis. We also show that gE protein internalized at 4 h postinfection is not present in virions formed at a later time. We discuss the differences in PRV gE and gI endocytosis compared to that of the varicella-zoster virus homologs and the possible roles of glycoprotein endocytosis in the virus life cycle.     

Mutation of the YXXL endocytosis motif in the cytoplasmic tail of pseudorabies virus gE

The role of alphaherpesvirus membrane protein internalization during the course of viral infection remains a matter of speculation. To determine the role of internalization of the pseudorabies virus (PRV) gE and gI proteins, we constructed viral mutants encoding specific mutations in the cytoplasmic tail of the gE gene that inhibited internalization of the gE-gI complex. We used these mutants to assess the role of gE-gI endocytosis in incorporation of the proteins into the viral envelope and in gE-mediated spread or gE-promoted virulence. In addition, we report that another viral mutant, PRV 25, which encodes a gE protein defective in endocytosis, contains an additional, previously uncharacterized mutation in the gE gene. We compared PRV 25 to another viral mutant, PRV 107, that does not express the cytoplasmic tail of the gE protein. The gE protein encoded by PRV 107 is also defective in endocytosis. We conclude that efficient endocytosis of gE is not required for gE incorporation into virions, gE-mediated virulence, or spread of virus in the rat central nervous system. However, we do correlate the defect in endocytosis to a small-plaque phenotype in cultured cells.     

Complex Formation Facilitates Endocytosis of the Varicella-Zoster Virus gE:gI Fc Receptor

Open reading frames within the unique short segment of alphaherpesvirus genomes participate in egress and cell-to-cell spread. The case of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is of particular interest not only because the virus is highly cell associated but also because its most prominent cell surface protein, gE, bears semblance to the mammalian Fc receptor FcγRII. A previous study demonstrated that when expressed alone in cells, VZV gE was endocytosed from the cell surface through a tyrosine localization motif in its cytoplasmic tail (J. K. Olson and C. Grose, J. Virol. 71:4042–4054, 1997). Since VZV gE is normally found in association with gI in the infected cell, the present study was directed at defining the trafficking of the VZV gE:gI protein complex. First, VZV gI underwent endocytosis and recycling when it was expressed alone in cells, and interestingly, VZV gI contained a methionine-leucine internalization motif in its cytoplasmic tail. Second, VZV gI was found by confocal microscopy to colocalize with VZV gE during endocytosis and recycling in cells. Third, by a quantitative internalization assay, VZV gE:gI was shown to undergo endocytosis more efficiently (steady state, 55 to 60%) than either gE alone (steady state, ~32%) or gI alone (steady state, ~45%). Further, examination of endocytosis-deficient mutant proteins demonstrated that VZV gI exerted a more pronounced effect than gE on internalization of the complex. Most importantly, therefore, these studies suggest that VZV gI behaves as an accessory component by facilitating the endocytosis of the major constituent gE and thereby modulating the trafficking of the entire cell surface gE:gI Fc receptor complex.     

Regulation of varicella-zoster virus-induced cell-to-cell fusion by the endocytosis-competent glycoproteins gH and gE

The gH glycoprotein of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a major fusogen. The realigned short cytoplasmic tail of gH (18 amino acids) harbors a functional endocytosis motif (YNKI) that mediates internalization in both VZV-infected and transfected cells (T. J. Pasieka, L. Maresova, and C. Grose, J. Virol. 77: 4194-4202, 2003). During subsequent confocal microscopy studies of endocytosis-deficient gH mutants, we observed that cells transfected with the gH tail mutants exhibited marked fusion. Therefore, we postulated that VZV gH endocytosis served to regulate cell-to-cell fusion. Subsequent analyses of gH+gL transfection fusion assays by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical test demonstrated that expression of the endocytosis-deficient gH mutants resulted in a statistically significant enhancement of cell-to-cell fusion (P < 0.0001) compared to wild-type gH. On the other hand, coexpression of VZV gE, another endocytosis-competent VZV glycoprotein, was able to temper the fusogenicity of the gH endocytosis mutants by facilitating internalization of the mutant gH protein from the cell surface. When the latter results were similarly analyzed, there was no longer any enhanced fusion by the endocytosis-deficient gH mutant protein. In summary, these studies support a role for gH endocytosis in regulating the cell surface expression of gH and thereby regulating gH-mediated fusion. The data also confirm and extend prior observations of a gE-gH interaction during viral glycoprotein trafficking in a VZV transfection system.     

Cytoplasmic residues of herpes simplex virus glycoprotein gE required for secondary envelopment and binding of tegument proteins VP22 and UL11 to gE and gD

The final assembly of herpes simplex virus (HSV) involves binding of tegument-coated capsids to viral glycoprotein-enriched regions of the trans-Golgi network (TGN) as enveloped virions bud into TGN membranes. We previously demonstrated that HSV glycoproteins gE/gI and gD, acting in a redundant fashion, are essential for this secondary envelopment. To define regions of the cytoplasmic (CT) domain of gE required for secondary envelopment, HSVs lacking gD and expressing truncated gE molecules were constructed. A central region (amino acids 470 to 495) of the gE CT domain was important for secondary envelopment, although more C-terminal residues also contributed. Tandem affinity purification (TAP) proteins including fragments of the gE CT domain were used to identify tegument proteins VP22 and UL11 as binding partners, and gE CT residues 470 to 495 were important in this binding. VP22 and UL11 were precipitated from HSV-infected cells in conjunction with full-length gE and gE molecules with more-C-terminal residues of the CT domain. gD also bound VP22 and UL11. Expression of VP22 and gD or gE/gI in cells by use of adenovirus (Ad) vectors provided evidence that other viral proteins were not necessary for tegument/glycoprotein interactions. Substantial quantities of VP22 and UL11 bound nonspecifically onto or were precipitated with gE and gD molecules lacking all CT sequences, something that is very unlikely in vivo. VP16 was precipitated equally whether gE/gI or gD was present in extracts or not. These observations illustrated important properties of tegument proteins. VP22, UL11, and VP16 are highly prone to binding nonspecifically to other proteins, and this did not represent insolubility during our assays. Rather, it likely reflects an inherent "stickiness" related to the formation of tegument. Nevertheless, assays involving TAP proteins and viral proteins expressed by HSV and Ad vectors supported the conclusion that VP22 and UL11 interact specifically with the CT domains of gD and gE.     

Varicella-zoster Virus gB and gE coexpression, but not gB or gE alone, leads to abundant fusion and syncytium formation equivalent to those from gH and gL coexpression

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is distinguished from herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) by the fact that cell-to-cell fusion and syncytium formation require only gH and gL within a transient-expression system. In the HSV system, four glycoproteins, namely, gH, gL, gB, and gD, are required to induce a similar fusogenic event. VZV lacks a gD homologous protein. In this report, the role of VZV gB as a fusogen was investigated and compared to the gH-gL complex. First of all, the VZV gH-gL experiment was repeated under a different set of conditions; namely, gH and gL were cloned into the same vaccinia virus (VV) genome. Surprisingly, the new expression system demonstrated that a recombinant VV-gH+gL construct was even more fusogenic than seen in the prior experiment with two individual expression plasmids containing gH and gL (K. M. Duus and C. Grose, J. Virol. 70:8961-8971, 1996). Recombinant VV expressing VZV gB by itself, however, effected the formation of only small syncytia. When VZV gE and gB genes were cloned into one recombinant VV genome and another fusion assay was performed, extensive syncytium formation was observed. The degree of fusion with VZV gE-gB coexpression was comparable to that observed with VZV gH-gL: in both cases, >80% of the cells in a monolayer were fused. Thus, these studies established that VZV gE-gB coexpression greatly enhanced the fusogenic properties of gB. Control experiments documented that the fusion assay required a balance between the fusogenic potential of the VZV glycoproteins and the fusion-inhibitory effect of the VV infection itself.