免疫学走向荒野——浅说生态免疫学

200多年前,人们对免疫学还一无所知,英国詹纳医生就为人们接种牛痘从而成功地预防了天花。后来科学家逐渐阐明了免疫反应的重要机理,而时至今日,多数研究免疫的科学家仍然夜以继日地待在实验室里研究那些未被发现的信号通路和免疫机理,以及免疫系统在自然中的实际效力。     

鱼类免疫学研究进展

鱼类免疫学研究进展李亚南,陈全震,邵健忠,毛树坚王冀平（杭州大学生物与技术系杭州３１００１２）（浙江省测试技术研究所杭州３１００１２）关键词鱼类,免疫学,进展ＡＤＶＡＮＣＥＳＩＮＲＥＳＥＡＲＣＨＯＦＦＩＳＨＩＭＭＵＮＯＬＯＧＹ￥Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：Ｆｉ...     

植物应对食草动物采食的化学防御策略研究进展

植物在长期进化过程中形成了多样的防御策略以应对食草动物的采食,其中基于植物次生代谢产物的化学防御策略在植物-食草动物种间互作中起到了关键的调控作用。植物次生代谢产物的合成以减少资源向生长和繁殖的分配为代价,是植物应对食草动物采食的一种权衡策略。国内外针对植物次生代谢产物如何影响食草动物的采食行为、植物个体生长和适合度等已开展了较多研究,但对其化学防御策略还缺乏系统的综述。该文梳理了植物次生代谢产物合成与释放的影响因素、植物应对食草动物采食的化学防御策略及形成机制。植物个体组织器官、种群和群落特征、食草动物种类及采食强度、土壤资源有效性、生长季节和环境胁迫均会对植物次生代谢产物的合成与释放产生影响。植物通过增强化学防御的可塑性、调节光合产物分配格局和资源在生长-繁殖-防御功能间的权衡关系来应对食草动物的采食。针对植物化学防御策略的形成机制,当前主要的假说/理论包括生长分化平衡假说、植物可见性假说、最优防御理论、碳养分平衡假说、生长速率假说、植物防御综合征假说和错误管理理论等。随着人类活动(如放牧)的增加和气候变化的加剧,未来应从多学科交叉视角,加强植物应对大型食草动物采食、环境胁迫和全球变化背景下植物防御策略的研究,以更深入地理解植物应对食草动物的防御过程及机制。     

巨细胞病毒的免疫学研究进展

巨细胞病毒（ＣＭＶ）感染可引起机体的免疫功能降低,特别是细胞免疫。本文综述了ＣＭＶ对胸腺发育,对脾细胞、单核巨噬细胞、ＮＫ细胞、ＣＴＬ细胞的免疫调节、效应功能的影响。     

粘孢子虫免疫学研究进展

粘孢子虫(Myxosporean)除少数种类寄生在蠕虫、两栖类和爬行类外[1],绝大部分寄生于鱼类(包括海水鱼类和淡水鱼类),可以说粘孢子虫是鱼类特有的一类寄生原生动物     

灰喜鹊的繁殖生态和巢位选择：Ⅱ.巢位选择

灰喜鹊在吉林省梅河口市海龙水库地区是常见的留鸟。利用灰喜鹊防治森林虫害已经取得了一定的效果［１～３］,但对灰喜鹊的繁殖习性,生态规律及食性的研究还尚少［４～７］,对灰喜鹊巢位选择的研究亦属空白。因此,本文在吉林省环保局“梅河口市海龙水库水源涵养林保护...     

棘皮动物免疫学研究进展

棘皮动物属原始后口动物、无脊椎动物的最高等类群,它处于由无脊椎动物向脊椎动物开始分支进化的阶段．研究棘皮动物的免疫功能和作用机理,对从比较免疫学角度探讨动物免疫系统进化过程有承前启后的重要意义．因此,有必要对棘皮动物的免疫学研究进展作一个较全面的综述,并理清未来的研究热点和方向．棘皮动物与其他无脊椎动物一样具有先天性免疫系统,但未发现脊椎动物所具有的获得性免疫．其免疫应答是由参与免疫反应的效应细胞——体腔细胞和多种体液免疫因子共同介导的．比较免疫学分析表明,棘皮动物存在脊椎动物补体系统的替代途径和凝集素途径,但未发现经典途径和明确的终端途径．棘皮动物先天性免疫系统存在数量庞大的基因家族．今后应加强对未知免疫相关基因、蛋白质、信号传导途径及效应分子的研究,回答免疫系统的起源、功能和进化等问题．     

Sexual dimorphism in immunocompetence: what does life-history theory predict?

Sexual dimorphism in immunocompetence, usually in the directionof inferior male immunocompetence, has historically been explainedas the result of proximate physiological mechanisms such asthe immunosuppressive effects of the male hormone testosterone.More recently, it has been argued that this pattern is bestunderstood as a result of resource-based trade-offs betweenmale mating effort and immune defense, a trade-off that femalesdo not make. The central prediction of this hypothesis is thatas the strength of sexual selection on males increases, themagnitude of the sex differences in immunocompetence will increase.Two implicit assumptions of this argument are that 1) longevityis of more importance for female than for male fitness and 2)that the primary benefit of immunocompetence is increased longevity.However, both of these assumptions may not be as broadly applicableas has been argued. We have modeled the optimal allocation toimmunocompetence for males and females without making theseassumptions. We find that the optimal allocation to immune defensefor males decreases as the strength of sexual selection increases,as predicted. However, males may still invest more, relativeto females, into immunocompetence if the impact of parasiteson condition differs for the sexes and/or if the relationshipbetween condition and reproduction differs for the sexes. Weargue that these previously overlooked assumptions may be criticalfor predicting sex-specific patterns of immunocompetence.     

Female choice for male immunocompetence: when is it worth it?

Disease resistance is not determined by any single immune component.Nevertheless, female choice for individual immune componentscould produce more disease-resistant offspring. Using a mathematicalmodel, we tested whether female choice for male immune responsivenesswas maintained or lost in simulated populations. We dividedimmunity into three different components: two different typesof immune responsiveness and the ability to recognize pathogens.Immune responsiveness was divided into constitutive immunity(CI) and inducible immunity (IN) to simulate the fact that mountingan effective immune response requires independently regulatedcomponents. By using an immunologically relevant division, empiricaldata were available to constrain the model parameters. Whenthe pathogen prevalence fluctuated from generation to generation,female choice for IN or CI was usually lost. Female choice forCI was often lost even when choosiness carried no fitness penalty.Choosing for CI or IN produced a fitness advantage over nonchoosersduring some generations, but not for others, depending on theidentity of the most prevalent pathogens. Choosing for IN orCI led to high mortality when pathogens sensitive to the nonchosencomponent became prevalent in the population, giving nonchoosersthe advantage. Given that most animals experience fluctuatingpathogen pressure, our model suggests that there may be littleselection for female choice for male CI and/or IN in some species.We discuss the implications of our results for the study offemale choice for male disease resistance.     

昆虫植食对植物有性生殖的影响

植物在个体发育的各个阶段都与不同的群落成员相互作用,如竞争的植物、有益的传粉者和敌对的植食动物。昆虫植食在各类生态系统中普遍存在,并可能对植物有性生殖产生各种影响。植食昆虫可通过对植物有性生殖结构的消耗直接对植物生殖产生影响,也可通过影响植物资源分配和花性状等改变传粉者服务,从而间接对植物有性生殖带来正面、负面或中性的影响。同一植物的植食昆虫和传粉者往往对植物的吸引性状 （如花大小、气味、颜色等）有相同的偏好,因此植食者与传粉者均能对植物有性生殖性状施加选择压力。本文从昆虫植食对植物有性生殖的直接影响、间接影响以及植食昆虫对植物有性生殖性状选择的影响三个方面进行综述,以期为昆虫植食和生物资源多样性保护相关研究提供参考。     

Is there a role for antioxidant carotenoids in limiting self-harming immune response in invertebrates?

Innate immunity relies on effectors, which produce cytotoxic molecules that have not only the advantage of killing pathogens but also the disadvantage of harming host tissues and organs. Although the role of dietary antioxidants in invertebrate immunity is still unknown, it has been shown in vertebrates that carotenoids scavenge cytotoxic radicals generated during the immune response. Carotenoids may consequently decrease the self-harming cost of immunity. A positive relationship between the levels of innate immune defence and circulating carotenoid might therefore be expected. Consistent with this hypothesis, we show that the maintenance and use of the prophenoloxidase system strongly correlate with carotenoid concentration in haemolymph within and among natural populations of the crustacean Gammarus pulex.