淫羊藿属(小檗科)花瓣的演化和地理分布格局的研究

淫羊藿属的种数与60年前大不相同,现在已知约有50种。该属种类间断地分布于日本至北非 的阿尔及利亚之间的广大地区,这一分布格局表明了该属的古老性质。它们在欧亚大陆的分布极不均 匀,约有80％的种类产于中国中部至东南部,而且根据花瓣的演化分析结果表明,只有中国的淫羊藿属 植物具有连续不断的演化过程。由此可见,中国中部至东南部成为北半球淫羊藿属植物的汇集中心是 有充分根据的。淫羊藿属种类基本上是林地草本植物,常生于水青冈林下,为林下草本层的优势种,而 且该属的分布格局与第三纪植物属——水青冈属在欧亚大陆的分布格局极为相似,说明淫羊藿属植物 在早第三纪时期已广泛分布于北半球。中新世时期由于中亚地区气候变干,加之印度板块向欧亚大陆 俯冲并引起喜马拉雅山脉隆起,致使中亚地区进一步干旱,水青冈属和淫羊霍属植物随之消失,进而导致其东亚—地中海、西亚间断分布格局的形成。     

粉条儿菜属(肺筋草科)的地理分布及其物种多样性和分化中心

粉条儿菜属(AletrisL.)隶属于肺筋草科,全世界有23种1变种,东亚有18种1变种,北美东南部有5种,为典型的东亚-北美间断分布的属.本文在种(变种)的水平上,研究了粉条儿菜属的地理分布及其分布中心和多样化中心,并对其起源和分化以及现代洲际间断分布格局的成因进行了分析.结果表明,(1)中国共分布有粉条儿菜属植物15种1变种,而广义的横断山地区集中分布有13种1变种,是东亚粉条儿菜属植物分布最为集中的地区,而且包含该属植物各个进化阶段的代表.因此,广义的横断山地区是粉条儿菜属在东亚的分布中心和多样化中心.(2)根据粉条儿菜属及其近缘属的分布格局推测,该属可能在不晚于第三纪早期,起源于古北大陆.东亚和北美的粉条儿菜属植物形态区别明显,应该是隔离分化的结果.(3)该属植物可能曾经广布于北半球,后来地质、气候以及冰川等因素的变化,导致该属在一些地区灭绝,而仅存于东亚和北美东南部.(4)尽管横断山及其周边地区是东亚粉条儿菜属的多样化中心,但该地区很可能并不是粉条儿菜属最早的分化中心,因横断山地区周边的一些特有种可能是在晚近的时期形成的新特有种;另外,东亚粉条儿菜属一些原始的种类主要分布于我国中东部到日本一带.所以,中国中东部到日本一带可能是粉条儿菜属早期的分化中心.     

猕猴桃属植物狗枣子(Actinidia kolomikta ( Maxim. & Rupr. )Maxim.)的生态地理分布及其植物地理学意义

作者认为狗枣子(Actinidia kolomikta ( Maxim. & Rupr. ) Maxim.)是一个多型的、具有两个间断布区的适应于地带性针阔叶混交林生境的猕猴桃属植物.文中还根据狗枣子的生态地理分布特征,认为狗枣子的现代中国西南--东北亚间断分布的格局是东亚第三纪以来气候回旋变化的结果所造成的.狗枣子原始分布区(中国西南高山)受气候回旋变化的胁迫衍生出次生的东北亚分布区.由于气候的振荡变化,水平方向上原有的连续分布区逐渐断裂而形成现代的间断分布格局.据此文中还指出,狗枣子分布区的这种传播扩散模式在东亚湿润季风区植物的散布与现代分布格局的形成方面具有普遍意义.     

獐牙菜属植物的起源, 散布和分布区形成

本文根据植物类群的系统发育和地理分布统一的原理,讨论了獐牙菜属植物的起源、散布和分 布区的形成。獐牙菜属包括11组16系154种,间断分布在亚洲、欧洲、北美洲和非洲。中国西南部- 喜马拉雅地区汇集了大多数种类、不同演化水平的类群以及形形色色的特有类群,成为该属的多样化 中心和多度中心。该属的原始类群和外类群也集中分布在中国西南山地,极有可能是该属的起源地。该 属的分布区类型中出现了各式的间断分布,根据有该属植物分布的大陆间及大陆与岛屿间分离和连接 的时间推测,该属的起源时间至少不会晚于晚白垩纪,也许更早,可追溯到中白垩纪。通过分类群间亲 缘关系和现代分布分析,显示出该属植物从起源地向周围和一定方向散布,形成了三个主要散布途径。在散布过程中植物本身也发生演化和就地特化,形成新的类群。     

赖草属的地理分布及其起源散布

为了探讨赖草属（Leymus Hochst.）植物的地理分布及起源散布,通过野外调查、标本查阅和文献搜集,同时结合地史、气候及类群演化关系的综合分析,对其地理分布及起源散布进行了整理和研究。结果显示,赖草属植物有3组53种（含变种）,主要分布于欧亚大陆和北美地区;中国有3组40种（含变种）,主要分布于西北、华北、东北以及西南地区,也是该属种类最为集中的区域;尤其是新疆北部的阿尔泰地区及青藏高原东北部的唐古特地区又是中国该属分布相对密集之地,有3组22种,并且其间不同等级、不同系统演化水平的类群均有分布,是该属的现代分布中心。同时,阿尔泰地区多汇集赖草属不同等级的原始类群和外类群,故该地区极有可能是该属的起源地,起源时间大约在第三纪渐新世。赖草属起源后,在渐新世末期青藏高原不断隆升、气候与环境发生巨变,其在中国境内地质活动较为剧烈的区域得到进一步发展和分化,主要通过两个阶段和三条路径扩散成现今的地理分布格局。     

以礼草属的地理分布

根据植物类群的地理分布与系统发育相统一的原理,本文讨论了以礼草属的分布中心、起源地、 起源时间和现代分布格局的形成。以礼草属全世界约26种、6变种,隶属于3个组,主要分布于中国,哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、阿富汗和伊朗也有分布。其中,中国的青藏高原汇聚了该属的大多数种类,且不同等级和演化水平的类群均集居于此,使其成为该属的现代分布中心;而该属的原始类群、以及与原始类群很近缘的鹅观草属却分布在这一中心之外的天山地区,加之天山地区自新生代的晚第三纪再次抬升以来,具备了以礼草属发生和繁衍的自然条件,因而天山地区很可能就是该属的起源地,起源时间也可能在晚第三纪或第四纪初。以礼草属自天山起源后,扩散的途径大概有3条,其中西南向途径和东南向途径从东、西两侧侵入青藏高原,在青藏高原得到极度发展,并随着高原的继续隆起,进一步衍生出最高级的类群短穗组,从而形成了以礼草属现今的分布格局。     

豆科黄华属的植物地理研究

首次全面论述了全世界黄华属(豆科)植物地理。黄华属是豆科少数几个东亚-北美间断分布属之一。对黄华属5组21种的分布进行了分析,发现本属4个频度分布中心依次是：东亚地区(8种／3组,其中特有种4种),伊朗-土兰地区(7种／3组,其中特有种3种),落基山地区(7种／2组,均为特有种)及大西洋北美地区(3种／1组,均为特有种)。基于以下事实：在东亚地区存在本属最多的组与种;在此区可以见到黄华属系统发育系列;该属最原始的组种及最进化的组种也在该区出现等,可以认为东亚地区是该属的现代分布中心及分化中心。伊朗-土兰地区(中亚东部至喜马拉雅)及落基山地区所含种、组数仅次于东亚地区,而且多倍体现象多发生于这两区,因此可认为是本属的次生分布中心及分化中心。在此二地区,物种分化较活跃且复杂,先后描述了很多新种和变种,也曾进行过较多的归并处理。最近的分子生物学证据不断揭示,在这地区曾被归并的一些分类群存在着较大不同,从而提醒分类学家对年轻区系中物种分化较活跃的类群进行分类处理时,无论是建新分类群还是对某些类群进行归并,应持谨慎态度。作者根据黄华属植物的现代地理分布、形态演化趋势、现有的化石及地质历史资料,推测黄华属植物在中新世之前早已形成,并且在晚第三纪欧亚大陆与北美大陆失去陆地连接之前在两大陆已经存在,很可能是于早第三纪或晚白垩纪在劳亚古陆上起源于一个含羽扇豆生物碱的古槐成员。两大陆分离后,在不同的成种因子的影响下,形成了各自的演化格局：在亚洲,晚第三纪的喜马拉雅造山运动、古地中海消失及第四纪冰川作用引起的旱化、寒化,促进了该属植物的强烈分化;而在北美,第四纪的冰川作用及局部的山体隆起,可能是促进该属植物演化的主要动力。根据黄华属植物的系统演化趋势及原始类群的分布式样分析,东亚地区的中国-日本亚区可能是本属植物的原始类型中心。     

蜡梅科植物的起源演化及其分布

根据对蜡梅科植物的系统发育和分布规律的研究,结合古地理、古气候资料,讨论了蜡梅科的起源、演化和现代分布格局形成的规律。认为：中国泰岭以南、横断山脉以东为蜡梅科植物的现代分布中心。蜡梅科植物的起源地点可能在东亚,并在第四纪时通过白令陆桥到达北美;通过中南半岛、马来半岛到澳洲,并在各个洲独立发展,形成现在的东亚－北美间断分布及南北温带间断分布的格局。     

中国西南与台湾地区维管植物的间断分布格局及形成机制

植物的间断分布格局及其形成机制是植物地理学研究的重要问题之一。本文在对中国大陆与台湾名录整理比较的基础上,对中国西南与台湾地区的植物间断分布格局及形成机制进行了分析。结果表明,两地同种型间断分布的维管植物有198种(包括变种和亚种),隶属于56科129属,其中蕨类植物86种,裸子植物3种,双子叶植物56种,单子叶植物53种;两地异种型间断分布的维管植物有22属,隶属于15科,其中蕨类植物6属,裸子植物1属,双子叶植物7属,单子叶植物兰科8属。间断分布类群以草本植物为主,主要是蕨类和兰科植物。间断分布类群在台湾地区主要分布在中部到东北部,在大陆的分布主要集中在川东–鄂西地区、川西–滇西北地区–藏东南地区和滇东南–桂西–黔西南地区。在垂直高度上,海拔1,550–2,350m是间断分布类群最集中分布的海拔范围。我们推测中国西南与台湾地区的间断分布类群有3种来源:北半球温带、中国西南和热带亚洲来源。     

甘肃风毛菊属植物区系地理研究及与邻近地区区系的关系

根据对风毛菊属植物野外调查,标本的收集、整理和系统鉴定,该地区风毛菊属植物共有57种1变种,隶属于4亚属,在甘肃省有2个分布丰富区:青藏高原东、北缘的甘南地区和祁连山地。分析表明,风毛菊属植物是一个北温带分布的属,可划为5个分布型和2个变型,其中以中国特有、横断山脉—喜马拉雅分布最多(分别占36%和29.5%),特有属为新特有属,说明该区系属于一个年轻的、以横断山脉—喜马拉雅分布为主的温带性质,并与青藏高原、中亚地区有密切联系;喜马拉雅、横断山区是风毛菊属植物的现代分布中心和分化中心,华北、华中地区是一个次生分布中心;菊科在古地中海地区于第三纪的早、中期得到分化与发展,其中原始的帚木菊族向西南亚迁移时分化、衍生出原始的菜蓟族的祖先种,该族在大约第三纪从起源中心向中亚干旱地区分化出风毛菊属植物,因此,该区系起源于第三纪的中亚至喜马拉雅一带;青藏高原的隆起、海浸海退,使属内种类剧烈分化,第三纪、第四纪北半球冰期、间冰期交替作用,使本区系向亚洲温暖地区迁移,并进一步发展,形成了现今的区系成分。     

木兰科（Magnoliaceae）的起源、进化和地理分布

木兰科为亚洲－美洲间断分布科,全世界有１５属,２４６种,主要分布于亚洲东南部的热带、亚热带地区,从喜马拉雅至日本,向南达新几内亚及新不列颠;少数种类分布于北美东南部、中美至南美巴西．中国有１１属,约９９种．木兰科的现代分布中心在东亚－东南亚地区．根据木兰科的化石记录、系统发育和现代分布,推测其起源时间为早白垩纪,甚至更早．起源地可能在中国的西南地区,并由此向外辐射,向东经日本、俄罗斯远东地区经白令陆桥进入北美;向西经西亚、欧洲,通过格陵兰进入北美,然后到达南美;向南经印度支那、马来西亚,直至新几内亚．东亚－北美间断分布的形成是受第四纪冰期的影响;南美的木兰科是从北美迁移而来．     

木兰科（Magnoliaceae）的起源、进化和地理分布

木兰科为亚洲－美洲间断分布科,全世界有１５属,２４６种,主要分布于亚洲东南部的热带、亚热带地区,从喜马拉雅至日本,向南达新几内亚及新不列颠;少数种类分布于北美东南部、中美至南美巴西．中国有１１属,约９９种．木兰科的现代分布中心在东亚－东南亚地区．根据木兰科的化石记录、系统发育和现代分布,推测其起源时间为早白垩纪,甚至更早．起源地可能在中国的西南地区,并由此向外辐射,向东经日本、俄罗斯远东地区经白令陆桥进入北美;向西经西亚、欧洲,通过格陵兰进入北美,然后到达南美;向南经印度支那、马来西亚,直至新几内亚．东亚－北美间断分布的形成是受第四纪冰期的影响;南美的木兰科是从北美迁移而来．     

Cladistic biogeography of the moth tribe Cidariini (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) in the Holarctic and Indo-Chinese regions

A cladistic biogeographic analysis for the Holarctic and Indo-Chinese regions was undertaken based on seven genera of the tribe Cidariini: Cidaria Treitschke, Thera Stephens, Pennithera Viidalepp, Heterothera Inoue, Callabraxas Butler, Gandaritis Moore and Eulithis Httbner. Smallest coincident ranges of two species recognized 11 endemic areas. The study has two aims: to construct a hierarchical structure of those areas, and to recognize dispersal events. Under two assumptions [widespread taxa mapped (identical as assumption 0) and widespread taxa not mapped (identical as assumption 1)] the 11 endemic areas were mapped with 72 taxa. The best resolved area cladograms under the two assumptions differ in the placement of one endemic area, northern Europe. Area relationships found in this present analysis are congruent with the current landmass configurations: (North America, (Europe, (northern India, (southwestern Asia, (Baikal area, (south China, (Taiwan, (Russian Far East, Japan)))))))). These area cladograms postulate at least three vicariance events: (1) between North America and the Palaearctic; (2) western-eastern Palaearctic; (3) northern India–the rest of Asia. The approach to recognize dispersed taxa by pruning each taxon suggests that most dispersal events occurred in East Asia: from the Baikal area or south China to the Russian Far East; and from the Russian Far East to Japan. Relationships among endemic areas are briefly discussed.     

生态系统的冗余与营养结构模型

生态系统的冗余与营养结构模型党承林黄瑞复（云南大学生态学与地植物学研究所,昆明６５００９１）ＲｅｄｕｎｄａｎｃｙｉｎＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓａｎｄｔｈｅＭｏｄｅｌｆｏｒＴｒｏｐｈｉｃＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ．ＤａｎｇＣｈｅｎｇｌｉｎ,ＨｕａｎｇＲｕｉｆｕ（Ｉｎ...     

Molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the Holarctic wetland leaf beetle of the genus Plateumaris

Leaf beetles of the genus Plateumaris inhabit wetlands across the temperate zone of the Holarctic region. To explore the phylogeographic relationships among North American, East Asian, and European members of this genus and the origin of the species endemic to Japan, we studied the molecular phylogeny of 20 of the 27 species in this genus using partial sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and the 16S and nuclear 28S rRNA genes. The molecular phylogeny revealed that three species endemic to Europe are monophyletic and sister to the remaining 11 North American and six Asian species. Within the latter clade, North American and Asian species did not show reciprocal monophyly. Dispersal-vicariance analysis and divergence time estimation revealed that the European and North America-Asian lineages diverged during the Eocene. Moreover, subsequent differentiation occurred repeatedly between North American and Asian species, which was facilitated by three dispersal events from North America to Asia and one in the opposite direction during the late Eocene through the late Miocene. Two Japanese endemics originated from different divergence events; one differentiated from the mainland lineage after differentiation from the North American lineage, whereas the other showed a deep coalescence from the North American lineage with no present-day sister species on the East Asian mainland. This study of extant insects provides molecular phylogenetic evidence for ancient vicariance between Europe and East Asia-North America, and for more recent (but pre-Pleistocene) faunal exchanges between East Asia and North America.     

长江中游(以湖北湖南为主)的植物生物多样性及其保护对策

在对植物调查研究的基础上,对长江中游(湖北、湖南为主)的植物区系、植被、生物多样性保护及保护对策进行了系统的论述。根据两省土著种子植物名录统计,本区共有202科1476属7037种(包括种下等级),其中裸子植物7科30属64种;被子植物196科1445属6973种。以鄂湘为代表的华中区分布类型复杂、物种丰富、起源古老,而且特有的科、属、种多,特有度高。北温带木本植物属高度集中,体现了长江中游具有古第三纪．泛北极植物区系的代表性。拥有众多的东亚特有属、东亚．北美间断分布属和中国特有属,它们既是本地植物区系的特色,也代表了中国植物区系的核心。本地中山以亮叶水青冈(Fagus lucida)为主的阔叶林系第三纪．泛北中生落叶阔叶林的后裔。在植被区划上,本区属于常绿阔叶林区域,包括北亚热带常绿阔叶．落叶阔叶混交林地带及中亚热带常绿阔叶林两个植被地带。后者分为北部典型常绿阔叶林亚地带,南部含华南植物区系成分的常绿阔叶林亚地带。本区主要的自然植被类型(以原生类型为主)有171个类型(相当于群系formations)。从生物多样性保护的三个层次上(物种、群落、景观)对保护现状、特点、保护方针和策略等进行了探讨并提出了建议。     

Disturbances in deciduous temperate forest ecosystems of the northern hemisphere: their effects on both recent and future forest development

Disturbances in forests can kill mature trees, but also create the conditions necessary for the establishment of new tree cohorts and create micro-habitats for new plant and animal species, thereby increasing the species diversity compared to undisturbed stands. We review the types and intensities of disturbances on forests in three regions of the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere: northeastern North America, Central Europe, and East Asia. We focus on (1) the ways in which disturbances affect forest stand development; (2) the differences among the three areas in this regard; (3) the consequences for future forest management. In both northeastern North America and East Asia, hurricanes and typhoons represent the major mode of natural disturbance, while in Central Europe winter windstorms occur after deciduous trees have lost their leaves. Tornadoes can have even greater destructive power (but affect relatively narrow strips of land), and the more severe of these mainly occur in North America. The general disturbance patch system therefore is relatively large in northeastern North America, small in Central Europe, and of intermediate size in temperate East Asia. In addition to wholly natural disturbance factors, human commerce and globalization have enabled new disturbance types by introducing pests and diseases from one region to another. In North America especially, several of the most important foundation species in temperate forests are strongly affected, so that not just the species composition but also the whole forest structure is changing fundamentally. In all three areas in the past the change in land use by growing human populations strongly affected the structure as well as the species composition of forests. Nearly all the recent forest stands of the temperate zone had been used in the past in a particular way, and many of today’s forests had previously been converted into agricultural land. Finally climate change is superimposing itself on forest development worldwide. Nevertheless, climate change is not a new phenomenon, so forest ecosystems in all time periods have been exposed to changing climatic conditions and have had to adapt. Each forest stand therefore represents a unique recent expression of the interaction of environmental conditions and plant species, a “snapshot” of the relevant abiotic and biotic factors, including human impact.     

On the Distribution and Origin of Salix in the World

1. The distribution of Salix species among the continents. There are about 526 species of Salix in the world, most of which are distributed in the Northern Hemisphere with only a few species in the Southern Hemisphere. In Asia, there are about 375 species, making up 71.29 percent of the total in the world, including 328 endemics; in Europe, about 114 species, 21.67 percent with 73 endemics; in North America, about 91 species, 17.3 percent with 71 endemics; in Africa, about 8 species, 1.5 percent, with 6 endemics. Only one species occurs in South America. Asia, Europe and North America have 8 species in common (excluding 4 cultivated species). There are 34 common species between Asia and Europe, 14 both between Europe and North America and between Asia and North America, 2 between Asia and Africa. Acording to the Continental Drift Theory, the natural circumstances which promoted speciation and protected newly originated and old species were created by the orogenic movement of the Himalayas in the middle and late Tertiary. Besides, the air temperature was a little higher in Asia than in Europe and North America (except its west part) and the dominant glaciers were mountainous in Asia during the glacial epoch in the Quaternary Period. Then willows of Europe moved southwards to Asia. During the interglacial period they moved in opposite direction. Such a to-and-fro willow migration between Asia and Europe and between and North America occurred so often that it resulted in the diversity of willow species in Asia. Those species of willows common among the continents belong to the Arctic flora. 2. The multistaminal willows are of the primitive group in Salix. Asia has 28 species of multistaminal willows, but Europe has only one which is also found in Asia. These 28 species are divided into two groups, “northern type” and “southern type”, according to morphology of the ovary. The boundary between the two forms in distribution is at 40°N. The multistaminal willows from south Asia, Africa and South America are very similar to each other and may have mutually communicated between these continents in the Middle or Late Cretaceous Period. The southern type willows in south Asia are similar to the North American multistaminal willows but a few species. The Asian southern type willows spreaded all over the continents of Europe, Asia and North America through the communication between them before the Quaternany Period. Nevertheless, it is possible that the willows growing in North America immigranted through the middle America from South America. The Asian northern type multistaminal willows may have originated during the ice period. The multistaminal willows are more closed to populars in features of sexual organs. They are more primitive than the willows with 1-3 stamens and the most primitive ones in the genus. 3. The center of origin and development of willows Based on the above discussion it is reasonable to say that the region between 20°-40°N in East Asia is the center of the origin and differentiation of multistaminal willows. It covers Southern and Southwestern China and northern Indo-China Pennisula.     

木兰科植物地理学分析

木兰科植物共７属的１９５种,间断分布于亚洲和美洲的热带至温带地区,在地史时期,木兰科植物几乎遍布整个北半球,其在欧洲和格陵兰等地的绝灭,可能是由于气温下降和第四纪冰川的破坏所致,中国南部和西南部及其邻近地区具有丰富的木兰科属种代表,众多的特有类群和该科最原始的成员,以及反映木兰科系统发育不同阶段的类型,是木兰科植物的现代分布中心,分化中心和保存中心,也可能是其起源中心,木兰科植物可能在侏罗纪就已起     

台湾拉拉山的水青冈林及其与广西越城岭水青冈林的生态比较

水青冈林是北半球重要的森林类型之一,广泛分布在欧洲、北美和东亚的平原和山地．东亚拥有水青冈属植物种类最多,特别是在中国,但对它们研究较少,在林业上几乎还没有得到应有的利用．本文主要概略地介绍台湾拉拉山台湾水青冈林的群落学特点,并与广西越城岭的长柄水青冈林和光叶水青冈林作生态比较,为今后进一步开展水青冈林的研究提供一些参考资料．