中国柱隔孢属的分类研究III.

短叶茳芏Cyperusmalaccensisvar.brevifolius和和三叶(鬼)针草Bidenspilosa上两个中国新记录种Ramulariacaricis和Ramulariaconcomitans,另外4个已知种的名称做了订正。     

中国柱隔孢属的分类研究III.*

短叶茳芏Cyperusmalaccensisvar.brevifolius和和三叶(鬼)针草Bidenspilosa上两个中国新记录种Ramulariacaricis和Ramulariaconcomitans,另外4个已知种的名称做了订正。     

Phylogenetic relationships in Cyperus L. s.l. (Cyperaceae) inferred from plastid DNA sequence data

The phylogeny of Cyperus and allied genera has been reconstructed using cladistic analysis of plastid rbcL gene, rps16 intron, trnL intron, and trnL-F intergenic spacer sequence data in 40 species of tribe Cypereae. Cyperus s.s. as currently circumscribed is not monophyletic because ten cyperoid genera are embedded within it. Eucyperoid Cyperus species (with a C₃ anatomy, e.g. C. involucratus ) and the genera Courtoisina , Kyllingiella and Oxycaryum form a clade that is sister to a clade comprising chlorocyperoid species (with a C₄ anatomy, e.g. C. papyrus ) and the genera Alinula , Ascolepis , Kyllinga , Lipocarpha , Pycreus , Remirea and Sphaerocyperus . The position of two species is uncertain; C . tenellus is resolved in a clade together with Isolepis although with typical cyperoid spikelets, whereas I. humillima is not resolved near either Isolepis or Cyperus s . l . © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 138 , 145–153.     

Use of AFLP and RAPD molecular genetic markers and cytogenetic analysis to explore relationships among taxa of the Patagonian Bromus setifolius complex

Bromus setifolius var. pictus (Hook) Skottsb., B. setifolius var. setifolius Presl. and B.setifolius var. brevifolius Ness are three native Patagonian taxa in the section Pnigma Dumort of the genus Bromus L. AFLP and RAPD analysis, in conjunction with genetic distance measurements and statistical techniques, revealed variation within this group and indicated that B. setifolius var. brevifolius was closely related to B. setifolius var. pictus, with both taxa being more distantly related to B. setifolius var. setifolius. Cytogenetic analysis confirmed the chromosomal number of B. setifolius var. pictus (2n = 70) and B. setifolius var. setifolius (2n = 28) and showed for the first time that B. setifolius var. brevifolius had 2n = 70. The combination of molecular genetic and cytogenetic evidence supported a species status for two of the three taxa and suggested hypotheses for the evolutionary origin of these complex taxa. Species status was also indicated for B. setifolius var. setifolius. Based on these findings, we suggest that B. setifolius var. pictus be referred to as B. pictus Hook var. pictus, and B. setifolius var brevifolius as B. pictus Hook var brevifolius. The correlation between AFLP diversity and variation in ecological parameters suggested that this marker system could be used to assess breeding progress and to monitor the domestication of Patagonian Bromus species for agronomic use.     

Studies in African Cyperaceae 18. Two new subgenera of Cyperus

Two new subgenera are described and illustrated. Cyperus subgen. Protocyperus has an eucyperoid culm–anatomy and digitate clusters of spikelets. It contains about 100 species. Cyperus subgen. Fimbricyperus has a chlorocyperoid culm anatomy and many stalked spikes giving the habit of a slender Fimbristylis. It is based on a single species, viz. Cyperus subparadoxus Kükenthal.     

广东境内珠江流域水生维管束植物区系的探讨

本流域已知有水生维管束植物(以下简称水生植物)131种,分别隶属81属,44科.其中珠江三角洲的种类最丰富为111种,西江75种,东江67种,北江57种.从植物地理分布方面进行分析:世界分布55种,占本流域总数的42%;热带亚洲分布35种,占总数的27%;热带-亚热带分布16种,占总数的12%;热带-温热带分布21种,占总数的16%;温带分布4种,占总数的3%.除世界分布种(种类最多)以外.热带亚洲分布种所占的比例(27%)显得最为突出.但它们只是热带植物区系成分向亚热带扩散的种类.热带-亚热带分布,其比例虽然只占12%,但它们当中的许多种是本流域水生植物群落的优势种,它们分布广、长势旺、繁殖力强.它们与热带-温带分布(16%)种类共同组成南亚热带植物区系的主要成分.温带分布的种仅占3%,对本流域水生植被的影响是微弱的.       

珠海鹤洲水道沿岸红树林湿地大型底栖动物群落特征

对珠海鹤洲水道沿岸的4个红树人工林(包括老鼠簕Acanthus ilicifolius、木榄Bruguiera gymnorrhiza、秋茄Kandelia candel和无瓣海桑Sonneratia apetala)样地和2个挺水植被(短叶茳芏Cyperus malaccensis和芦苇Phragmites australis)样地的大型底栖动物群落进行为期一年(2010年12月、2011年3、6、9月共4次野外采样)的生物调查。研究与分析了大型底栖动物的种类、生活型及功能群、栖息密度、平均生物量、多样性指数等群落特征,并结合等级聚类和非参数多变量标序(MDS)方法对大型底栖动物的群落结构进行深入探讨。本调查共采集大型底栖动物35种,包括环节动物(7种)、软体动物(10种)、甲壳动物(10种)、鱼类(1种)和其他无脊椎动物(7种)。优势种包括谭氏泥蟹(Ilyrplax deschampsi)(占总个体数的34%)、麦克碟尾虫(Discapseudes mackiei)(占总个体数的25%)、羽须鳃沙蚕(Dendronereis prinnaticirris)(占总个体数的12%)。在6种生境类型中,老鼠簕站位大型底栖动物物种数量最多,为19种,均匀度和多样性指数均较高;短叶茳芏样地大型底栖动物栖息密度最高,为254.7 ind/m2,但是多样性指数(H"=1.25)最低;无瓣海桑站位平均生物量最高,为32.0613 g/m2。研究结果表明：(1)不同生境下大型底栖动物群落结构存在显著差异,尤其是无瓣海桑站位,无论群落结构、优势种还是生活型等都与其它站位有明显不同;(2)围垦区人工湿地与自然滩涂大型底栖动物群落结构差异显著;(3)潮汐作用对大型底栖动物群落结构影响显著。     

Mercury-tolerance ofChloris barbata Sw. andCyperus rotundus L. isolated from contaminated sites

Chloris barbata Sw. andCyperus rotundus L. from a mercury contaminated site near a chloralkali plant were tested for relative tolerance to Hg by root-elongation method. The above two species from the Hg-contaminated site exhibited high tolerance to Hg compared to the same species from a non-contaminated site. Tolerance to Hg was higher inChloris barbata than inCyperus rotundus.     

Plant nutrient dynamics and stoichiometric homeostasis of invasive species Spartina alterniflora and native Cyperus malaccensis var. brevifolius in the Minjiang River estuarine wetlands

Aims Stoichiometric homeostasis is an important mechanism in maintaining ecosystem structure, function, and stability. The invasion of exotic species, Spartina alterniflora, has largely threatened the structure and function of native ecosystems in the Minjiang River estuarine wetland. However, how S. alterniflora invasion affect plant stoichiometric homeostasis is largely unknown. This could enhance our understanding on wetland ecosystem stability and expand the applications of ecological stoichiometry theory.
Methods Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents of plant organs and soils in the S. alterniflora, Cyperus malaccensis var. brevifolius, and S. alterniflora-C. malaccensis var. brevifolius mixture were measured, and the homeostatic index (H) was calculated according to the stoichiometric homeostasis theory.
Important findings Our results showed that the invasion of S. alterniflora significantly increased soil N:P ratio (p < 0.05), but did not affect soil N or P contents. The N and P contents of leaf and stem were the highest for S. alterniflora, and those of the stem were the highest for C. malaccensis var. brevifolius. At the ecosystem level, the average of homeostatic index (H) of N (H_N, 25.31) was larger than those of P (H_P, 10.33) and N:P (H_N:P, 2.50). At the organ level, root H_N was significantly larger than stem H_N (p < 0.05) and sheath H_N:P was greater than root H_N:P (p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference for H_P among root, stem, leaf, and sheath (p > 0.05). As for species, root H_N of S. alterniflora was significantly larger than that of C. malaccensis var. brevifolius in the mixture community (p < 0.05). In the monoculture, stem H_N:P of S. alterniflora was significantly higher than that of C. malaccensis var. brevifolius (p < 0.05). Furthermore, root H_N, leaf H_N and sheath H_N of S. alterniflora in the mixed community was significantly larger than that of S. alterniflora in the monoculture (p < 0.05), suggesting that S. alterniflora invasions increased their stoichiometric homeostasis. Meanwhile, the stoichiometric homeostasis of invasive and native plants were influenced by multiple factors, such as nutrients, organs, vegetation, and invasion. However, larger homeostasis was found in S. alterniflora than in C. malaccensis var. brevifolius in some particular organs either in mixture or monoculture communities. Therefore, the successful invasion of S. alterniflora may result from higher homeostatic index than the native species, C. malaccensis var. brevifolius.     

The role of the soil seed bank in vegetation recovery on an oceanic island severely damaged by introduced goats

Question: Are the seed banks of an isolated subtropical oceanic island capable of naturally regenerating vegetation either with species of the historical forest community or with the existing grassland community after severe damage to the vegetation by goats? Location: Nakoudojima Island, Bonin Archipelago (Ogasawara Shoto), Japan. Methods: Soil samples were collected at 0–5 cm and 5–10 cm depths from seven plots in forests, grasslands, artificially matted areas and bare land. Soil seed banks were assessed using the seedling emergence method followed by the hand‐sorting of ungerminated seeds. We determined the size and composition of the seed banks in upper soil layers of plots and compared the seed banks to the standing vegetation. Results: A total of 12 220 seedlings belonging to 42 species from 20 families germinated. Total mean seed density (0–5 cm depth) was low in all plots within forest, grassland, and heavily degraded vegetation types (34.7 ± 8.6 to 693.5 ± 123.6, 58.6 ± 7.8 to 107.1 ± 10.0, and 1.1 ± 0.5 to 7.2 ± 2.3 seeds/m², respectively). Forbs and graminoids dominated the seed banks of grassland and forest plots including Cyperus brevifolius, Gnaphalium pensylvanicum, Oxalis corniculata and Solanum nigrum, and these alien species comprised 90% of the density of the seed bank. There was little correlation between seed banks and standing vegetation of the island (Sørensen similarity coefficient values 0.26 to 0.45). Conclusions: If natural regeneration occurs from the seed bank of the island, future vegetation will not move toward the original forest community, because the seed bank is dominated by non‐native herbaceous grassland species. Though isolated, a few forest remnants with low species richness could be an important source for the natural re‐establishment of forest on the island; however, seed availability may be limited by either poor dispersal or pollination so that woody species will probably recover very slowly on this goat‐impacted island.     

海南莎草属植物叶下表皮微形态的研究

利用光学显微镜对海南莎草属(Cyperus Linnaeus)15个种1个变种的叶下表皮微形态进行了研究。结果显示:(1)该属叶下表皮微形态基本特征如下:长细胞为长筒形、短筒形,少数为近方形,边缘波状、深波状;无短细胞的存在;副卫细胞为高圆屋顶形、圆屋顶形、圆屋顶至三角形或三角形;(2)根据保卫细胞的形态将海南莎草属分为两大类型即保卫细胞两端明显加厚型和保卫细胞两端不明显加厚型;(3)海南莎草属叶下表皮微形态一致,表明莎草属是一个自然类群,但在莎草属种间叶下表皮的长细胞形态、保卫细胞及副卫细胞形态、气孔长宽等存在一定的差异,可作为本属种间分类鉴别的参考依据。     

Multiple origins of congested inflorescences in Cyperus s.s. (Cyperaceae): Developmental and structural evidence

? Premise of the study: The understanding of homoplasic structures becomes more relevant when they are complex and define large angiosperm taxa. Inflorescence architecture usually fulfills both features, as happens with Cyperus, a genus with two taxonomical subdivisions characterized either by alternative expressions of Kranz anatomy (C(3) or C(4)) or inflorescence shape (condensed or lax). Those subdivisions are not completely congruent because at least one of these presumed characters has evolved several times. We focused a SEM study on the inflorescence development in species with condensed inflorescences and different photosynthetic anatomy to test the possibility that condensed inflorescences of subgen. Anosporum (C(3) anatomy) have evolved independently from those of subgen. Cyperus (C(4) anatomy). ? Methods: Freshly collected inflorescences of C. entrerianus, C. eragrostis, C. oxylepis, and C. incomtus were studied using stereoscopic and scanning electron microscopy. ? Key results: Condensed inflorescences of Cyperus species with C(3) and C(4) anatomy had differences in structure and development: (1) mature structure, (2) position of second-order branching initiation in the first developmental stage of the inflorescence, (3) main axis development and elongation, and branching development, (4) types of ramifications, (5) phyllotaxis and symmetry. ? Conclusions: Results support multiple origins of condensed inflorescences in Cyperus, based especially on differences in timing during development and elongation of the main axis and branches, branching pattern and phyllotaxis. Structure and development may be the key to using inflorescence morphology as an external feature to distinguish large natural groups within Cyperus based on vegetative anatomy.     

Studies in African Cyperaceae 31. Cyperus microcristatus, a new species from Mt Kupe, Cameroon

Cyperus microcristatus , a new species from western Cameroon, is described and illustrated. Its taxonomic affinities are discussed. Cyperus microcristatus is most similar to C. densicaespitosus (syn. Kyllinga pumila ) in general appearance, but differs in its more perennial habit, its smaller spikelets and glumes, which are more prominently winged. Notes on habitat, ecology, distribution and conservation are provided. It is assessed as Critically Endangered, following IUCN (2001).     

山东莎草属植物果实形状及果皮微形态研究

利用扫描电镜对山东分布的18种莎草属植物的果实形状及果皮微形态进行了观察研究。结果表明,莎草属植物果实为椭圆状、倒卵状或卵状三棱形,顶端具柱状或锥状短喙;果皮微形态可分为:网-疣复合纹饰、网状纹饰、疣状纹饰和无规则突起纹饰4种类型;果皮微形态类型的划分与基于宏观形态特征的传统分类关联较小,但在该属形态相近的种间存在明显差异,可作为种间划分的依据。果皮微形态证据支持将水莎草属(Juncellus)、砖子苗属(Mariscus)和断节莎属(Torulinium)归入莎草属(Cyperus)的分类观点。     

Studies in African Cyperaceae 38: Cyperus inselbergensis sp. nov. from inselbergs in Gabon and Cameroun

Cyperus inselbergensis Lye is described from northern Gabon and adjacent Cameroun. It has a very characteristic ecology as it grows in seasonally wet, shallow soils on or close to inselbergs. The species belongs to Cyperus subgen. Kyllinga and is most similar to C. triceps, but differs in its hemispherical inflorescence, smaller spikelets, different glumes with scabrid midrib, and smaller fruits. The species is widespread and locally common in its restricted habitat.     

Studies in African Cyperaceae 19. The genera Anosporum Nees and Sorostachys Steudel

The two genera Anosporum Nees and Sorostachys Steudel, both with a congested inflorescence and an eucyperoid culm– and leaf–anatomy, are reestablished. They have previously been placed in Cyperus s.l. Anosporum contains three distinct species, two of which are found in Africa. Sorostachys contains two species, one of which is found in Africa. Three new combinations are made, viz. Anosporum pec–tinatus (Vahl) K. Lye, Sorostachys pulchellus (R.Br.) K. Lye, and S. leucocephalus (Retz.) K. Lye.     

山东莎草属叶表皮微形态的研究

利用光学显微镜对山东莎草属14个种和1个亚种植物的叶下表皮微形态特征进行研究,结果表明:脉间区长细胞为长筒形、短筒形,少数为近方形,边缘为波状、深波状;无短细胞存在;气孔器副卫细胞为三角形、圆屋顶形至三角形、高圆屋顶形和圆屋顶形;乳突存在于脉区长细胞上;刺毛仅存在于个别种中。根据脉区刺毛的有无,结合外部形态,可以分为有刺毛类型和无刺毛2个类型及4个亚类型。莎草属叶下表皮微形态特征高度一致,表明莎草属是一个自然类群,但在种间存在着一定的差异,可以为种的划分提供参考依据。     

Typification of names in Cyperus section Arenarii (Cyperaceae)

The typification of names in the genus Cyperus was done as part of an ongoing study of the section Arenarii. The latest monograph on the genus by Kükenthal (1936), accepted eight species in the section Bobartia (= Arenarii ), and a number of lower level taxa, which are treated here either as distinct species or synonyms. The taxonomic treatment of the core species, C. conglomerates Rottb., turned out to be especially confusing, which is reflected in the past identifications of the material, and consequently, has created wrong interpretations on the distributions. C. jeminicus Rottb. has similarly caused a lot of confusion. Currently we recognize 26 species in the section, with two subspecies in C. conglomerate. Most names in the section have not earlier been typified. Here we designate lectotypes for 33 names, three epitypes, and one neotype. Cyperus sections Arenarii Kunth and Hymenolepides Nees are typified also.     

The systematic anatomy of south Indian Cyperaceae: Cyperus L. subgen. Juncellus, Cyperus subgen. Mariscus and Lipocarpha R. Br.

The three investigated species of Cyperus L. subgen. Juncellus (Griseb.) C. B. Clarke show anatomical differences in the leaf pertaining to the number of vascular bundles and bundle sheaths, size of silica-cells and their wall thickness, while those of subgen. Mariscus (Gaertner) C. B. Clarke segregate into two primary groups depending on the presence or absence of a distinct hypodermis; and the species within each group are further differentiated on the basis of the presence or absence of air-cavities, the number of vascular bundles and their pattern of arrangement in the leaf. The interspecific differences observed within the genus Lipocarpha R. Br. concern the size of the interstomatal cells and the number of vascular bundles and bundle sheaths of the leaf. Keys for the identification of the species in each genus and subgenus are given separately.