丛枝菌根对植物根际逆境的生态学意义

近年来,我国在菌根分子生物学、菌根营养学、菌根分类学和菌根生态学等方面取得了令人瞩目的研究成果,其中对丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)的研究居多。AMF能与大部分陆地植物根系形成共生关系,促进植物生长发育,提高植物抗逆性,在保持生态平衡、保护生态环境等方面发挥重要作用。本文主要从非生物胁迫(干旱胁迫、重金属污染、盐碱胁迫)和生物胁迫(致病菌和线虫侵染)方面介绍了AMF在植物根际逆境中发挥的生态功能及作用机制,提出了该研究领域尚存的不足之处和研究前景,为AMF后续研究提供参考。     

丛枝菌根（AM）生物技术在现代农业体系中的生态意义

菌根是植物根系与特定的土壤真菌形成的共生体,有利于生态系统中养分循环,协助植物抵御不良环境胁迫．自然条件下,大多数植物表现一定的菌根依赖性,在植株根系发育过程中如能与适宜的菌根真菌形成良好的菌根结构,可提高产量,改善品质,其中丛枝菌根是最普遍的类型．丛枝菌根帮助植物抵御不良环境胁迫及病虫害,促进植物健康生长,可减少化学肥料、杀虫剂施用量,以减少对环境、生态不利的化学物质施用量．丛枝菌根共生体可加速根系生长,提高对移动性低的无机离子吸收,加速养分循环利用,增强植物对不良胁迫(生物与非生物)因素的耐受力,形成良好的土壤结构,提高植物群体的多样性．文章综述了丛枝菌根真菌生态特征,丛枝菌根对寄主植物的影响,丛枝菌根生物技术应用于农业体系的生态意义及其应用潜力．     

丛枝菌根真菌影响作物非生物胁迫耐受性的研究进展

土壤中存在着大量不同种类的微生物资源,土壤微生物能够与自然界中的大多数植物密切合作,其中丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)起着十分重要的作用。近年来,对于AMF的研究越来越多。AMF是存在于土壤中的重要真菌之一,是土壤中的菌根真菌菌丝与高等植物营养根系形成的一种联合体。AMF可以与陆地上90%左右的植物根系形成共生体,通过在植物根系形成重要的“丛枝菌根”结构而为植物提供更多的养分。为了了解接种AMF对作物生长过程中耐受一些非生物胁迫(如干旱、极端温度、重金属污染、盐分、不利的土壤pH变化等)性能方面的影响,基于之前接种AMF对养分胁迫下玉米生长影响的研究,在扩大作物品种的基础上,通过查阅大量文献,结合试验研究及对前人和近年来关于AMF的一些最新研究进展,获得了具有实践性意义的新发现：AMF与植物共生有助于植物生长,可以改善植物的营养状况,并且可以保护植物免受各种非生物环境胁迫的影响。由此可以得出结论：AMF通过各种机制改善植物生长状况,提高作物抗逆性,为作物增产、农民增收创造了福利,并且避免了由于肥料过量施用导致的一些污染环境问题。本文主要综述了接种AMF在各种非生物环境胁迫(干旱、极端温度、重金属污染、盐分、不利的土壤pH变化等)条件下对植株生长和发育的有利影响,并对目前存在的不足和今后研究的重点提出几点建议。     

AM真菌对重金属污染土壤生物修复的应用与机理

土壤重金属污染威胁人类健康和整个生态系统,而高效、低耗、安全的生物修复技术显示出了极大的应用潜力,特别是利用植物-微生物共生体增强生物修复效应的应用.丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhizae,AM)真菌是一类广泛分布于土壤生态系统中的有益微生物,能与90％以上的陆生高等植物形成共生体.研究发现,AM真菌能够增强宿主植物对土壤中重金属胁迫的耐受性.当前,利用AM真菌开展重金属污染土壤的生物修复已经引起环境学家和生态学家的广泛关注.基于此,围绕AM真菌在重金属污染土壤生物修复作用中的最新研究进展,从物理性防御体系的形成、对植物生理代谢的调控、生化拮抗物质的产生、基因表达的调控等角度探究AM真菌在重金属污染土壤生物修复中的作用机理,以期为利用AM真菌开展重金属污染的生物修复提供理论依据,并对本领域未来的发展和应用前景进行了展望.     

菌根真菌与植物抗逆性研究进展

菌根真菌与逆境的互作及其对植物抗逆性的影响,一直是菌根学领域研究的重点内容之一而备受关注。针对不同类型菌根真菌缓解不同逆境胁迫的作用,国内外已有大量研究报告及述评,而综合、全面、系统的综述尚不多见。本文总结了最近几年如下研究:菌根真菌对植物非生物胁迫(干旱、水涝、高温、低温、盐害、金属与准金属毒害、有毒有机物毒害、雾害、强辐射伤害与机械损伤等)与生物胁迫(土壤微生物群落结构与功能紊乱导致的连作障碍、病害、虫害、草害与外来植物入侵等)抗性的影响;菌根真菌与其他生物协同或与非生物因子联合提高植物抗逆性的效应;菌根真菌与其他生物协同或与非生物因子联合分解有毒物质、改善土壤肥力、修复污染与退化生境的效应。文中探讨了菌根真菌提高植物抗逆性和修复污染退化土壤作用的分子机制;分析了当前该领域研究存在的不足与今后研究的方向,以期为促进该领域研究和绿色修复技术研发提供可借鉴的思路。     

外生菌根对植物非生物胁迫的缓解作用及作用机理研究进展

外生菌根在林木共生系统中占据重要的地位,具有提高宿主植物抗逆性的作用.在菌根学领域中,外生菌根与非生物胁迫互作的研究要远少于其他类型的菌根,尤其是缺乏综合、全面的总结性评述.文中总结了近5年来的相关研究,阐述了非生物胁迫(干旱、寒冷、高温、盐碱、重金属和有毒物质)下菌根共生体与植物抗逆性的关系,其他因子与外生菌根协同提...     

菌根真菌提高植物抗旱性机制的研究回顾与展望

菌根真菌与全世界约97％的维管植物具有广泛的共生关系.大量研究结果显示菌根植物相比于非菌根植物对于干旱胁迫具有更高的耐受性,说明菌根真菌在植物抗旱过程中发挥着重要作用.本文对近年来国内外在菌根真菌协助植物抵御干旱作用机制方面的研究进行了归纳和总结,主要包括在干旱胁迫下菌根真菌对植物生理学特性的影响机制、菌根真菌提高植物...     

丛枝菌根真菌提高盐胁迫植物抗氧化机制的研究进展

土地盐渍化是在自然环境和人为活动的双重作用下形成的全球性的重要生态问题,其会对植物造成渗透失衡、离子胁迫、氧化损伤等危害,导致植物生长缓慢、生物量减少甚至是绝产。丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)是一种普遍存在于土壤中的有益微生物,能够与大多数植物根系形成共生关系,其共生关系在多种逆境生态系统中均具有重要生态意义。AMF-植物共生体具有高效抗氧化系统,能够提高植物在盐胁迫下的抗氧化反应进而增强耐盐性。本文从氧化损伤、渗透调节、抗氧化机制和生物活性分子等角度,系统地阐述了丛枝菌根真菌提高植物抗氧化机制的研究进展,并提出了研究展望,以期为利用菌根生物技术提高植物耐盐性提供理论参考。     

丛枝菌根共生的信号转导及其相关基因

大多数植物根系能够与某些真菌形成相互依存、互惠互利的菌根共生关系.植物在提供给丛枝菌根真菌赖以生存的碳源的同时,也通过真菌从土壤中吸取矿质营养.丛枝菌根能够促进植物生长,提高植物抗逆性和抵御外界不良环境,对提高农林业生产效率、增强生态系统稳定性及维护生物多样性具有重要的意义.菌根的形成是一系列信号分子交换传递和共生相关基因表达调控的结果.在信号转导途径中,共生受体样蛋白激酶、离子通道和钙/钙调依赖性蛋白激酶基因的表达对菌根的形成是不可或缺的.就丛枝菌根共生的信号转导机制以及信号途径中3个必需基因的结构、功能及研究现状进行了综述.     

有机污染土壤中菌根的作用

近年来,土壤有机污染问题日益突出,传统的修复方法存在局限性。菌根是植物根系与菌根真菌形成的共生体,能增强植物的逆境抗胁迫能力,对于促进有机污染物的降解和转化具有积极的作用。本文主要阐述了石油、多环芳烃、多氯联苯、农药和酞酸酯等几类典型的有机污染土壤中外生菌根和丛枝菌根的作用;旨在说明利用菌根技术修复有机污染土壤是生物修复的一项重要工具,具有广阔的发展前景,为进一步研究菌根的作用以及更好地运用菌根技术奠定基础。     

Is —— the rhizosphere a source of applicable multi-beneficial microorganisms for plant enhancement?

The plant faces different pedological and climatic challenges that influence its growth and enhancement. While, plant-microbes interactions throught the rhizosphere offer several privileges to this hotspot in the service of plant, by attracting multi-beneficial mutualistic and symbiotic microorganisms as plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), archaea, mycorrhizal fungi, endophytic fungi, and others…). Currently, numerous investigations showed the beneficial effects of these microbes on growth and plant health. Indeed, rhizospheric microorganisms offer to host plants the essential assimilable nutrients, stimulate the growth and development of host plants, and induce antibiotics production. They also attributed to host plants numerous phenotypes involved in the increase the resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. The investigations and the studies on the rhizosphere can offer a way to find a biological and sustainable solution to confront these environmental problems. Therefore, the interactions between microbes and plants may lead to interesting biotechnological applications on plant improvement and the adaptation in different climates to obtain a biological sustainable agricultures without the use of chemical fertilizers.     

丛枝菌根真菌与深色有隔内生真菌生态修复功能与作用

生态修复是目前全球关注的热点问题,如何增加植被的覆盖度及生态修复效率是目前研究的重点。丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi,AMF)和深色有隔内生真菌(dark septate endophyte,DSE)均是自然界植物根际分布广泛的一类内生真菌,均能与植物形成菌根共生体,具有一定的促进植物生长、抵抗逆境及修复污染土壤等功能与作用,在生态修复中具有广泛的应用潜力。本文综述了AMF及DSE两种微生物的功能、作用及其在生态修复应用中的研究进展,并进一步对AMF和DSE在生态修复中存在的问题和前景进行展望。     

Arbuscular mycorrhiza in combating abiotic stresses in vegetables: An eco-friendly approach

Vegetable production is hampered by several abiotic stresses which are very common in this era of climate change. There is a huge pressure on the plants to survive and yield better results even in the prevalence of various environmental stresses such as cold stress, drought, heat stress, salinity etc. This necessitates the need of robust plant growth which is possible with mycorrhizal association. Mycorrhiza improves plants tolerance to several abiotic stresses by various physiological, functional and biochemical changes in plants. The application of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) as vegetable biofertilizers doesn’t only influence the plant health, but moreover discursively it lowers the demand for harmful chemical fertilizers. Overall, it may be concluded that inoculation of vegetables with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can be used, as it easily guards plants against undesirable abiotic stresses. In this work, information is provided based on several examples from the literature based on the application of AM to combat harmful abiotic stresses in vegetable crops. This paper reviews the impacts of AM fungi on the plant parameters, its functional activities and molecular mechanisms which makes it more adaptable and underline the future prospects of using AM fungi as a biofertilizer in the stress condition.     

Endophytic fungi and their metabolites isolated from Indian medicinal plant

Endophytic fungi have been creating a considerable interest and curiosity among researchers since past three decades globally, owing to their recognition as an inexhaustible source of structurally and biologically novel compounds, alternative source of metabolites functionally identical to plant produced metabolites and their ability to impart resistance in host plants against various biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review, we have earnestly attempted to compile a vast array of endophytic fungi assemblages harbored inside Indian medicinal plants which have been reported during last decade from India.     

禾草内生真菌对其它微生物的影响研究进展

禾草内生真菌在宿主植物的茎叶等地上组织中普遍存在,不仅能够提高禾草对生物与非生物逆境的抗性,而且能够对周围环境中的不同微生物类群产生影响。主要总结了禾草Neotyphodium/Epichlo内生真菌对病原真菌、丛枝菌根真菌和土壤微生物的影响及其作用机理。发现禾草内生真菌普遍存在对病原真菌的抑制作用,而对丛枝菌根真菌存在不对称的竞争作用,且因种类而异。禾草内生真菌对土壤微生物群落的作用则会随着土壤类型和时间等外界因素发生变化。禾草内生真菌对不同类群微生物的影响机制主要包括:通过生态位竞争、抑菌物质分泌、诱导抗病性等对病原真菌造成影响;通过根系化学物质释放、营养元素调节、侵染条件差异等对丛枝菌根真菌造成影响;通过根际沉积物和凋落物等对土壤微生物群落造成影响。禾草内生真菌产生的生物碱能提高宿主植物对包括昆虫在内草食动物采食的抗性,影响病原菌的侵入、定殖和扩展;根组织分泌物中包含次生代谢产物能够抑制菌根真菌、土传病原真菌及其它土壤微生物的侵染与群落组成;也可能通过次生代谢物影响禾草的其它抗性。因此,禾草内生真菌在植物-微生物系统中的作用应该给予更多的关注和深入研究。     

More than 400 million years of evolution and some plants still can't make it on their own: plant stress tolerance via fungal symbiosis

All plants in natural ecosystems are thought to be symbioticwith mycorrhizal and/or endophytic fungi. Collectively, thesefungi express different symbiotic lifestyles ranging from parasitismto mutualism. Analysis of Colletotrichum species indicates thatindividual isolates can express either parasitic or mutualisticlifestyles depending on the host genotype colonized. The endophytecolonization pattern and lifestyle expression indicate thatplants can be discerned as either disease, non-disease, or non-hosts.Fitness benefits conferred by fungi expressing mutualistic lifestylesinclude biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, growth enhancement,and increased reproductive success. Analysis of plant–endophyteassociations in high stress habitats revealed that at leastsome fungal endophytes confer habitat-specific stress toleranceto host plants. Without the habitat-adapted fungal endophytes,the plants are unable to survive in their native habitats. Moreover,the endophytes have a broad host range encompassing both monocotsand eudicots, and confer habitat-specific stress tolerance toboth plant groups. Key words: Colletotrichum, fungal endophytes, stress tolerance, symbiosis, symbiotic lifestyle Received 19 June 2007; Revised 25 November 2007 Accepted 30 November 2007     

内生真菌及其对宿主植物生态适应性的影响

从植物-真菌的相互作用和植物体内微生态学的角度,综述近年来植物-内生真菌互作关系的研究进展,分析在生物和非生物环境因子胁迫下,植物内生真菌对宿主生态适应能力的影响及其可能的机制,特别强调将植物及其内生微生物作为一个整体研究的重要性,表明植物内生真菌作为一类重要的微生物资源,可以在增强植物的生态适应性,缓解全球气候变化对植物和人类的压力方面发挥其重要的作用,因而具有良好的应用前景。     

Fungal growth promotor endophytes: a pragmatic approach towards sustainable food and agriculture

Agricultural productivity suffers a heavy loss due to plant pathogens, insect pests and various abiotic stresses. Agriculture being the world’s largest economic sector, it is the need of time to find and establish the ideal strategy for sustainable agriculture and improvement in crop growth. Endophytes are microorganisms that asymptomatically grow within the plant tissues without causing any disease to the host. Endophytic fungi live in symbiotic association with plants and play an important role in plant growth promotion, higher seed yield and plants resistant to various biotic, abiotic stresses and diseases. Many are able to produce antimicrobial compounds, plant growth hormones and various agrochemical bioactive metabolites. These mycoendophytes hold enormous potential for the development of eco-friendly and economically viable agricultural products. In this review we focused on the endophytic fungi recovered from different medicinal plants, their active principles involved in plant growth enhancement and the applications of fungal endophytes in agriculture. Moreover, we also discussed about endophytic fungi and their pragmatic approach towards sustainable food and agriculture.     

Three species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi confer different levels of resistance to water stress in Spinacia oleracea L.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are applied in agriculture to improve plant nutrition and confer better resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Spinacia oleracea L. is an economically important herbaceous crop characterized by limited tolerance to water stress. We compared the effects of three species of AMF belonging to the genus Glomus on gas exchange rates, growth and yield of spinach plants exposed to acute and prolonged water stress. Inoculated plants always gave better results than control (non-inoculated), stressed ones, being G. clarum the species that provided the significantly best effects and G. monosporum the less remarkable ones. Mycorrhizal inoculation is a valid tool to provide water stress resistance to horticultural crops, and experimental comparisons among different mycorrhizal strains can help to optimize the effect through the identification of specific associations.