Aspects of the ranging pattern in a group of wild woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagothricha)

A group of woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagothricha), studied for 1,800 hr from June 1984 until September 1987 in the eastern Colombian Amazon, used a home range of about 760 ha, 90% of which overlapped the ranges of three other groups. Home range use varied throughout the year, correlating in part with variations in fruit production. The home range exhibited a nonexclusive “core area” in the floristically most diverse part of the home range, although the majority of the home range was entered at a much lower frequency. Within the study area woolly monkeys occurred at a density of 5.5 individuals/km². The average day range was 2,880 m, and the average straight line distance between sleeping sites was 896 m. Day ranges differed significantly across months, but the only significant correlation tested was a positive relation with time spent “moving” in the activity budget. Comparisons with three other Amazonian sites where woolly monkeys have been studied reveal considerable variation. Soil fertility, plant community differences, and other factors seem to influence ranging patterns. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Range reexpansion after long stasis: Italian otters (Lutra lutra) at their northern edge

Species range shifts and expansion are subjects of primary research interest in the context of climate warming and biological invasions. Few studies have focused on reexpansion of species that suffered severe declines. Here, we focused on population recovery of Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) in Italy, first detected in 2003 after a southward range contraction. We modeled the rate of range expansion and occupancy at the northern expanding front (central Italy), to gain insights into the progress of recovery and mechanisms of reexpansion. We performed a field survey in 2021, which redefined the northern limit of distribution further north, in close proximity to the Gran Sasso National Park. Then we analyzed a time series (1985–2021) of distances of northernmost occurrences from the center of the 1985 range. Using segmented regression, we were able to identify a prolonged stasis of the northern range edge and a simultaneous increase in occupancy from 0.151 to 0.4. A breakpoint was estimated in 2006, after which the range expanded northwards at an average rate of 5.48 km/year. From 2006 to 2021, the overall northward shift was about 80 km. Occupancy continued to increase until 2019 and abruptly declined in 2021. These patterns suggest that the reexpansion of the range can be limited by low occupancy at the expanding front. As occupancy increases, long-distance dispersal increases and then range expands. The low occupancy at the current distribution limit of otters may reflect a higher anthropogenic pressure on northern habitats, which could slow down the reexpansion process.     

T-even type phages can change their host range by recombination with gene 34 (tail fibre) or gene 23 (head)

Summary T-even type phages recognize their cellular receptors with the tip of their long tail fibres. The gene products involved in receptor recognition are proteins 37 and 38. While screening libraries of phage K3 with a probe of gene38 from phage T2, a class of weakly hybridizing clones was found in addition to the expected clones of gene38 of K3. One of these clones was identified as being from gene23 of the phage which codes for the major head subunit; another clone originated from gene34, which codes for the proximal half of the long tail fibres. Neither gene product 23 nor 34 is involved in receptor recognition. Phages can recombine with the DNA of the gene23 and gene34 clones and change the host range. This paper is dedicated to Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Beermann, Tübingen, on the occation of his 65^th birthday     

Intertroop relations of chacma baboon (Papio ursinus)

Intertroop relations among four troops of the chacma baboon population on the Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve, southern Transvaal, South Africa, were studied for 18 months using radiotelemetry. Encounters between troops occurred only rarely and were relatively nonantagonistic in character. Dominance among the four troops was difficult to identify by means of behavior although differences in range quality among the four were marked. The way in which intertroop relations affected the fitness of members of each of the troops was, therefore, unclear. Transfer of individuals from one troop to another was easily accomplished by both males and females and probably negated the effects of differential range quality on individual reproductive fitness.     

A critical evaluation of host ranges of parasitoids of the subtribe Diabroticina (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Luperini) using field and laboratory host records

The subtribe Diabroticina is a large group of New World Chrysomelidae that includes corn rootworms, cucumber beetles and other pests. Recent introductions of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte into Europe, and the development of resistances to current management practices of rootworms in the USA have increased interest in new sustainable options for managing those pests. The only parasitoids that have been shown to consistently target and develop inside the beetle adults are Centistes gasseni Shaw, Centistes diabroticae Gahan (both Hym.: Braconidae), and Celatoria diabroticae Shimer, Celatoria compressa (Wulp), Celatoria bosqi Blanchard, and Celatoria setosa Coquillett (all Diptera: Tachinidae). This review improves our understanding of the realised and potential host range of these known parasitoids by rectifying erroneous references in light of new host records and from laboratory host range tests. Based on this critical review, all tachinid and braconid species studied are considered to be specific at least to the level of subtribe, i.e. Diabroticina. Celatoria setosa, Celatoria diabroticae and C. bosqi, have a narrow realized and potential host range; the former is restricted to the genus Acalymma and the last two to the fucata and virgifera groups of the genus Diabrotica. The braconids Centistes gasseni and C. diabroticae are also specific. The realized host range of C. gasseni includes species in the Diabrotica fucata and virgifera groups; while its potential host range also includes Acalymma species. The realized and potential host range of Centistes diabroticae includes Acalymma species as well as species in the fucata and virgifera groups of Diabrotica. Celatoria compressa has the broadest realised range compared to the other species studied, since it was obtained from species in several genera of Diabroticina; and its potential host range may also include Old World Aulacophora species.     

Comparison of overwintering survival and fertility of Zaprionus indianus (Diptera: Drosophilidae) flies from native and invaded ranges

Zaprionus indianus is a fly species native to the Afrotropical biogeographic region that invaded the South American continent 20 years ago. Its southernmost record is 34°S in areas with temperate climates with cold winters. To better understand its invasion biology, we investigated physiological responses to winter-like abiotic conditions that may be relevant in Z. indianus geographic expansion. We characterized Z. indianus females reproductive traits (ovarian maturation and fertility) and survival in response to cold treatments with summer-like and winter-like photoperiods. We also compared these traits between native (Yokadouma, Africa) and invasive (Yuto, South America) range wild-derived flies. We showed that Z. indianus females have the ability to arrest ovarian maturation and maintain fertility following recovery from cold stress. The critical temperature for ovarian maturation of this species was estimated at c. 13 °C, an intermediate value between those of tropical and temperate drosophilid species. Wild-derived females from Yuto responded to winter-like photoperiod by slowing down ovarian maturation at low but permissive temperatures of 14 °C and 16 °C and also delayed the start of oviposition after cold treatment. Yuto flies also survived better and recovered 20% faster from chill coma than flies from Yokadouma. These results are consistent with a scenario of local adaptations or phenotypic plasticity in the invaded range, and suggest that photoperiod could act as modulator of ovarian arrest. Conversely, the fact that native range flies showed higher fertility after cold recovery than females from invaded range is not indicative of local adaptation. All in all, our findings report a set of physiological responses that would enable Z. indianus expansion to temperate and cold areas, but also results that are compatible with a limitation to the invasion process.     

两种核域估算方法在野生藏狐家域研究中的比较

核域是野生动物重点利用、含有更多居所、隐蔽场所及依赖性食物资源的区域。关于核域的确定和划分一直存在争议,且很难找到客观的并能准确展示动物生物学信息的数理统计方法。2006 年4 月,2006 年9 ～10月和2007 年1 ～4 月,我们共记录青海省都兰县沟里乡3 只藏狐的199 个活动位点,通过固定核空间(Fixed kernel)和调和平均值(Harmonic mean)模型,结合独立区域法的计算原理,估算藏狐的核域,并对两种估算方法进行比较分析,以确定更理想的核域数学模型。研究结果表明:(1)两种估算方法中核域面积均受到家域总面积的影响,固定核空间法的核域面积受家域总面积影响较大,而且变量系数不稳定; (2) 随着样本量的增加,固定核空间法估算的核域面积逐渐减小,而调和平均值法则增大,前者从数理统计上更好地描述了藏狐对家域资源的利用分布,后者更符合客观实际;(3)调和平均值法在划定家域边界时容易包括不属于家域范围的区域,而在估算核域时可以在一定程度上克服该缺陷;(4)调和平均值法能够真实地反应动物的活动中心,估算的核域中包含有更多的活动位点。因此,尽管在估算藏狐核域时固定核空间法有稳定的计算结果等优点,调和平均值法为更理想的核域估算模型。     

Relationship between body size and homing ability in the genus Osmia (Hymenoptera; Megachilidae)

Abstract 1. The maximum homing ability of female bees, that is, their capacity to return to the nest after being displaced a certain distance, is considered to be an estimate of their maximum foraging distance. 2. The present study provides data on homing ability and body weight for Osmia lignaria and combines them with data for five other congenerics, O. rufa, O. cornuta, O. pedicornis, O. cornifrons, and O. emarginata for analysis. These species are important pollinators of spring‐flowering plants, and some have been developed as commercial crop pollinators. 3. It is shown that homing ability is positively and linearly related to body weight (r² = 0.81; P = 0.01). 4. These results should be of use in selecting Osmia species as potential crop pollinators and establishing adequate buffer distances around genetically modified crops.     

Measuring range sizes of South-East Asian hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae): effects of scale, resolution and phylogeny

Aim  The effects of resolution and spatial extent on range measures were explored in estimates of the geographic distribution of tropical hawkmoths. Furthermore, data were tested for phylogenetic autocorrelation.
Location  South-East Asia.
Methods  Various range measures, such as geographic information system (GIS)-supported range estimates, minimum convex polygons, latitudinal and longitudinal extents, and their products, were derived from original distribution records and compared to each other. A taxonomic classification of the species was used to analyse phylogenetic effects on range sizes.
Results  Range size measures exhibit a strongly right-skewed frequency distribution with many geographically restricted species and few widespread taxa. Rankings from GIS-supported, comprehensive range size estimates do not deviate greatly from more crude measurements of lower resolution. Comprehensive ranges and ranges within South-East Asia are correlated strongly, but already at this rather large scale the ranking of species changes considerably. Other measures of occupancy with an increasingly more localized consideration of 'range' show decreasing strengths of correlation. We found a weak, but significant, autocorrelation in range area data: related groups of species have ranges of similar size.
Main conclusions  Spatial resolution did not affect range ranking greatly in our data. However, macroecological studies based only on parts of species' ranges must be viewed critically, particularly if their extent is small compared to comprehensive ranges. Phylogenetic non-independence of range size data must be considered in comparative analyses.     

Home range and ranging pattern in the slender loris(Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus)

The home range and ranging pattern of the slender loris (Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus) was studied for 21 months in a scrub jungle in Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, south India. Sixteen individuals were observed for a total of 2261 hours. Home ranges were measured for eight adult individuals and eight juvenile and subadult individuals. Males had significantly larger home ranges than the females, and home range size increased post-weaning. The ranging patterns involved minimal female intrasexual overlap, large male intrasexual overlap and large intersexual range overlap.     

2010-2020年中华穿山甲在中国的发现记录及保护现状

中国是中华穿山甲(Manis pentadactyla)历史分布区面积和野生种群数量最大的国家.中华穿山甲曾广泛见于我国长江以南各省,但20世纪中期以来,由于其甲片被作为贵重的中药材原料,加之地下野味市场的需求,大量非法捕猎使得我国野生穿山甲经历了剧烈的分布区缩减和种群下降.目前,中华穿山甲已被列为我国一级重点保护野生...     

Spatial behaviour in the Aquatic Warbler (Acrocephalus paludicola) during mating and breeding

Summary The range use of both sexes of the Aquatic Warbler was studied during two breeding seasons by radio-tracking. Males used home ranges of up to 8 ha. These home ranges over-lapped by up to 74 %, (mean 51 %) between individuals. During the mating period and prior to nesting, females used isolated sites of 2.8 to 6.4 ha (mean: 4.2 ha) within activity ranges of 100 to 160 ha (mean: 120 ha). Home ranges of different females overlapped by up to 20 %. However, during nest-building and incubation, the average size of home ranges in females was only 1.6 ha. Since no constant ranges were observed, we conclude that Aquatic Warblers are not territorial in the breeding season.

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Räumliches Verhalten des Seggenrohrsängers (Acrocephalus paludicola) während Partnerfindung und Bebrütung

Zusammenfassung In zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Brutzeiten wurde die Raumnutzung von Seggenrohrsängern mittels Telemetrie untersucht. Die ermittelte Größe der Streifgebiete von Männchen betrug in der gesamten Brutzeit bis zu 8 ha. In dem Streifgebiet eines einzelnen Männchens wurden bis zu elf telemetrierte Männchen festgestellt. Die Überlappungen der Streifgebiete telemetrierter Männchen betrugen durchschnittlich 51 %, maximal 74 %. Weibchen nutzten während der Paarungszeit nicht zusammenhängende inselartige Areale von insgesamt 2,8 bis 6,4 ha (Mittelwert 4,2 ha) innerhalb von Aktionsräumen von 110 bis 160 ha (Mittelwert 120 ha). Diese Areale überlappten zu 20 % mit den Aufenthaltsgebieten anderer Weibchen. Während des Brütens sank die Größe der Streifgebiete der Weibchen auf durchschnittlich 1,6 ha. Da im Beobachtungszeitraum keine konstant genutzten Aufenthaltsgebiete vorlagen, schließen wir, daß sich Seggenrohrsänger in der Brutzeit nicht territorial verhalten.

     

Host range of Secusio extensa (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), and potential for biological control of Senecio madagascariensis (Asteraceae)

Secusio extensa (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) was evaluated as a potential biological control agent for Madagascar fireweed, Senecio madagascariensis (Asteraceae), which has invaded over 400 000 acres of rangeland in the Hawaiian Islands and is toxic to cattle and horses. The moth was introduced from southeastern Madagascar into containment facilities in Hawaii, and host specificity tests were conducted on 71 endemic and naturalized species (52 genera) in 12 tribes of Asteraceae and 17 species of non‐Asteraceae including six native shrubs and trees considered key components of Hawaiian ecosystems. No‐choice feeding tests indicated that plant species of the tribe Senecioneae were suitable hosts with first instars completing development to adult stage on S. madagascariensis (78.3%), Delairea odorata (66.1%), Senecio vulgaris (57.1%), Crassocephalum crepidioides (41.2%), and at significantly lower rates on Emilia fosbergii (1.8%) and Erechtites hieracifolia (1.3%). A low rate of complete larval development also was observed on sunflower, Helianthus annuus (11.6%), in the tribe Heliantheae. However, sunflower was rejected as a potential host in larval‐feeding and adult oviposition choice tests involving the primary host S. madagascariensis as control. Although larvae died as first instars on most test species, incomplete development and low levels of feeding were observed on nine species in the tribes Heliantheae, Cardueae and Lactuceae. Larvae did not feed on any non‐Asteraceae tested, including species with similar pyrrolizidene alkaloid chemistry, crops, and six ecologically prominent native species. Because all species of Senecioneae are non‐native and weedy in Hawaii, these results indicate that S. extensa is sufficiently host‐specific for introduction for biological control. High levels of feeding damage observed on potted plants indicate that S. extensa can severely impact the target fireweed as well as D. odorata, a noxious weed in native Hawaiian forests.     

关于黄曲条跳甲的寄主范围

通过非选择性试验方法,测定黄曲条跳甲Ｐｈｙｌｌｏｔｒｅｔａ ｓｔｒｉｏｌａｔａ（Ｆａｂｒｕｃｉｕｓ）在不同植物上的存活率,及番茄、茄子枝叶提取物对曲条跳甲的拒食作用结果表明,在供试的中,仅十字花科植物能使之正常存活,其他科的植物均全部或大量死亡,不可能作为黄曲条跳甲的寄主,甚至茄科的番茄、茄子提取物对黄曲条跳甲在显著的拒食作用,拒食率高达３０．９％和６０．５２％。从化学生态学的角度讨论了典曲条跳甲     

Spangled perch (Leiopotherapon unicolor) in the southern Murray‐Darling Basin: Flood dispersal and short‐term persistence outside its core range

The spangled perch Leiopotherapon unicolor is considered a rare vagrant in the southern Murray‐Darling Basin, Australia, due to its intolerance of the relatively cool water temperatures that prevail during winter months. This study details 1342 records of the species from 68 locations between 2010 and 2014 outside its accepted ‘core adult range’ following widespread flooding during 2010 and 2011. Although records of the species declined over 2013, L. unicolor remained resident in the southern Murray‐Darling Basin as of April 2014. The species persisted in several locations for three consecutive winters with recruitment documented at two sites. This study represents the first identification of the dispersal of large numbers of L. unicolor into the southern Murray‐Darling Basin, persistence beyond a single winter, and recruitment by the species in habitats south of its recognized ‘core adult range’. Targeted research would determine the potential for predicted environmental changes (artificially warmer drainage wetlands, climate change and greater floodplain connectivity) to facilitate longer term persistence and range expansion by the species in the southern Murray‐Darling Basin.     

紫貂冬季活动范围的研究

１９９１至１９９３年１０～１２月的三个冬季中,借助无线电遥测技术对７只紫貂（４雄,３雌）活动范围进行了研究。结果表明雄性紫貂的活动范围为１３．０３ｋｍ２,雌性为７．１８ｋｍ２,雄性的几乎为雌性的２倍。活动范围多为长条形,且多与山脉走向相一致。雄性活动范围的最大距离为５．５０ｋｍ,雌性为４．１７ｋｍ。雌雄个体间的活动范围有部分重叠现象,重叠程度为６２．０％。雄性个体间几乎无重叠现象。影响活动范围大小的因素主要为动物体型大小、食物丰富度和人为干扰等     

A telemetry-based study of bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) home range in Valley Bushveld

With the aid of radio‐telemetry, bushbuck home range was investigated to determine total home range size, home range utilization and home range overlap for the summer season. Estimates of total home range size for males using minimum convex polygons (MCPs) and fixed kernels (FKs) were 33.9 and 32.1 ha, respectively. Estimates of total home range size for females using MCPs and FKs were 12.0 and 13.5 ha, respectively. A significant difference between total home range sizes for male and female was found but there was no significant difference for age (adult and subadult). Female bushbuck home range size was compared to that expected from the published allometric relationship for the scaling of home range area on body mass, where the study animals appeared to have home ranges of half of that predicted. Bushbuck typically utilized one core area within their home ranges in which 50% of their time was spent in approximately 17.0% and 11.7% of their total home range for males and females, respectively. A substantial overlap in total home range and core areas between animals was found.