一株新的a-淀粉酶抑制剂生产菌株ZG0656及其产物的发酵、分离、性质与应用

从土壤中分离并筛选得到了一株a-淀粉酶抑制剂生产菌, 编号ZG0656。根据形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征、细胞壁化学组成特征和16S rDNA全序列相似性比较分析等多相分类方法, 确认菌株ZG0656为天蓝黄链霉菌的新变种, 命名为天蓝黄链霉菌南开变种(Streptomyces coelicoflavus var. nankaiensis)。该菌经10 L发酵罐水平发酵, 发酵液中可积累一定量的a-淀粉酶抑制剂。采用浓缩, 树脂吸附, 凝胶过滤, 减压干燥等方法得到a-淀粉酶抑制剂混合物。该a-淀粉酶抑制剂为含氮的拟低聚糖类物质, 能强烈抑制哺乳动物来源的a-淀粉酶, 对餐后高血糖的形成有明显改善作用, 可用于制备治疗糖尿病、肥胖症的药物或功能性食品。     

一株新的α-淀粉酶抑制剂生产菌株ZG0656及其产物的发酵、分离、性质与应用

从土壤中分离并筛选得到了一株α-淀粉酶抑制剂生产菌,编号ZG0656.根据形态特征,培养特征、生理生化特征、细胞壁化学组成特征和16S rDNA全序列相似性比较分析等多相分类方法,确认菌株ZG0656为天蓝黄链霉菌的新变种,命名为天蓝黄链霉菌南开变种(Streptomyces coelicoflavus var.nankaiensis).该菌经10 L发酵罐水平发酵,发酵液中可积累一定量的α-淀粉酶抑制荆.采用浓缩,树脂吸附,凝胶过滤,减压干燥等方法得到α-淀粉酶抑制剂混合物.该α-淀粉酶抑制剂为含氮的拟低聚糖类物质.能强烈抑制哺乳动物来源的α-淀粉酶,对餐后高血糖的形成有明显改善作用.可用于制备治疗糖尿病,肥胖症的药物或功能性食品.     

一株新的α-糖苷酶抑制剂生产菌株PW0852的初步研究

从土壤中分离并筛选得到了一株α-糖苷酶抑制剂生产菌PW0852。根据形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征及16S rRNA序列相似性分析等多相分类方法, 初步判定菌株PW0852为淡紫灰链霉菌(Streptomyces lavendulae)。该菌经10 L发酵罐水平发酵, 发酵液中可积累一定量的α-糖苷酶抑制剂。采用膜过滤技术、离子交换树脂吸附及冷冻干燥等方法, 从PW0852发酵液中分离获得混合型α-糖苷酶抑制剂GIB852。GIB852对人类胰腺α-淀粉酶和α-麦芽糖酶都有明显的抑制作用, 其对麦芽糖酶的抑制性比同剂量的市售双糖酶抑制剂米格列醇强28.7倍, 而对α-淀粉酶的抑制性较弱。通过小鼠糖耐量实验, 发现α-糖苷酶抑制剂GIB852对哺乳动物餐后高血糖的形成有明显改善作用, 具有开发为糖尿病药物的潜力。     

淡紫灰类群链霉菌的一个新变种

从我国广西省梧州地区山林土壤中分离得到一株淡紫灰类群的链霉菌,编号为13050号。对该菌进行了形态、培养特征和生理生化特性的研究,认为与已知的直丝淡紫灰链霉菌相近,但又在生理生化特性上有明显的区别,是一个新的变种。定名为直丝淡紫灰链霉菌广西变种(Streptomyces lavendularectus     

链霉菌ZG0429的分类鉴定与链霉亲和素的分离纯化研究

从土壤中筛选得到1株高产链霉亲和素的放线菌ZG0429,根据形态观察、培养特征、生理生化鉴定以及16S rRNA序列分析,初步判定该菌株为链霉菌属中的淡紫灰链霉菌(Streptomyces lavendulae)。经发酵,ZG0429的链霉亲和素产量可达201.0mg/L。进一步采用硫铵沉淀和凝胶过滤层析纯化,链霉亲和素的回收率为76.87%,纯度可以达到97.03%。该方法简单易行,成本低廉,可得到高产量、高纯度、高活性的目的蛋白,为链霉亲和素发酵产品的大规模纯化提供了依据。     

应用柱前衍生化高效液相色谱法开辟了一种简单、快速的DNJ产生菌的筛选途径

【目的】应用柱前衍生化高效液相色谱法筛选产1-脱氧野尻霉素(DNJ)菌株,并对其进行系统鉴定。【方法】利用芴甲氧酰氯(FMOC-Cl)柱前衍生化高效液相色谱法筛选DNJ产生菌;通过形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征以及16S rRNA序列相似性分析等多项分类方法对DNJ产生菌进行鉴定;在10 L发酵罐水平进行发酵研究,利用FMOC-Cl柱前衍生化高效液相色谱法测定DNJ含量。【结果】从80株具有α-糖苷酶抑制剂活性的土壤放线菌中筛选得到一株DNJ产生菌,菌株编号为PW409,初步确定为戈壁三素链霉菌(Streptomyces gobitrici);发酵研究表明,DNJ为链霉菌PW409的次级代谢产物,发酵液中DNJ浓度为12.1 mg/L。【结论】首次将FMOC-Cl柱前衍生化高效液相色谱法应用于DNJ产生菌的筛选,并首次报道从戈壁三素链霉菌发酵液中鉴定到DNJ。     

砂土法、矿油封藏法保存链霉菌17年效果的评定

本文总结了用砂土法保存130个种、14个变种、409株链霉菌以及矿油封藏法保存其中103个种、11个变种、307株菌17年的效果;其中部分菌株的抗菌素产生能力和蛋白酶活力的测定结果;经矿油封藏后,死亡菌株的矿油层,用红外光谱法检查的结果。用砂土法保存的409株菌,17年后存活384株,存活率为93.9%;在144种（包括变种）中,有101种（70%）保持着原来的形态特征。用矿油封藏法保存的307株菌,17年后存活256株,存活率为83.4%;其中169株（66%）保持着原来的形态特征。产生链霉素的灰色链霉菌（Streptomyces griscus）As 4.181、比基尼链霉菌（S.bikiniensis）AS 4.569,产氯霉素的委内瑞拉链霉菌（S.venezu（?）la（?））AS 4.223等菌株,用矿油封藏法比砂土法保存得到较好的效果。产生新霉素的弗氏链霉菌（S.fradiae）AS 4.576,用砂土法保存效果较好。矿油封藏法保存链霉菌对保持蛋白酶活力,有着良好的效果。经红外光谱法检查19株失活的菌株的矿油层,其中17个样品于1710厘米-1或1600厘米-1处有吸收带。根据红外光谱,此吸收带属于脂肪族或芳香族中（?）c=c（?）基的伸展振动,与 Arai 用此法保存诺卡氏菌,分枝杆菌测出的结果近似。故推测链霉菌经此法保存后,菌株死亡的原因是由于浸出了细胞中类脂所致。砂土法和矿油封藏法对于长期大量保存链霉菌,是两种简便而且可取的方法。     

链轮丝菌属中的一个新变种

从上海市崇明县的土壤中,分离得到一株产生柱晶白霉素的轮生链霉菌,编号为X-7。它与文献报道的该抗生素的产生菌不同。经鉴定为链轮丝菌属中的一个新变种,定名为北里链轮丝菌崇明变种(Streptoverticillium kitasatoensis var. chongmingense n. var.)。     

瑞拉菌素产生菌的鉴定

自陕西秦岭太白山土壤中分离到 1株编号为S 5 12 0的放线菌。根据对其生物特征鉴定、生理生化特征分析 ,它与链霉菌属中委内瑞拉链霉菌最为相近 ,但菌种S 5 12 0对梨黑星病菌、苹果腐烂病菌等多种引起植物病害的病原真菌有拮抗和溶菌作用 ,故认为S 5 12 0是委内瑞拉链霉菌的一个新变种 ,定名为委内瑞拉链霉菌秦岭变种(Streptomycesvenezuelaevar .qinlingensis.n .Var)。     

刺孢吸水链霉菌新变种——北京变种

在筛选农用抗生素产生菌时,本所刘守初等于1957年在我院实验农场(北京郊区)的棉田土壤中分得TF120号链毒菌,产生抗真菌抗生素,对防治瓜类白粉病、小麦锈病和大白菜黑斑病等效果良好。经鉴定认为该菌属于吸水类链霉菌新变种,定名为刺孢吸水链霉菌北京变种(Streptomyces hygrospinosus var.beijinge-     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Exercise, dobutamine, and combined atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine compared

We compared the cardiovascular effects evoked in conscious dogs by 1) submaximal exercise; 2) infusion of dobutamine (40 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1); and 3) infusion of a combination of atropine (0.15 mg/kg), norepinephrine (0.19 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1), and epinephrine (0.05 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1). Myocardial O2 demand, as estimated by the double product (heart rate X systolic blood pressure), was similar during all three interventions. Cardiac output and heart rate increased significantly (P less than 0.05) during each of the three interventions. Arteriovenous O2 difference and total body O2 consumption, however, increased only during submaximal exercise. Although myocardial blood flow increased similarly during each of the three interventions, blood flow to skeletal muscle and the tongue increased only during exercise. Exercise and the combined infusion of atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine produced similar increases in blood flow to the diaphragm and similar decreases in blood flow to the stomach. These changes in blood flow were associated with appropriate changes in vascular resistance. Additionally, blood flow to the brain, kidney, adrenal glands, liver, and intestine did not change during any of the three interventions. Thus, in dogs, submaximal exercise, infusion of dobutamine, and infusion of a combination of atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine to evoke a given level of estimated myocardial O2 consumption produce similar increases in cardiac output, heart rate, and myocardial blood flow. In contrast, the changes in total body O2 consumption, arteriovenous O2 difference, regional blood flow, and regional vascular resistance that occur during each of these three interventions are different.     

Indians, Markets, and Rainforests: Theory, Methods, and Analysis

Indians, Markets, and Rainforests: Theory, Methods, and Analysis. Ricardo A. Godoy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. 274 pp.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.     

Incorporating Science,Technology, Fairness,and Accountability in Environmental,Health, and Safety Decisions

The Precautionary Principle is in sharp political focus today because (1) the nature of scientific uncertainty is changing and (2) there is increasing pressure to base governmental action on more “rational” schemes, such as cost-benefit analysis and quantitative risk assessment, the former being an embodiment of ‘rational choice theory’ promoted by the Chicago school of law and economics. The Precautionary Principle has been criticized as being both too vague and too arbitrary to form a basis for rational decision making. The assumption underlying this criticism is that any scheme not based on cost-benefit analysis and risk assessment is both irrational and without secure foundation in either science or economics. This paper contests that view and makes explicit the rational tenets of the Precautionary Principle within an analytical framework as rigorous as uncertainties permit, and one that mirrors democratic values embodied in regulatory, compensatory, and common law. Unlike other formulations that reject risk assessment, this paper argues that risk assessment can be used within the formalism of tradeoff analysis—a more appropriate alternative to traditional cost-benefit analysis and one that satisfies the need for well-grounded public policy decision making. This paper will argue that the precautionary approach is the most appropriate basis for policy, even when large uncertainties do not exist, especially where the fairness of the distributions of costs and benefits of hazardous activities and products are a concern. Furthermore, it will offer an approach to making decisions within an analytic framework, based on equity and justice, to replace the economic paradigm of utilitarian cost-benefit analysis.