‘台农1号’芒果果实发育过程中的糖分积累与相关酶活性研究

以‘台农1号’芒果为材料,测定了果实生长发育过程中淀粉、蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖含量以及淀粉酶、蔗糖代谢相关酶———酸性转化酶(AI)、中性转化酶(NI)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)的活性,并对果实中糖组分与酶活性的关系进行了分析.结果显示,(1)台农1号芒果果实属于单S型生长曲线,发育前期主要积累淀粉、葡萄糖和果糖,果实成熟软化时,淀粉酶活性降至最低,淀粉水解,蔗糖快速积累.(2)酸性转化酶活性在果实整个发育过程中维持最高,完熟时略有降低;蔗糖磷酸合成酶在果实发育前期略有降低,完熟时升至最高;蔗糖合成酶和中性转化酶活性在整个发育期一直很低且较稳定.(3)淀粉含量与淀粉酶活性呈显著正相关,与SPS活性呈极显著负相关,蔗糖、葡萄糖含量均与SPS、SS呈显著、极显著的正相关;果糖含量与SS呈极显著的正相关.研究表明,芒果成熟时淀粉分解、酸性转化酶活性的降低,且蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性的增加是引起果实蔗糖积累的主要因子.     

枇杷果实发育过程中糖积累及相关酶活性变化研究

以'青种'、'霸红'和'鸡蛋白'3个枇杷品种为材料,测定不同果实发育时期果实中蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖含量以及蔗糖代谢相关酶即酸性转化酶(AI)、中性转化酶(NI)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)的活性,并对果实中糖积累与酶活性的关系进行了分析.结果表明:在果实膨大期(5月3日)之前,3种枇杷果实的蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖积累缓慢,之后则迅速积累,存在着明显的转折点;果实成熟(5月23日)之后糖分积累速度趋于平稳.3种枇杷果实在发育过程中转化酶、蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶的活性变化与3种糖积累的动态变化趋势相一致.NI和AI活性在果实膨大期之前都较低且没有明显的变化,之后均快速上升;SS和SPS的活性在果实膨大期之前都很低且几乎无变化,随后'鸡蛋白'的活性迅速上升至果实成熟之后便缓慢上升,而'青种'和'霸红'随果实成熟度的增加而升高,但均低于'鸡蛋白'.可见,枇杷果实膨大期是糖分积累代谢活跃期,其糖积累受蔗糖代谢相关酶综合调控.     

套袋对梨果实发育过程中糖组分及其相关酶活性的影响

以翠冠和黄金梨为试材,测定套袋和未套袋(对照)梨果实发育时期果实中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和山梨醇含量以及蔗糖代谢相关酶酸性转化酶(AI)、中性转化酶(NI)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)的活性,并对果实中糖组分积累与酶活性的关系进行了分析.结果表明:(1)两梨品种套袋果实在发育过程中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、山梨醇和糖代谢相关酶活性变化趋势与对照基本一致,套袋果实糖含量均低于对照但差异不显著,而各相关酶活性在两类果实间差异表现各异.(2)在梨果实发育早期,果实中以分解酶类为主,糖分积累低;发育后期以合成酶类为主,糖分积累多.(3)两品种套袋和对照果实AI活性与葡萄糖含量均呈显著或极显著正相关,SS合成方向活性与蔗糖含量均为极显著正相关,且翠冠对照果SPS活性与蔗糖含量呈极显著正相关.可见,套袋通过提高果实发育早期转化酶(Inv)活性,降低果实后期蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)的活性来影响糖分积累,从而影响梨果品质.     

龙柚果肉糖积累与蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的研究

本文探讨龙柚果实发育过程中果肉糖积累与蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的变化。结果表明,在龙柚果实发育过程中,3种可溶性糖含量同步上升,在果实膨大期和成熟期,以蔗糖积累为主。在龙柚糖积累过程中,蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性较高;而蔗糖中性转化酶(NI)活性则随着蔗糖的积累而降低。     

河套蜜瓜果实发育过程中糖积累与蔗糖代谢相关酶的关系

以河套蜜瓜为试材,采用外部形态观测与内部生理指标测定相结合的方法,对其果实发育过程中果实生长模式以及果实中蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖和淀粉含量以及蔗糖代谢相关酶活性进行测定,以揭示河套蜜瓜果实生长发育过程中糖的代谢积累与相关酶的关系.结果显示:(1)河套蜜瓜果实生长速率呈单"S"曲线,果实发育早期以积累葡萄糖为主,进入成熟期后蔗糖积累量迅速增加,最终由蔗糖和己糖共同构成果实品质.(2)在河套蜜瓜果实成熟期前,蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性维持较低水平,进入成熟期后,SPS活性迅速升高;蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性在成熟期前为分解活性大于合成活性,成熟期后表现为合成活性大于分解活性;在整个果实发育期,酸性转化酶(AI)活性较低,中性转化酶(NI)活性始终高于AI.(3)在果实整个发育期,蔗糖含量与蔗糖代谢酶的净活力呈极显著正相关,蔗糖代谢相关酶共同作用决定果实中蔗糖含量.研究表明,在河套蜜瓜果实发育前期,以蔗糖分解代谢为主,且蔗糖合成酶和中性转化酶是催化蔗糖分解的关键酶;果实成熟期间,蔗糖代谢转为合成方向为主,蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶在蔗糖积累中起主导作用.     

糖代谢相关酶在灵武长枣叶片和果柄糖积累中的作用

以不同发育时期灵武长枣为试材,测定果实生长发育过程中叶片、果柄可溶性糖含量及蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的变化,探讨果实生长发育过程中叶片、果柄糖的积累与蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的关系。结果表明:(1)灵武长枣叶片、果柄均主要以积累蔗糖为主,叶片、果柄中葡萄糖和果糖含量的变化平缓且随果实发育略有上升,蔗糖含量则呈先下降后迅速上升的趋势,且蔗糖含量始终高于葡萄糖和果糖的含量。(2)在果实的整个发育期,叶片和果柄的酸性转化酶(AI)活性均远高于中性转化酶(NI),AI在前期升高后变化较平稳,而蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性的变化各不相同。(3)SS分解方向酶活性(SSd)对叶片和果柄蔗糖的积累具有重要的调节作用。研究认为,蔗糖合成酶分解方向酶活性(SSd)对灵武长枣叶片和果柄蔗糖的积累起主要的调控作用。     

外源水杨酸对氯化钠胁迫下番茄幼苗糖代谢的影响

采用营养液水培法,用100、300和500 mg·L^-1不同浓度的水杨酸（SA）处理‘辽园多丽’番茄幼苗,测定在NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖含量和蔗谢代谢相关酶活性（酸性转化酶AI、中性转化酶NI、蔗糖磷酸合成酶SPS、蔗糖合成酶活性SS）的变化.结果表明：SA处理叶片可以维持或提高NaCl胁迫条件下番茄幼苗叶片果糖、葡萄糖含量及AI、NI、SPS和SS活性,其最高值分别比单纯NaCl处理植株增加30.0%、31.1%、24.7%、27.9%、22.0%和24.5%;但对NaCl胁迫条件下番茄幼苗叶片蔗糖含量的影响不大.表明水杨酸可以通过提高NaCl胁迫下番茄叶片转化酶活性来提高番茄叶片果糖和葡萄糖含量,从而缓解NaCl胁迫对番茄的伤害,其中以500 mg·L^-1的SA处理效果较理想.     

甘草叶片渗透调节物质及蔗糖代谢相关酶对干旱胁迫的响应特性

该研究以甘草幼苗为试材,采用盆栽自然干旱方法,设计对照(CK)、轻度(LS)、中度(MS)、重度(SS)干旱胁迫处理,测定分析甘草叶片的渗透调节物质及蔗糖代谢相关酶[蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶合成方向(Ss+)、蔗糖合成酶分解方向(Ss-)、中性转化酶(NI)、酸性转化酶(AI)、淀粉磷酸化酶(SP)]活性的变化,以探讨甘草的渗透调节特性以及糖分调节的酶学机制,揭示甘草对干旱胁迫的响应机理。结果显示:(1)随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,甘草叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量呈逐渐增加的趋势,束缚水/自由水的比值呈先增加后降低的趋势。(2)随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,甘草叶片蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖含量均呈先升高后降低的趋势,但不同胁迫强度出现峰值的时间不同;其中在CK和LS干旱胁迫时蔗糖含量淀粉含量葡萄糖含量果糖含量,在MS和SS干旱胁迫时淀粉含量葡萄糖含量蔗糖含量果糖含量,表明随着干旱程度的增加,甘草叶片中蔗糖转化成了淀粉。(3)随着干旱胁迫程度的加重,甘草叶片的SPS活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,Ss活性和Inv(蔗糖转化酶)活性呈逐渐升高的趋势,SP活性呈逐渐降低的趋势;各胁迫处理的Ss+活性与CK差异不显著,而Ss-活性与CK差异显著,并且Ss-活性在各胁迫处理下远大于Ss+活性,表明甘草叶片Ss-活性在蔗糖代谢过程中占主导作用。(4)相关分析结果显示,在LS中,NI与蔗糖呈负相关关系,Ss-与淀粉呈显著正相关关系、与蔗糖呈负相关关系;在MS中,蔗糖和葡萄糖与SPS、Ss+、Ss-、NI和AI均呈正相关关系,与SP呈负相关关系;在SS中,SP和NI与蔗糖呈正相关关系,而与淀粉呈负相关关系;表明在轻度干旱处理下,Ss参加了蔗糖的分解,继而合成淀粉;在中度和重度干旱条件下,SP主要催化淀粉的分解来增加蔗糖含量以此平衡蔗糖代谢。     

钙对NaCl胁迫下马铃薯脱毒苗碳水化合物代谢的影响

以‘克新一号’马铃薯品种为试验材料,采用组织培养方法,研究了0、5、10、15、20mmol·L-1 CaCl2对0、25、50、75mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下马铃薯脱毒苗碳水化合物含量及相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,(1)随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增加,马铃薯脱毒苗叶片淀粉含量、蔗糖含量、葡萄糖含量、果糖含量以及可溶性总糖含量逐渐下降,蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性明显降低,中性转化酶(NI)和酸性转化酶(AI)活性先升高后降低。(2)在NaCl胁迫下,添加适量CaCl2能显著增加淀粉含量、蔗糖含量、葡萄糖含量和可溶性总糖含量,显著降低NI和AI活性,有效缓解盐胁迫对SS和SPS的抑制作用。(3)蔗糖含量与AI存在负相关关系、与NI存在极显著负相关关系、与SPS以及SS存在极显著正相关关系。研究表明,外源施钙可调节马铃薯苗的酶活性变化,改善盐胁迫下马铃薯脱毒苗碳水化合物代谢方向,增强植株碳素合成作用和渗透调节能力,减轻盐害。     

宁夏枸杞果实糖积累和蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的关系

通过对枸杞果实发育过程中果实生长模式、蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖和淀粉含量及糖代谢相关酶活性的测定,研究了宁夏枸杞果实生长发育过程中糖的代谢积累与相关酶活性的关系.结果表明:(1)宁夏枸杞果实发育呈双S"曲线,果实主要以积累己糖为主.(2)蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性在果实发育初期处于下降的趋势,在花后19d开始上升,果实转色后又逐渐下降;蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性总体表现为SS分解方向的活性大于SS合成方向的活性,说明枸杞果实发育过程中,SS的活性主要以分解方向的为主;酸性转化酶(AI)和中性转化酶(NI)的活性随果实发育呈上升趋势,但在果实成熟后期有所下降,且AI和NI活性高于合成酶类的活性,较高的转化酶类活性促进了果实内部己糖的积累.(3)在枸杞果实生长发育中,葡萄糖和果糖含量与AI和NI均呈极显著正相关,而与其它酶不具有相关性.说明AI和NI在宁夏枸杞果实的糖代谢中起着主要的调控作用.     

Hexose metabolism in discs excised from developing potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers

Metabolism of radiolabelled hexoses by discs excised from developing potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers was been investigated in the presence of acid invertase to prevent accumulation of labelled sucrose in the bathing medium (Viola, 1996, Planta 198: 179–185). When the discs were incubated with either [U-¹⁴C]glucose or [U-¹⁴C]fructose without unlabelled hexoses, the unidirectional rate of sucrose synthesis was insignificant compared with that of sucrose breakdown. The inclusion of unlabelled fructose in the medium induced a dramatic increase in the unidirectional rate of sucroses synthesis in the tuber discs. Indeed, the decline in the sucrose content observed when discs were incubated without exogenous sugars could be completely prevented by including 300 mM fructose in the bathing medium. On the other hand, the inclusion of unlabelled glucose in the medium did not significantly affect the relative incorporation of [U-¹⁴C]glucose to starch, sucrose or glycolytic products. Substantial differences in the intramolecular distribution of ¹³C enrichment in the hexosyl moieties of sucrose were observed when the discs were incubated with either [2-¹³C]fructose or [2-¹³C]glucose. The pattern of ¹³C enrichment distribution in sucrose suggested that incoming glucose was converted into sucrose via the sucrose-phosphate synthase pathway whilst fructose was incorporated directly into sucrose via sucrose synthase. Quantitative estimations of metabolic fluxes in vivo in the discs were also provided. The apparent maximal rate of glucose phosphorylation was close to the extractable maximum catalytic activity of glucokinase. On the other hand, the apparent maximal rate of fructose phosphorylation was much lower than the maximum catalytic activity of fructokinase, suggesting that the activity of the enzyme (unlike that of glucokinase) was regulated in vivo. Although in the discs incubated with or without fructose the rates of starch synthesis or glycolysis were similar, the relative partitioning of metabolic intermediates into sucrose was much higher in discs incubated with fructose (0.6% and 32.6%, respectively). It is hypothesised that the equilibrium of the reaction catalysed by sucrose synthase in vivo is affected in discs incubated with fructose as a result of the accumulation of the sugar in the tissue. This results in the onset of sucrose cycling. Incubation with glucose enhanced all metabolic fluxes. In particular, the net rate of starch synthesis increased from 2.0 mol · hexose · g FW^–1 · h^–1 in the absence of exogenous glucose to 3.7 mol · hexose · g FW^–1 · h^–1 in the presence of 300 mM glucose. These data are taken as an indication that the regulation of fructokinase in vivo may represent a limiting factor in the utilisation of sucrose for biosynthetic processes in developing potato tubers.Abbreviations ADPGlc adenosine 5-diphosphoglucose - Glc6P glucose-6-phosphate - hexose-P hexose phosphate - NMR nuclear magnetic resonance - UDPGlc uridine 5-diphosphoglucose Many thanks to L. Sommerville for skillfull assistance and to J. Crawford and J. Liu for useful discussions on flux analysis. The research was funded by the Scottish Office Agriculture and Fisheries Department.     

Effects of Salt-Alkaline Stress on Carbohydrate Metabolism in Rice Seedlings

The aim of this study was to investigate carbohydrate metabolism in rice seedlings subjected to salt-alkaline stress. Two relatively salt-alkaline tolerant (Changbai 9) and sensitive (Jinongda 138) rice cultivars, grown hydroponically, were subjected to salt-alkaline stress via 50 mM of salt-alkaline solution. The carbohydrate content and the activities of metabolism-related enzymes in the leaves and roots were investigated. The results showed that the contents of sucrose, fructose, and glucose in the leaves and roots increased under salt-alkaline stress. Starch content increased in the leaves but decreased in the roots under salt-alkaline stress. The activities of sucrose-phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase, amylase, and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase increased whereas the activities of neutral invertase and acid invertase decreased in the leaves under salt-alkaline stress. The activities of sucrose-phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase, amylase, neutral invertase, and acid invertase increased in the roots under salt-alkaline stress. In conclusion, salt-alkaline stress caused the accumulation of photosynthetic assimilates in the leaves and decreased assimilation export to the roots.     

八个贵州地方桃品种果实甜酸风味品质分析

为了评价贵州地方桃品种果实的甜酸风味品质,以主栽桃品种‘燕红’作对照,采用高效液相色谱法测定了贵州8个地方桃品种的果肉糖酸组分及含量。结果表明:(1)8个地方桃品种果肉中糖主要由蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和山梨醇组成,其中蔗糖的平均含量最高(55.62 mg/g),约占总糖的71.30%,但变异系数仅为17.92%;8个地方桃品种中,‘米桃’的葡萄糖与果糖含量差异较大,其果糖/葡萄糖的比值为1.21,而其它7个品种的葡萄糖与果糖含量相近。(2)8个地方桃品种果肉中有机酸主要由苹果酸、柠檬酸、奎宁酸和莽草酸组成,其中苹果酸含量最高,约占总酸的60.61%,但在‘白花桃’果实中有机酸含量以奎宁酸为主。(3)对8个地方桃品种果实的糖酸组分进行主成分分析发现,苹果酸含量和山梨醇含量的载荷系数分别为0.910和0.897,说明它们是影响果实甜酸风味的主导因素,且对改善果实的甜酸风味品质具有重要作用。8个贵州地方桃果实的甜酸风味分别为:‘黄腊桃’为甜,‘血桃’、‘青桃’、‘镇远桃’、‘红枫桃’为酸甜,‘白花桃’、‘西桃’和‘米桃’为酸。     

Sucrose metabolism during endosperm development in wheat (Triticum aestivum)

This work reports changes in sucrose synthase and invertase activities throughout endosperm development in wheat, together with the associated substrates and metabolites, sucrose, UDP, glucose, fructose and UDP-glucose. Throughout endosperm development, sucrose synthase had consistently higher activity than invertase and indeed invertase activity did not change appreciably. The observed variation in pattern and amounts of glucose and fructose present during the mid- and late stages of endosperm development confirmed the suggestion that invertase was not the preferred pathway of sucrose catabolism. Kinetic parameters for sucrose synthase were determined in crude extracts. Estimates of UDP and sucrose concentrations suggest that sucrose synthase is unlikely to achieve its potential maximum velocity. This limitation may however be overcome in part by the apparent excess catalytic activity measured during endosperm development.