基于核糖体蛋白质标志物及MALDI-TOF MS技术快速鉴定伦茨菌属放线菌

【目的】伦茨菌属(Lentzea)放线菌(Actinobacteria)代谢产物具有广泛的生物活性,在医药领域展现出潜在的应用价值。本研究尝试建立以核糖体蛋白质为标志物,利用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight masss pectrometry,MALDI-TOF MS)技术鉴定伦茨菌属放线菌的方法。【方法】检索基因组数据库,提取伦茨菌属菌种模式菌株15种核糖体蛋白质的序列并计算理论分子量;通过分子量比对分析伦茨菌属菌种模式菌株之间及其与邻近属菌种模式菌株之间15种核糖体蛋白质的匹配度,提出鉴定至菌种及属的核糖体蛋白质匹配数标准;选取目标属和非目标属菌种进行MALDI-TOFMS测试和分析并修正鉴定标准。【结果】将待测菌株的MALDI-TOF质谱峰与伦茨菌属各菌种模式菌株的15种核糖体蛋白质分别匹配,通过最大匹配数及质谱峰强度模式可鉴定至属或种。【结论】本研究建立了基于15种核糖体蛋白质标志物及MALDI-TOF MS技术鉴定伦茨菌属放线菌的方法,可为放线菌纲其他类群的快...     

利用基因组学和MALDI-TOF MS技术鉴定放线菌纲细菌的核糖体蛋白质标志物

【目的】基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)法基于微生物的特征蛋白指纹图谱鉴定菌种,本研究利用基因组学和MALDI-TOFMS技术鉴定放线菌纲细菌的核糖体蛋白质标志物。【方法】从MALDI-TOF MS图谱数据库选取放线菌纲代表菌种,在基因组数据库检索目标菌种,获取目标菌株或其参比菌株的核糖体蛋白质序列,计算获得分子质量理论值,用于注释目标菌株MALDI-TOFMS指纹图谱中的核糖体蛋白质信号。【结果】从8目,24科,53属,114种,142株放线菌的MALDI-TOFMS图谱中总共注释出31种核糖体蛋白质。各菌株的指纹图谱中核糖体蛋白质信号数量差异显著。各种核糖体蛋白质信号的注释次数差异显著。总共15种核糖体蛋白质在超过半数图谱中得到注释,注释次数最高的是核糖体大亚基蛋白质L36。【结论】本研究找到了放线菌纲细菌MALDI-TOF MS图谱中常见的15种核糖体蛋白质信号,可为通过识别核糖体蛋白质的质谱特征峰鉴定放线菌的方法建立提供依据。     

察汗淖放线菌资源探查及抗菌活性筛选

【背景】细菌耐药形势严峻,寻找新型抗生素迫在眉睫。放线菌是生产抗生素的重要药物资源。盐湖是一种高盐度的内陆水体,既往研究表明其中的放线菌物种多样、新资源丰富、生物活性广泛,极具开发潜力。【目的】探究察汗淖盐湖土壤中放线菌菌种的组成,并筛选抗菌活性菌株,为发现新颖的抗菌化合物储备菌种资源。【方法】采用19种选择培养基,以涂布平板法分离放线菌。基于16S r RNA基因的相似度鉴定菌株,并分析其多样性和新颖性。根据菌属类别及其新颖性,选择代表菌株进行Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型聚酮合酶(polyketide synthases,PKS)和非核糖体肽合成酶(non-ribosomal polypeptide synthases,NRPS)抗生素生物合成基因的PCR扩增;代表菌株的发酵液上清和菌体分别经乙酸乙酯和丙酮提取后,采用纸片扩散法进行抗菌活性检测。【结果】从9个土壤样品中分离获得250株放线菌,隶属于放线菌纲的9个目16个科28个属,链霉菌属(88株,占比35.2%)和拟诺卡氏菌属(68株,占比27.2%)为优势菌属。15株链霉菌与近缘菌株16S r RNA基因的最高相似度低于98.65%,推测其归属于...     

红斑丹毒丝菌免疫原性蛋白的鉴定及其编码基因的克隆和测序北大核心CSCD

【目的】为深入研究红斑丹毒丝菌的免疫保护性抗原及其致病机制,采用免疫蛋白组学技术鉴定红斑丹毒丝菌的免疫原性蛋白。【方法】通过SDS-PAGE电泳分离红斑丹毒丝菌C43065株的NaOH提取抗原,用兔抗NaOH提取抗原抗血清经Western blot检测免疫原性蛋白,通过MALDI-TOF质谱技术鉴定蛋白种类,并对部分免疫原性蛋白的编码基因进行克隆和测序。【结果】通过MALDI-TOF质谱技术从C43065株NaOH提取抗原中鉴定出9个免疫原性蛋白,分别为Spa A、伴侣蛋白GroEL、烯醇化酶、ATP结合盒转运蛋白、丙酮酸脱氢酶复合物E1、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶、果糖二磷酸醛缩酶、50S核糖体蛋白L1、30S核糖体蛋白S4。其中烯醇化酶、ATP结合盒转运蛋白、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶和果糖二磷酸醛缩酶已被证实与链球菌、牙龈卟啉单胞菌、脑膜炎奈瑟菌和结核分枝杆菌的致病性相关。C43065株伴侣蛋白GroEL、烯醇化酶、ATP结合盒转运蛋白、丙酮酸脱氢酶复合物E1、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶和果糖二磷酸醛缩酶编码基因大小分别为1614、1296、1260、1005和867 bp,与已公布的红斑丹毒丝菌Fujisawa株相应基因的相似度高达98%。【结论】本文所鉴定的9个免疫原性蛋白,为进一步开展红斑丹毒丝菌保护性抗原及其致病机制研究奠定基础。     

河北九莲城淖尔可培养放线菌多样性及抗菌活性筛选

【目的】勘探干涸的九莲城淖尔土壤放线菌多样性并进行活性筛选,以期发现药用微生物资源,为新抗生素的发现奠定基础。【方法】采用15种分离培养基,以稀释涂布法分离放线菌;根据分离菌株的16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析放线菌多样性;发酵液经乙酸乙酯萃取,菌丝体经丙酮浸提,获得提取浓缩物样品;样品通过纸片扩散法进行抗菌活性初筛;抗菌阳性菌株采用PCR技术进行Ⅰ型聚酮合酶(PKS I)KS域、Ⅱ型聚酮合酶(PKS II)KS域和非核糖体多肽合成酶(NRPS)A结构域抗生素生物合成基因的检测。【结果】从11份盐湖土壤样品中分离纯化到251株放线菌,其分布于放线菌纲的10个目15个科31个属,其中优势菌属为链霉菌属和拟诺卡氏菌属;251株放线菌中包括57株耐(嗜)盐放线菌,其优势菌属为拟诺卡氏菌属(22株)和涅斯捷连科氏菌属(15株)。基于16S r RNA基因序列的系统发育分析显示,菌株J11Y309为糖霉菌科潜在新属,菌株J12GA03为分枝杆菌科潜在新种。96株放线菌活性检测结果显示,56株至少对1株检定菌具有抗菌活性,阳性率为58.3%;56株有活性的放线菌中,47株至少含有1种抗生素生物合成基因,其中17株同时具有3种抗生素生物合成基因。【结论】干涸的九莲城淖尔土壤中含有较为丰富的药用放线菌资源,具有从中发现放线菌新物种和新抗生素的潜力。     

湛江高桥红树林沉积物放线菌多样性及其中一株链霉菌产生的germicidins类化合物的鉴定

【目的】从3种红树林植物根际沉积物中分离和鉴定放线菌,进行抑菌活性初筛获得目标菌株并研究其次级代谢产物。【方法】使用5种培养基对红树林植物根际沉积物放线菌进行分离,采用16S rRNA基因序列比对的方法研究沉积物中的放线菌多样性,结合抑菌活性筛选获得目标菌株后进行放大规模发酵和分离鉴定次级代谢产物,根据生物合成基因簇定位和分析对化合物的生物合成途径进行推导。【结果】从3种红树林植物根际沉积物中分离得到放线菌49株,包括链霉菌属(Streptomyces)31株、小单孢菌属(Micromonospora)14株、小双孢菌属(Microbispora)、链孢子囊菌属(Streptosporangium)、野野村氏菌属(Nonomuraea)和糖单孢菌属(Saccharomonospora)各1株。获得粗浸膏抑菌活性较好的菌株Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 40067,从中分离鉴定了6个α-吡喃酮类化合物：germicidin A–C、germicidin I和isogermicidin A–B,并首次报道了germicidin A的晶体结构。从菌株SCSIO 40067基因组...     

产PK和NRP类抗生素苦豆子内生放线菌分子筛选及抗生素类型鉴定

【目的】从19株苦豆子内生拮抗放线菌中筛选PKSⅠ、PKSⅡ和NRPS基因阳性菌株,并对其产抗生素种类进行初步鉴定,为苦豆子内生放线菌资源的合理开发和利用提供理论依据。【方法】分别以PKSⅠ、PKSⅡ和NRPS基因引物对19株拮抗菌株进行特异性扩增,筛选阳性菌株;以7种抗生素标准样品为对照,采用TLC和HPLC法对阳性菌株所产抗生素类型进行鉴定。【结果】PKSⅠ、PKSⅡ和NRPS基因阳性菌株率分别为47.4%、10.5%和21.1%;9株内生放线菌发酵液中各有1个峰的洗脱时间与麦迪霉素的洗脱时间一致,菌株NDZKDS69的发酵液中有4个峰的洗脱时间分别与麦迪霉素、乙酰螺旋霉素、替考拉宁和土霉素标准样品的洗脱时间一致。【结论】苦豆子内生放线菌中链霉菌属(Strepomyces)菌株是大环内脂类、芳香环类和非核糖体多肽类抗生素的丰富菌源;分子指纹图谱和化学指纹图谱检测结果一致,且建立的TLC和HPLC法检测抗生素的方法简便、快捷、灵敏、重复性良好。     

欧洲疮痂链霉菌F5的鉴定及其抗菌活性

【背景】木豆(Cajanus cajan)是一种具有多种药理活性的药用植物,目前对其根际功能放线菌的认识和研究有限,有必要对其应用开发潜力进行研究。【目的】从木豆根际土中筛选一株对植物病原菌和常见病原菌具有广谱拮抗活性的放线菌菌株,鉴定菌株的分类地位、相关代谢产物及可能的生物合成途径,为该菌株的开发应用提供数据支撑。【方法】以7种常见植物病原真菌及8种常见病原菌为指示菌,采用平板对峙法和滤纸片扩散法筛选具有广谱抗菌活性的放线菌菌株,基于形态观察与系统发育分析对该菌株进行分类鉴定,并通过高分辨质谱和超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)对活性菌株的次生代谢产物进行鉴定与验证。采用PCR扩增菌株聚酮合成酶Ⅰ(polyketide synthase,PKS-Ⅰ)和非核糖体多肽合成酶(non-ribosomal peptide synthetase,NRPS)基因,明确其活性代谢产物可能的生物合成途径。【结果】通过抑菌试验筛选得到拮抗放线菌F5,确定其为欧洲疮痂链霉菌(Streptomyces europaeiscabiei),F5菌株基因组中含有编码PKS-Ⅰ和NRPS合成的相关基...     

ITS序列分析与MALDI-TOF MS质谱技术在丝状真菌鉴定中的应用

丝状真菌常用的鉴定方法为形态方法和基因鉴定方法,前者限于检验人员的知识和技能,后者操作繁琐,费用略昂贵,不适合常规开展。因此,寻找丝状真菌快速鉴定方法势在必行。本文采用VITEK MALDI-TOF MS（基质辅助激光解析电离时间飞行质谱）IVD数据库（3.0版本）对临床分离的254株丝状真菌进行鉴定,并以ITS（internal transcribed spacer 内转录间隔区）序列分析为标准,验证MALDI-TOF MS质谱技术鉴定丝状真菌的准确性。结果表明MALDI-TOF MS质谱技术可以对大部分丝状真菌实现快速、准确的鉴定,其中对毛癣菌属（100%）、毛孢子菌属（100%）、毛霉菌属（100%）、曲霉菌属（96.5%）准确率很高,对犬小孢子菌（75%）、镰刀菌属（50%）、新月弯孢霉（46.2%）准确率较低,对丝状真菌鉴定的总体准确率为86.36%,与ITS测序分析符合率为83.97%。     

川滇四区森林土壤纯培养放线菌多样性及生物活性

【目的】为了从放线菌发现新的药物先导化合物,研究了川滇4个地区的放线菌多样性及其生物活性。【方法】采集250份土样,用4种培养基分离放线菌;从中选择98株代表菌进行了初步分类鉴定;采用琼脂扩散法,检测了169株放线菌对4种细菌和7种真菌的抑菌活性;利用特异性引物扩增法,测定了它们产生的聚酮合酶(PKSI、PKSⅡ)基因、非核糖体多肽合成酶(NRPS)基因和多烯类化合物合成酶(CYP)基因。【结果】黄荆老林的放线菌有13个属,峨眉山、青城山仅5个属,九寨沟9个属,西双版纳达20个属;不同地区的放线菌具有抗菌活性的菌株平均约占10%;有27%-36%的菌株产生PKSI、II、NRPS、CPY化合物合成基因。【结论】在采集样品的地区中,人类干扰越少,放线菌的多样性越高。分离放线菌时,使用"极端"条件,虽然分离到的放线菌数量可能不多,但获得未知菌的比例较大。添加抑制剂可减少革兰氏阴性细菌和真菌,有利于分离放线菌。     

Comparative study of Bifidobacteriumanimalis, Escherichiacoli, Lactobacilluscasei and Saccharomycesboulardii probiotic properties

The present work investigates some probiotic properties of four different microorganisms (Bifidobacterium animalis var. lactis BB-12, Escherichia coli EMO, Lactobacillus casei and Saccharomyces boulardii). In vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to compare cell wall hydrophobicity, production of antagonistic substances, survival capacity in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice without pathological consequence, and immune modulation by stimulation of Küpffer cells, intestinal sIgA and IL-10 levels. In vitro antagonism against pathogenic bacteria and yeast was only observed for the probiotic bacteria B. animalis and L. casei. The hydrophobic property of the cell wall was higher for B. animalis and E. coli EMO, and this property could be responsible for a better ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice. Higher levels of sIgA were observed mainly for S. boulardii, followed by E. coli EMO and B. animalis, and only S. boulardii induced a significant higher level of IL-10. In conclusion, for a probiotic use, S. boulardii presented better characteristics in terms of immunomodulation, and B. animalis and L. casei for antagonistic substance production. The knowledge of the different probiotic properties could be used to choice the better microorganism depending on the therapeutic or prophylactic application.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Non-specificity of a colorimetric method for the estimation of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine

The colorimetric method of Reissig et al. for the estimation of N-acetylamino sugars, is often used as a specific method for the quantification of the N-acetyl-d-glucosamine. Although this assay is more sensitive to the monomer, it recognizes all soluble N-acetyl-d-glucosamine oligomers. This result is very important because this method is extensively used in biology for the estimation of chitinolytic activity.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

Characterization of recA genes and recA mutants of Rhizobium meliloti and Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae

Summary DNA fragments carrying the recA genes of Rhizobium meliloti and Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae were isolated by complementing a UV-sensitive recA ^– Escherichia coli strain. Sequence analysis revealed that the coding region of the R. meliloti recA gene consists of 1044 by coding for 348 amino acids whereas the coding region of the R. leguminosarum bv. viciae recA gene has 1053 bp specifying 351 amino acids. The R. meliloti and R. leguminosarum bv. viciae recA genes show 84.8% homology at the DNA sequence level and of 90.1% at the amino acid sequence level. recA ^– mutant strains of both Rhizobium species were constructed by inserting a gentamicin resistance cassette into the respective recA gene. The resulting recA mutants exhibited an increased sensitivity to UV irradiation, were impaired in their ability to perform homologous recombination and showed a slightly reduced growth rate when compared with the respective wild-type strains. The Rhizobium recA strains did not have altered symbiotic nitrogen fixation capacity. Therefore, they represent ideal candidates for release experiments with impaired strains.The accession numbers: X59956 R. LEGUMINOSARUM REC A ALAS-DNA; X59957 R. MELITOTI REC A ALAS-DNA     

Analysis of urinary N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cysteine, the mercapturic acid derived from N,N-dimethylformamide

Human biotransformation of the industrial solvent N,N-dimethylformamide gives raise to N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cysteine (AMCC) which has the longest half-life (about 23 h) among urinary metabolites of N,N-dimethylformamide. It could be used for monitoring industrial exposure over several workdays, by measuring it in urine samples collected at the end of the working week. This is consistent with the suggestions of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, which established a limit of 40 mg/l for the year 2000. An easy, cheap and user-friendly method has been developed for determination of urinary AMCC. Unlike currently available methods, it requires neither a time-consuming preparation phase nor gas chromatographic analysis with a nitrogen-phosphorus or mass detector. The method uses high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with an UV detector at 436 nm. A 10-μl volume of urine is added to a carbonate–hydrogen carbonate buffer and mixed with a dabsyl chloride solution in acetonitrile. The reaction between AMCC and the reagent is performed at 70°C for 10 min. The ‘dabsylated’ product is stable for at least 12 h. After brief centrifugation, the solution is ready for HPLC analysis using a C₁₈ column (250×4.6 mm, 5 μm). The method is sensitive (detection limit 1.8 mg/l) and specific. It identified urinary AMCC in urine of 40 subjects not exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide with a median concentration of 3.9 mg/l. In urine samples from 20 workers exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide (5–40.8 mg/m³), AMCC concentrations ranged from 16 to 170 mg/l. Industrial toxicology laboratories with limited instrumentation will be able to use it in the biological monitoring of workers exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide.     

Hydroxylation of steroids by Fusarium oxysporum, Exophiala jeanselmei and Ceratocystis paradoxa

The potential of Fusarium oxysporum var. cubense UAMH 9013 to perform steroid biotransformations was reinvestigated using single phase and pulse feed conditions. The following natural steroids served as substrates: dehydroepiandrosterone (1), pregnenolone (2), testosterone (3), progesterone (4), cortisone (5), prednisone (6), estrone (7) and sarsasapogenin (8). The results showed the possible presence of C-7 and C-15 hydroxylase enzymes. This hypothesis was explored using three synthetic androstanes: androstane-3,17-dione (9), androsta-4,6-diene-3,17-dione (10) and 3α,5α-cycloandrost-6-en-17-one (11). These fermentations of non-natural steroids showed that C-7 hydroxylation was as a result of that position being allylic. The evidence also pointed towards the presence of a C-15 hydroxylase enzyme.The eleven steroids were also fed to Exophialajeanselmei var. lecanii-corni UAMH 8783. The results showed that the fungus appears to have very active 5α and 14α-hydroxylase enzymes, and is also capable of carrying out allylic oxidations.Ceratocystis paradoxa UAMH 8784 was grown in the presence of the above-mentioned steroids. The results showed that monooxygenases which effect allylic hydroxylation and Baeyer–Villiger rearrangement were active. However, redox reactions predominated.     

Application of petG-trnP sequence to systematic study of Chinese Cupressus species

Chinese Cupressus L. includes five species. The molecular phylogenetic relationship of the Cupressus species and Chamaecyparis L. were determined by comparing 417–479 bp of chloroplast petG-trnP intergenic spacer sequence. In PAUP^* analysis, Platycladus orientalis was used as the functional out group. By using the maximum likelihood method 1 077 trees were examined and the result showed that one tree had a best score of -Ln=2 232.47. The phylogenetic tree clearly showed that Chamaecyparis nootkatensis was diverged from other Chamaecyparis species. Based on the results, together with evidences from other aspects, we consider that Cupressus funebris and Chamaecyparis nootkatensis should be placed in the genus Cupressus. The use of cpDNA intergenic spacer petG-trnP in Cupressus was also discussed. __________ Translated from Journal of Sichuan University (Natural Science Edition), 2005, 42(5): 1033–1037 [译自: 四川大学学报 (自然科学版) 2005, 42(5): 1033–1037]     

Nomenclatural changes resulting from the transfer of tropical African Sarcostemma to Cynanchum ( Apocynaceae : Asclepiadoideae )

Summary  Four species of tropical African Sarcostemma are transferred to Cynanchum together with two subspecies of S. viminale. In addition, Sarcostemma mulanjense is reduced to subspecific rank under C. viminale.