Plant community structure in reclaimed lands on the West Coast of Korea

Plant species distribution was studied on five reclaimed lands and one intertidal flat (control) on the western coast of Korea. Nineteen soil properties were analyzed. Of these, soil moisture, electrical conductivity, and levels of Na and Cl had the greatest effect on plant distribution. The plant species were divided into four groups, according to the amount of soil moisture found at their habitats.Triglochin maritimum andTypha angustata were found on the wettest sites;Phragmites communis, Carex scabrifolia, Suaeda japonica, Zoysia sinica, andSalicornia herbacea in places with relatively high moisture;Aster tripolium andPhacelurus latifolius in areas with medium levels of moisture; andAtriplex subcordata, Chenopodium virgatum, andTrifolium repens in the driest areas. The species also were divided into four groups, according to the degree of soil electrical conductivity: Highest,S. herbacea, Limonium tetragonum, Suaeda asparagoides, andS. japonica; Relatively high,A. tripolium, C. scabrifolia, P. communis, Artemisia scoparia, andZ sinka; Relatively low,Setaria viridis, C. virgatum, Sonchus brachyotus, A. subcordata, Calamagrostis epigeios, andT. angustata; and Lowest,Imperata cylindrica var.koenigii, Aeschynomene indica, Lotus corniculatus var.japonicus, andT. repens. On reclaimed land, plant species were found in zones, according to the degree of desalinization (i.e., levels of Na and Cl).     

盐碱草地植物种群分布与土壤营养关系的一种分析方法——土壤营养位分析

基于对松嫩盐碱草地植物种群分布特点及影响植物种群分布格局的生态环境因素的分析,提出了盐碱草地植物种群分布与土壤营养关系的一种分析方法--土壤营养位分析。给出了土壤营养位的计测方法,并讨论了土壤营养位效能指标的选择和土壤营养轴上测定指标的处理。     

整合型碱性蛋白酶基因工程菌中抗性基因的敲除*

要：利用大肠杆菌载体pET—韶a和穿梭载体PHY3肋队构建了敲除载体p10c,通过DP4A变性技术和同源重组技术成功地敲除了整合型碱性蛋白酶基因工程茵BP旧1中的卡那霉素抗性基因(M),得到11株敲除卡那霉素抗性基因的阳性克隆,并使产酶水平保持稳定。该方法的建立为基因敲除技术在工业微生物研究中应用提供了经验,并为微生物来源的转基因产品安全性的研究提供了模型。     

Influence of soil type,crop and air drying on residual carbohydrate content and aggregate stability after treatment with periodate and tetraborate

Summary The relationship between the water stability of microaggregates and the residual carbohydrate content of soil was examined in 15 soils from 7 soil series under various cultivations. The carbohydrate was progressively removed by increasing the time of treatment with 0.02M periodate and 0.1M tetraborate. The resulting decrease in reducing sugar content was significantly correlated with an increased disruption of microaggregates (>45 m) as determined by a turbidimetric method. The most effective treatment removed about 80% of the soil carbohydrate and caused an increase of about 75% in the fraction of microaggregates (<45 m) compared to untreated soil.15–20 percent of the soil carbohydrate was resistant to oxidation by periodate, even after prolonged reaction times and contained a higher relative proportion of glucose, arabinose, and xylose than the oxidised material. Sugars typical of microbial sources, mannose, galactose, rhamnose and fucose, were therefore preferentially oxidised by the periodate treatment.The grassland soils generally had higher carbohydrate contents than the arable soils and initially had a greater degree of aggregation. However, periodate oxidation affected each soil in its own characteristic manner. A significant inverse linear relationship between the degree of disruption and the residual sugar content was found with 13 of the 15 soils. Over the range measured aggregate stability was therefore related to the presence of carbohydrate predominantly from microbial sources.     

三温模型——基于表面温度测算蒸散和评价环境质量的方法Ⅰ．土壤蒸发

 三温模型是近年提出的测算蒸散量和评价环境质量的一种方法,因为该模型的核心是表面温度、参考表面温度、气温,所以被称为“三温模型”。该文通过理论分析结合实验的方法, 讨论了用三温模型测算土壤蒸发量的方法及其验证。通过引入没有蒸发的参考土壤的概念, 三温模型中用下式计算土壤蒸发量：LE=Rn-G-(Rnd-Gd)(Ts-Ta)/Tsd-Ta 式中,E为土壤蒸发量,L为水汽的汽化潜热,Rn和Rnd为蒸发土壤面和参考土壤面的净辐射, G和Gd为蒸发土壤和参考土壤热通量,Ts、Tsd、Ta分别为蒸发土壤的表面温度、参考土壤表面温度、气温。试验结果表明,在参考土壤和蒸发土壤中,能量通量存在明显差异,参考土壤中的土壤热通量和净辐射通量均小于蒸发土壤,而显热通量则大于蒸发土壤;在一般情况下,参考土壤的表面温度最高,蒸发土壤表面温度次之,大气温度最低,在土壤湿润时,这些差异更为显著。 经过与大型称重式蒸渗仪的实测值比较,三温模型能较好地计算土壤蒸发量,在22 d的实验期间内,绝对平均误差仅为0.17 mm•d^-1,相关系数达r²=0.88。与热电偶测温结果相比较 ,采用红外温度计测温的结果更为精确,和实测值的绝对平均误差仅为每天0.15 mm•d ^-1,相关系数达r²=0.94,表明三温模型有较好的精度。另外,三温模型在计算土壤蒸发量时, 所需要的参数种类少（净辐射、土壤热通量、温度）,不含经验系数,不需要空气动力学阻抗和表面阻抗等参数,因此简便实用,具有较好的应用前景。     

北方土壤中Mn的形态及其与活性Mn的关系

用逐步连续分级浸提法研究了我国北方主要土壤中Mn的存在形态及其与活性Mn的关系.碱性土壤中Mn的形态分布特征为氧化锰态Mn>残留态Mn>有机质结合态Mn>无定形铁结合态Mn>晶形铁结合态Mn>代换态Mn,与酸性土壤的排列顺序明显不同.碱性上壤条件导致土壤中的Mn更多地向生物无效态转化,使得土壤的活性Mn主要以氧化锰态和代换态存在.     

Effects of sieving, drying and rewetting upon soil bacterial community structure and respiration rates

Soil microcosm studies often require some form of soil homogenisation, such as sieving, to provide a representative sample. Frequently, soils are also homogenised following drying and are then rewetted, yet little research has been done to understand how these methods impact upon microbial communities. Here we compared the molecular diversity and functional responses of intact cores from a Scottish grassland soil with homogenised samples prepared by drying, sieving and rewetting or freshly sieving wet soils. Results showed that there was no significant difference in total soil CO₂-C efflux between the freshly sieved and intact core treatments, however, respiration was significantly higher in the dried and rewetted microcosms. Molecular fingerprinting (T-RFLP) of bacterial communities at two different time-points showed that both homogenisation methods significantly altered bacterial community structure with the largest differences being observed after drying and rewetting. Assessments of responsive taxa in each treatment showed that intact cores were dominated by Acidobacterial peaks whereas an increased relative abundance of Alphaproteobacterial terminal restriction fragments were apparent in both homogenised treatments. However, the shift in community structure was not as large in the freshly sieved soil. Our findings suggest that if soil homogenisation must be performed, then fresh sieving of wet soil is preferable to drying and rewetting in approximating the bacterial diversity and functioning of intact cores.     

西藏拉鲁湿地夏季土壤线虫群落特征

2010年6–7月,对拉鲁湿地5个样点的土壤动物进行了调查,共捕获土壤线虫10183条,隶属于2纲6目8科14属,其中真矛线属(Eudorylaimus)、似绕线属(Anaplectus)、地单宫属(Geomonhystera)为优势类群,占土壤线虫总个体数的62.23%。营养类群有食细菌线虫和捕食-杂食线虫。不同样点中,土壤线虫的类群数和个体数垂直分布差异显著(P<0.05),大小顺序为0–5 cm>5–15 cm。5个样点的土壤线虫Shannon-Weiner多样性指数(H′)依次为3#>5#>4#>1#>2#。5个样点间土壤线虫群落的相似程度为极不相似到中等不相似(S值在0.154–0.667)。     

Intermittent drying of bioproducts--an overview

Unlike the conventional practice of supplying energy for batch drying processes at a constant rate, newly developed intermittent drying processes employ time-varying heat input tailored to match the drying kinetics of the material being dried. The energy required may be supplied by combining different modes of heat transfer (e.g. convection coupled with conduction or radiation or dielectric heating simultaneously or in a pre-selected sequence) in a time-varying fashion so as to provide optimal drying kinetics as well as quality of the bioproduct. This is especially important for drying of heat-sensitive materials (such as foods, pharmaceutical, neutraceutical substances, herbs, spices and herbal medicines). Intermittent heat supply is beneficial only for materials which dry primarily in the falling rate period where internal diffusion of heat and moisture controls the overall drying rate. Periods when little or no heat is supplied for drying allow the tempering period needed for the moisture and heat to diffuse within the material. As the moisture content increases at the surface of the biomaterial during the tempering period, the rate of drying is higher when heat input is resumed. It is possible to control the heat input such that the surface temperature of the product does not exceed a pre-determined value beyond which thermal damage of the material may occur. This process results in reduction in the use of thermal energy as well as the mass of air used in convective drying. Thus, the thermal efficiency of such a process is higher. The quality of the product, as such color and ascorbic acid content, is also typically superior to that obtained with a continuous supply of heat. However, in some cases, there will be a nominal increase in drying time. In the case of microwave-assisted and heat pump drying, for example, the capital cost of the drying system can also be reduced by drying in the intermittent mode.

This paper provides an overview of the basic process, selected results from experiments and mathematical models for a variety of biomaterials dried in a wide assortment of dryers. It begins with a classification of intermittent drying processes that may be applied e.g. time-varying temperature, air flow rate, operating pressure as well as heat input by different modes and in different temporal variations. The beneficial effects of improving the quality of dried bioproducts by different intermittent processes are also included and discussed.     

九段沙不同演替阶段湿地土壤微生物呼吸的差异性及其影响因素

通过分析九段沙不同演替阶段湿地土壤微生物呼吸及其土壤微环境因子,研究了不同类型湿地土壤微生物呼吸的差异性及其影响因素。结果表明,处于不同植被演替阶段的湿地土壤微生物呼吸具有显著差异(P0.05),海三棱藨草区高于芦苇区,互花米草区最高(0.367 mg.g-1.(24h)-1),互花米草的引种及蔓延增强了入侵区域土壤微生物呼吸。综合考虑不同植被类型湿地土壤微生物呼吸及植被生物量,芦苇区呼吸微弱、植被生物量最高,在理论上具有更高的有机碳碳汇聚能力。通径分析结果显示,影响土壤微生物呼吸强度的主要生物因素有:原核微生物多样性(Shannon指数)和土壤微生物生物量;土壤有机质、硝态氮及土壤含水量对上述微生物活性指标有显著影响,因此也属于土壤微生物呼吸的主要影响因素。     

Importance of inlet air velocity in fluid bed dyring of a granulation prepared in a high shear granulator

Conclusions  This report shows that inlet air velocity can play a critical role in maintaining proper fluidization and, ultimately, uniform drying. The mechanism by which air velocity affects fluidization has been discussed by various researchers [4–5]. An indication of good fluidization is a free downward flow of the granules at the sight glass of the drying bowl, but such limited observation could be misleading. In such cases, the exhaust air temperature can be used to detect poor fluidization. If the exhaust air temperature rises more rapidly than anticipated, as seen with process 1 (Figure 1), it is an indication that fluidization is incomplete. In conclusion, a fundamental understanding of the mechanism of fluidization by inlet air will help in the development of a fluid bed drying process that produces uniformly dried granules and minimizes the number of process problems encountered.     

Comparison of Soil Organic Matter in Created, Restored and Paired Natural Wetlands in North Carolina

Soil organic matter (SOM) content is a key indicator of soil quality and is correlated to a number of important soil processes that occur in wetlands such as respiration, denitrification, and phosphorus sorption. To better understand the differences in the SOM content of created (CW), restored (RW), and paired natural wetlands (NWs), 11 CW/RW-NW pairs were sampled in North Carolina. The site pairs spanned a range of hydrogeomorphic (HGM) subclasses common in the Coastal Plain. The following null hypotheses were tested: (1) SOM content of paired CW/RWs and NWs are similar; (2) SOM content of wetlands across different HGM subclasses is similar; and (3) interactions between wetland status (CW/RW vs. NW) and hydrogeomorphic subclass are similar. The first null hypothesis was rejected as CW/RWs had significantly lower mean SOM (11.8 ± 3.9%) than their paired NWs (28.98 ± 8.0%) on average and at 10 out of the 11 individual sites. The second and third null hypotheses were also rejected as CW/RWs and NWs in the non-riverine organic soil flat subclass had significantly higher mean SOM content (31.08 ± 14.2%) than the other three subclasses (8.18 ± 2.5, 11.18 ± 8.2, and 10.38 ± 4.2%). Individual sites within this fourth subclass also had significantly different SOM content. This indicated that it would be inappropriate to include the organic soil flat subclass with either the riverine or non-riverine mineral soil flat subclasses when considering restoration guidelines. These results also suggested that if there is a choice in mitigation options between restoration or creation, wetlands should be restored rather than created, especially those in the non-riverine organic soil flat subclass.     

Rock-phosphate mobilization induced by the alkaline uptake pattern of legumes utilizing symbiotically fixed nitrogen

Summary Soybean and alfalfa were grown on sand and soil to which P was added in the form of finely ground rock phosphates. When the legumes depended on NO₃ as N source, more anionic than cationic nutrients were absorbed. This resulted in a pH increase in the growth medium and in very low availability of P added as rock phosphate. When, however, the legumes made use of symbiotically fixed N, more cationic than anionic nutrients were absorbed leading to an acidification of the growth medium and an ensuing mobilization and higher availability of the rock phosphates.Symbiotic N fixation which initiates the chain of reactions leading to an increased availability of rock phosphate-P is dependent on photosynthate supply and on the availability of phosphate. Therefore, in a separate experiment it was investigated whether a priming effect exerted by a small quantity of added easily soluble phosphate, could enhance the availability of rock phosphate-P to legumes. Results obtained indicated that easily soluble phosphate might indeed be effective in this respect.     

Characterization of human placental alkaline phosphatase by activity and protein assays, capillary electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) that had been isolated from human placenta was further purified using subsequent ion-exchange chromatography (IEC), affinity chromatography (AC) and centrifugal membrane concentration (CMC). During the process, the PLAP samples from the different stages of purification were characterized regarding purity and activity. This was accomplished by combining Lowry analysis, enzymatic activity assay, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The sample obtained after IEC had a rather low specific activity (6.8 U/mg) and appeared to contain several major contaminants, among which was human serum albumin (HSA). AC followed by CMC yielded PLAP with a specific activity of 128 U/mg. The purity and identity of the protein was indicated by MALDI-TOF-MS yielding a spectrum with one major peak at m/z 58 101. Interestingly, CZE of the pure PLAP revealed a cluster of peaks, which probably reflects the presence of various glycoforms and/or oligomers. The same analytical approach was used to characterize commercially available PLAP. This sample showed a moderate specific activity (15 U/mg) and appeared to be highly impure containing various other proteins.     

湿地生态单元定义及其在湿地恢复中的应用

生态单元的概念在生态系统的环境保护和生物保护中被广泛应用。通过阐述湿地生态单元的定义、内涵和外延,分析了湿地生态单元的特征,介绍了湿地生态系统的内部生态单元、湿地\"外援\"生态单元和人工重建湿地生态单元等在湿地恢复中的应用案例,并对湿地生态单元未来需要关注的研究方向进行了总结,以期为湿地保护与精细化管理提供理论基础和科学依据。     

芽孢杆菌074碱性纤维素酶的研究——Ⅰ.菌种的分离、筛选及发酵条件

从碱性土样中,分离到产碱性纤维素酶的细菌134株。经摇瓶初筛、复筛后,得到一株芽孢杆菌074,在pH9条件下能产生具有较高活性的纤维素酶。该菌株的最适生长pH为中性,最适生长温度为32℃。NaC1对酶的产生影响较大。羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)对酶的产生有一定促进作用,但不是唯一碳源。用最佳培养基和培养条件,48小时酶活性最高可达6u/ml。