真菌在兰科植物种子萌发生长中的作用及相互关系

本文从真菌在兰科种子萌发中的应用、真菌侵染的过程、种子和根系消化真菌的途径及共生真菌的分布等方面,综述了真菌与兰科植物种子萌发及菌根关系的研究进展,讨论了该研究的有关问题及真菌在兰科种子萌发中应用的前景。     

植物群落对景观温度特征指示作用的研究

以德国Kraichgau地区为研究样区,根据转化糖方法获得的野外实测温度数据,就植物群落温度平均指示值在景观尺度上对生境温度的指示效果进行了深入探讨。结果表明：1)群落温度平均指示值与测定的效应温度之间具明显线性正相关;2)群落温度平均指示值能够反映不同坡向条件造成的生境温度差异,但效果随计算方法不同而异。3种不同方法的比较结果说明,直接根据样方资料获得的计算结果,对坡向条件造成的生境温度差异反映明显;3)以样带数据为基础的研究结果对温度随坡向和坡位变化的反映均不够明显。样带没有达到足够的宽度以及样带中局部地段上的种类组成受人为影响严重可能是未达到预期对比效果的主要原因。     

柞蚕卵壳的结构及其与赤眼蜂寄生的关系

柞蚕是我国的一项特产,产茧量占世界总产量的百分之九十以上。中国劳动人民早在两千多年以前就饲养柞蚕,汉代用其茧作絮,到唐宋时利用柞蚕茧丝已相当盛行,所以柞蚕生产在我国具有悠久的历史。蚕区分布在我国东北地区和山东、河南、贵州等省。柞蚕丝是纺织工业的重要原料,除供服饰外,还是多种工业用材,推进柞蚕生产对繁荣山区经济、提供工业原料,具有一定的意义。 柞蚕卵是比较大而坚硬的昆虫卵。文献报道昆虫卵的卵壳是由围绕着卵母细胞的滤泡细胞连续分泌出卵壳蛋白,沉积于卵母细胞外周而形成的(Kafatos 1976)。Paul 等人(1972)对柞蚕卵壳蛋白质的种类做了分析,Kawasaki 等人(1971)分析了柞蚕卵壳蛋白中     

THE SPECIES RICHNESS AND DIVERSITY OF THE ARTHROPOD COMMUNITIES IN RICE FIELDS

Abstract The present paper deals with the characteristics of species richness and diversity of the arthropod communities in different rice fields and at various growing stages of rice based on the data ob tained from field surveys and the measurement of the community diversity. The field surveys were carried out in three different locations which represented three typical rice-growing habitats: mountainous, plain and hilly fields in the suburb of Fuzhou, Fujian Province in 1994. Shannon-Wiener's (1949) average information content(H), Hurlbert's(1971) probability of interspecific encounter (PIE) and Pielou's (1966) formula of equitability (E) were used to measure the diversity of the arthropod communities in the ecosystem of rice fields. The result showed that the species richness of herbivorous insects, carnivorous insects, spiders and total species in the community varied with different fields because of the influence of environmental variables in the habitats, and fluctuated with various growing stages of rice due to the variation of crop nourishment. Changes in the index values of H, PIE and E indicated that the cornmunity diversity and equitability also varied with space (habitats formed by the rice fields) and time (growing stages of rice). The author thinks that the results of the study could be applied to predict and forecast the population dynamics of rice pests, and to develop the rational program of integrated pest management in the specific rice fields. Discussions are also given in some detail on the methodology of measurement of the species richness and diversity of the arthropod communities in rice fields.     

PULSATION FREQUENCY OF THE ADVISCERAL AND ABVISCERAL HEART BEATS OF CIONA INTESTINALIS IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURE

The frequency of pulsation of the heart of Ciona intestinalis increases with temperature in both advisceral and abvisceral direction, according to the Arrhenius equation. The increase in pulsation is the same in both directions. The following µ values were obtained: 8,000–, 12,000+, 16,000, in several combinations, with critical temperatures at 10°, 15°, and 20°C. The values found are comparable with earlier findings for activity of the heart in different animals. This quantitative correspondence suggests anew the conception that temperature characteristics may be employed for recognition of controlling processes. The fact that the µ''s and the critical temperature are the same for advisceral and abvisceral beats, indicates that the general metabolic condition of the two ends of the heart is the same in any one individual.     

四川黄龙沟森林植被中兰科植物群落优势种种间联结和相关分析

四川黄龙沟内分布着十分丰富的兰科植物(19属30余种),并且部分种类在沟内形成优势群落。目前尚不清楚在群落中这些兰科植物种之间作用关系。运用种间关联分析和相关分析对黄龙沟森林植被兰科植物群落中的24个优势种的种间关系进行了研究。两种分析方法得到的结果相近,表明黄龙沟优势兰科植物可以分为两组。一组包括无苞杓兰(Cypripedium bardolphianum)、黄花杓兰(C. flavum)、二叶红门兰(Orchis diantha)、广布红门兰(Orchis chusua)、少花虾脊兰(Calanthe delavayi)和西藏杓兰(C. tibeticum),主要分布在光线充足但又具有一定遮荫条件的环境中;另一组包括筒距兰(Tipularia szechuanica)、沼兰(Malaxis monophyllos)、珊瑚兰(Corallorhiza trifida)、小斑叶兰(Goodyera repens)、布袋兰(Calypso bulbosa)、小花舌唇兰(Platanthera minutiflora)和小叶对叶兰(Listera smithii),它们主要分布于荫蔽的环境中。这些兰科植物在组内大多呈现显著的正相关关系,组间大多呈现显著的负相关关系,说明黄龙沟兰科植物在资源利用方式上可能产生了分化。