涉及临床各科的侵袭性真菌感染

真菌数量大、种类多、分布广。真菌感染因菌种的毒力、感染途径和宿主免疫状态等差异而出现不同的临床表现,临床各科医生都会遇到真菌病患者。真菌病的诊断取决于在病变组织内发现病原真菌成分如菌丝和(或)孢子。从病变组织中分离出真菌是菌种鉴定前提,也是抗真菌治疗的依据。“重视临床、强调菌学”是医学真菌研究的基本思路。真菌学家应该在联系临床与实验室中起关键作用。     

Specialization and medical mycology in the US, Britain and Japan

This paper attempts to bring new insights to a long-standing historical debate over medical specialization by analyzing the formation of medical mycology, a somewhat marginal biomedical discipline that emerged in the mid-twentieth century around studies of fungal disease in humans. The study of fungi predates that of bacteria and viruses, but from the 1880s it became eclipsed by bacteriology. However, in the postwar period, there were moves to establish medical mycology as an independent speciality. I trace the processes that led to the launch of professional societies in the United States, Britain and Japan, three major players in medical mycology, and more broadly in biomedicine. The analysis of the three different national contexts illustrates how geographical, medico-technological, epidemiological, political and social conditions gave the specialty a distinctive character in each country; this was further complicated by the different and changing medical fields in which fungal diseases were studied and treated. The three case studies show medical specialization as a process that is not simply cumulative but responds to specific historical events and developments.     

基于科技计量学的全球真菌学研究态势分析

目的 对全球真菌学研究态势进行分析.方法 检索SCI-Expanded数据库2004～2013年全球真菌学研究研究相关文献,采用Web of Science自带软件及Excel 2007等软件进行定量分析,指标包括文献量、被引频次、h指数等.结果 全球真菌学研究近年来呈上升趋势,美国具有绝对领先,中国、德国、日本也是主要的贡献国家.中国真菌学研究排名第2,但论文整体被引频次偏低;主要贡献来自于2007年以后（98.79％）,中国高校是主要的研究机构,国家自然科学基金是最主要的资助来源.结论 2007年以来中国真菌学研究正处于较好的发展时机,但研究水平仍有待提高.     

Internal amplification controls have not been employed in fungal PCR hence potential false negative results

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is subject to false negative results. Samples of fungi with the genes of interest (e.g. a disease or mycotoxin) may be categorized as negative and safe as a consequence. Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that are involved in many fields of human activity such as antibiotic, toxin and food production. Certain taxa are implicated in human, animal and plant diseases. However, fungi are difficult to identify and PCR techniques have been proposed increasingly for this purpose. Internal amplification controls (IACs) will ameliorate the situation and need to become mandatory. These are nucleic acids that posses a sequence which will provide a PCR product (i) using the same primers employed for the target gene, and (ii) that will not coincide on the gel with the product of the target gene. Only one group of workers employed an IAC, to respond to potential inhibition, which was reported in 1995 from this present assessment of numerous reports. Inhibitors in cultures need to be minimized, and secondary metabolites are an obvious source. The fields reviewed herein include medical mycology, mycotoxicology, environmental mycology and plant mycology. The conclusion is that previous reports are compromised because IACs have not been employed in fungal PCR; future research must include this control at an early stage.     

Editorial introduction to the paper by A. Castellani "Researches on the Etiology of Sleeping Sickness" reprinted from the Journal of Tropical Medicine, June 1, 1903

The paper by Professor Aldo Castellani represents the first report suggesting the causative role of Trypanosoma spp. in the pathogenesis of sleeping sickness and confirms his pivotal role in solving the etiologic dilemma of the disease. Professor Castellani also contributed to a large extent to many other important microbiological discoveries, mainly in the field of mycology, protozoology and bacteriology.     

1988～2011年国家自然科学基金真菌病学资助项目分析及文献复习

目的通过分析1988～2011年国家自然科学基金对真菌病学的资助情况和复习相关文献总结国内真菌病学领域1988～2011年的热点问题及研究现状。方法访问国家自然科学基金ISIS系统C0107、H1104、H1903,检索1988～2011年真菌病学获得国家自然基金资助的项目总数,并对其进行统计分析。结果 1988～2011年真菌病学获得国家自然科学基金资助项目共计95项,每年的资助项目数逐步上升,面上项目和青年基金项目为资助主体。1988～2011年国家自然科学基金对真菌病学的各个研究方向都有项目资助。排在前3位的分别是:隐球菌、念珠菌、曲霉,发表了很多有价值的文章。结论 1988～2011年真菌病学在国家自然科学基金的引领下取得了长足的进步与发展。     

Form and function of fungal spore appendages

A wide variety of fungi have spores with appendages or mucilaginous sheaths, which are most elaborate in aquatic ascomycetes, especially marine species. The form and structure of a wide range of appendaged spores are documented from both taxonomic and ecological fungal groups, and their role in nature is discussed. The effect of environmental factors on appendage development and how ascospores are adapted for release from asci are reviewed. How fungi evolved such a variety of appendages in form and structure is also discussed. This article is dedicated to the late Professor Keisuke Tubaki for his invaluable contribution to mycology and for all his encouragement and support to the author over many years. I appreciate the invitation of the Japanese Mycological Society to write on the above subject, congratulate the society on their 50th anniversary, and wish it well in the coming years.     

学术双交流有利于我国真菌学迈向科技创新之巅

本文回顾了我国现代真菌学的奠基和发展壮大历程及其奠基人戴芳澜之功绩.简述了《Mycosystema》在改革开放与中国科学院面向全国、面向世界、面向未来的国内国际学术双交流中的积极贡献.分析了国际学术单交流的国内科技评价体系有碍迈向世界科技创新强国之弊.积极建议创办有利于国内国际学术双交流的菌物学中英文双语刊物,以促进我...     

Eighty Years of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mycopathologia</Emphasis>: A Retrospective Analysis of Progress Made in Understanding Human and Animal Fungal Pathogens

Mycopathologia was founded in 1938 to ‘diffuse the understanding of fungal diseases in man and animals among mycologists.’ This was an important mission considering that pathogenic fungi for humans and animals represent a tiny minority of the estimated 1.5–5 million fungal inhabitants on Earth. These pathogens have diverged from the usual saprotrophic lifestyles of most fungi to colonize and infect humans and animals. Medical and veterinary mycology is the subdiscipline of microbiology that dwells into the mysteries of parasitic, fungal lifestyles. Among the oldest continuing scientific publications on the subject, Mycopathologia had its share of ‘classic papers’ since the first issue was published in 1938. An analysis of the eight decades of notable contributions reveals many facets of host–pathogen interactions among 183 volumes comprising about 6885 articles. We have analyzed the impact and relevance of this body of work using a combination of citation tools (Google Scholar and Scopus) since no single citation metric gives an inclusive perspective. Among the highly cited Mycopathologia publications, those on experimental mycology accounted for the major part of the articles (36%), followed by diagnostic mycology (16%), ecology and epidemiology (15%), clinical mycology (14%), taxonomy and classification (10%), and veterinary mycology (9%). The first classic publication, collecting nearly 200 citations, appeared in 1957, while two articles published in 2010 received nearly 150 citations each, which is notable for a journal covering a highly specialized field of study. An empirical analysis of the publication trends suggests continuing interests in novel diagnostics, fungal pathogenesis, review of clinical diseases especially with relevance to the laboratory scientists, taxonomy and classification of fungal pathogens, fungal infections and carriage in pets and wildlife, and changing ecology and epidemiology of fungal diseases around the globe. We anticipate that emerging and re-emerging fungal pathogens will continue to cause significant health burden in the coming decades. It remains vital that scientists and physicians continue to collaborate by learning each other’s language for the study of fungal diseases, and Mycopathologia will strive to be their partner in this increasingly important endeavor to its 100th anniversary in 2038 and beyond.     

The role of the amateur in mycology—what would we do without them!

The amateur's role in the history of mycology will be traced from its early roots deeply based in the collection of fungi for food to the amateur's present day activities. Attention will be drawn to the most important key amateur figures studying fungi solely or as a wider part of natural history in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and the early part of the present century. How their work influenced the development of mycology will be demonstrated. It is often forgotten that the authorities attached to fungal names, including those we use in mycology on a daily basis, often belong to amateurs. The true professions of these amateurs, the net-work of correspondents they developed, etc. will be revealed and discussed in the context of an overall understanding of fungi as organisms. In addition the formation of mycological societies, and how they have become a focus of amateur activity and a source of accurate and disciplined information valuable to professional scientists will be plotted. The kind of work undertaken by amateurs I refer to will be demonstrated by documenting the activities of the British Mycological Society which celebrated its centenary in 1996. The continuing work of this band of workers and their counterparts throughout the world in the closing years of the millennium will be described. It is argued that they are nationally important and necessary resources, despite many governments or their advisers, especially the most influential ones, being under the delusion that systematics is not cutting edge science. It is also emphasized that amateurs will have an even more important role to play in the future as custodians of knowledge—until hopefully opinions change. The essential points of this paper were addressed to the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Mycological Society of Japan held at Kyoto University, Kyoto, on 16–17, May 1998.     

The contribution of aerobiology to agriculture

Aerobiology is the science which studies the atmospheric dispersion of biological materials and their impact on the environment and organisms. Therefore aerobiology covers many fields of basic and applied sciences and one of these is agriculture. The study of the dispersion of phytopathogenic spores was one of the first applications of aerobiology together with the study of pollinic aeroallergens in medicine, when aerobiology began to interest scientists more than 60 years ago. At the moment aerobiology could help agriculture in different ways, being able to detect and diffuse large quantities of information useful to optimize the production of many crops. The airborne particulate considered important in agriculture includes pollen, spores and insects; thus, when aerobiology is spoken of as being applied to agriculture, we understand the involvement of many sectors such as agronomy, plant pathology, mycology, botany, enthomology and others.     

单倍型及其在菌物学研究中的应用

单倍型分析在人和动、植物的许多学科领域都取得了丰硕的研究成果。本文主要介绍了单倍型的概念、研究方法,以及常用的可视化网络分析软件的操作步骤,同时综述和讨论了单倍型在菌物学一些领域,如种群的遗传多样性、生物地理来源及迁徙、复合种群中隐存种的界定及其与系统发育关系、生物入侵及新兴病原的单倍型分析侦测等的研究进展,以期为菌物学向更深层次发展提供新的视角和途径。     

对晚清《植物学》一书中真菌学知识的考察

作为我国首部介绍西方近代植物学的书籍,晚清李善兰等人翻译的《植物学》一书也包含一小部分真菌学知识,这对我国近代真菌学的发展具有启蒙作用.通过对这部分内容的考察,发现在该书的分类体系中,真菌被视作一类植物,统称为“蕈类”,隶属于“通长类”（低等植物）.然而和植物学专有名词的创译相比,《植物学》的译者在翻译真菌学内容时,用词随意性较大,没有形成固定的译法,文中甚至还有错误.现代真菌学中常见的“真菌”“孢子”“子囊”等词汇,书中虽简单提及相应的概念,但并未创造出这些中文词汇.造成这种情况的原因,除了译者和时代的问题外,也与当时真菌学尚不发达、真菌学内容在植物学专著中篇幅较小、地位次要等因素有密切联系.     

真菌地衣系统学开放研究实验室 学术委员会第二次会议 简讯

一九八五年四月二十一日至二十二日,我们从事真菌和地衣学研究和教学的十位同志参加了中国科学院召开的《真菌地衣系统学开放研究实验室》可行性论证会的评议.我们认真听取了微生物所申请建立该实验室的建设方案和有关课题的论证发言,并参观了微生物所真菌研究室、技术室、标本室及图书资料室.     

植物病原真菌的菌核研究进展

真菌菌核是相关真菌在特殊环境下由营养体菌丝交织和聚集形成的具有抵御恶劣环境能力的休眠结构,在真菌生活史及病原真菌的病害循环中具有重要的生物学和生态学意义。许多引起严重植物病害的病原真菌能够形成菌核,这类真菌通过菌核度过逆境。菌核在适宜条件下萌发形成子囊盘和孢子或菌丝,造成植物的侵染。本文从形成菌核的真菌种类、生物学特性、黑色素及分子生物学等方面进行综述,旨在为深入研究真菌菌核及其在真菌学、植物病理学及药用真菌学等领域应用提供研究思路和参考依据。     

Hyphal and mycelial consciousness: the concept of the fungal mind

Like other cells, fungal hyphae show exquisite sensitivity to their environment. This reactiveness is demonstrated at many levels, from changes in the form of the hypha resulting from alterations in patterns of exocytosis, to membrane excitation, and mechanisms of wound repair. Growing hyphae detect ridges on surfaces and respond to restrictions in their physical space. These are expressions of cellular consciousness. Fungal mycelia show decision-making and alter their developmental patterns in response to interactions with other organisms. Mycelia may even be capable of spatial recognition and learning coupled with a facility for short-term memory. Now is a fruitful time to recognize the study of fungal ethology as a distinctive discipline within mycology.     

Superficial mycoses in a southern New Zealand district.

A total of 2,709 pathogenic fungi were isolated from 8,762 patients suspected as having mycotic disease, over an 8 year period in Christchurch, New Zealand. The district is climatically designated as temperate with average mean temperatures of 17 degrees C in summer and 8 degrees C in winter. The predominant species of fungi were relatively small in number with Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitals as the major pathogen. Fungi other than true dermatophytes, particularly Candida spp. and Malassezia furfur, were included to demonstrate the full spectrum of superficial mycoses presenting for diagnosis at the mycology clinic.     

《菌物学报》三十年回眸与展望

就下列三方面进行论述:首先就《菌物学报》的简史进行了回顾。对《真菌学报》及《Mycosystema》的创刊及其背景进行了简短叙述。当《Mycosystema》已被《Dictionary of the Fungi》第八版作为世界25种菌物科学定期刊物之一列入国际刊物名录后,学会和开放实验室决定将《真菌学报》并入《Mycosystema》;就中文刊名启用《菌物学报》的背景进行了回顾。其次,就菌物多样性及其分类学与演化系统生物学、《菌物学报》所扮演的三大存取系统之一——菌物信息存取系统的重要性进行了论述。再次,对《菌物学报》的过去和现在的历史性贡献予以肯定;对其今后的作用抱有期望。     

DNA barcoding of oomycetes with cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and internal transcribed spacer

Oomycete species occupy many different environments and many ecological niches. The genera Phytophthora and Pythium for example, contain many plant pathogens which cause enormous damage to a wide range of plant species. Proper identification to the species level is a critical first step in any investigation of oomycetes, whether it is research driven or compelled by the need for rapid and accurate diagnostics during a pathogen outbreak. The use of DNA for oomycete species identification is well established, but DNA barcoding with cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) is a relatively new approach that has yet to be assessed over a significant sample of oomycete genera. In this study we have sequenced COI, from 1205 isolates representing 23 genera. A comparison to internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences from the same isolates showed that COI identification is a practical option; complementary because it uses the mitochondrial genome instead of nuclear DNA. In some cases COI was more discriminative than ITS at the species level. This is in contrast to the large ribosomal subunit, which showed poor species resolution when sequenced from a subset of the isolates used in this study. The results described in this paper indicate that COI sequencing and the dataset generated are a valuable addition to the currently available oomycete taxonomy resources, and that both COI, the default DNA barcode supported by GenBank, and ITS, the de facto barcode accepted by the oomycete and mycology community, are acceptable and complementary DNA barcodes to be used for identification of oomycetes.     

Mycology at the Institute of Microbiology,Russian Academy of Sciences: History and Prospects for the Future

This review deals with the historical development of mycology at the Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences. Starting from the works of Academician G.A. Nadson, the review considers from the historical perspective the main achievements of the researchers of the institute in the field of mycology, including such important subfields as the cytology, genetics, physiology, and biochemistry of mycelial fungi and yeast. The review concerns itself with the major theoretical ideas generated by the team of the Laboratory of Experimental Mycology in the course of their studies of micro- and macromycetes. Special attention is also given to recent developments in biotechnology and medicine, including the development of new drug preparations from biologically active substances of fungi.