白芨多糖胶-瓜尔胶复配溶液的流变性

考察了瓜尔胶溶液和白芨多糖胶-瓜尔胶复配溶液的流变特性。两组溶液呈现典型的假塑性,不同浓度下两组溶液表观黏度(ηa)随剪切速率(τ)的变化可以用Ostwald-Dewaele方程描述。白芨多糖胶和瓜尔胶复配产生协同增效作用,复配溶液的ηa大于单一组分的白芨多糖胶溶液或瓜尔胶溶液的ηa。复配溶液中白芨多糖胶与瓜尔胶的最佳配比是质量比为9∶1。     

肺炎链球菌18C血清型荚膜多糖黏度的初步探讨

目的初步探讨18C型肺炎链球菌(简称肺炎球菌)荚膜多糖的黏度性质及不同溶液体系对其黏度的影响,为肺炎球菌多糖蛋白结合疫苗工艺开发和优化提供基础资料。方法采用黏度计测定不同相对分子质量、不同温度、不同浓度水溶液、不同盐浓度溶液体系和不同pH条件下18C型多糖溶液的黏度。结果 18C型多糖溶液黏度与多糖相对分子质量呈正相关,与溶液温度呈线性负相关(R~2>0.99),与多糖浓度呈线性正相关(R~2>0.98);在0.15 mol/L NaCl溶液中其黏度最小,随盐浓度的增加,其黏度呈线性增加(R~2>0.98);溶液体系pH接近多糖等电点时,溶液的黏度较低,高于其等电点,溶液黏度增加,随后pH变化对溶液黏度的影响不明显。结论以18C型多糖为例,报道了肺炎球菌荚膜多糖溶液黏度及其在不同条件下的变化,提示在这一领域需要进一步的系统研究,为指导疫苗工艺开发、优化提供依据。     

核盘菌多糖的理化性质

核盘菌多糖(SSG)是由核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)通过深层发酵产生的一种胞外多糖,具有潜在的免疫调节活力和明显的抑瘤作用。研究表明,SSG是一种由β-配糖键连接的葡聚糖。在水中溶解缓慢,但粘度较高,并具有良好的流变学性质。其特性粘度几乎不随离子强度的变化而改变,在pH1.88—12.26之间,[η]值变化不显著,但当pH值为13.32时,由于分子构象的变化导致[η]值急骤下降。温度≤90℃和热处理对SSG溶液的表观粘度影响不大。     

毛胶薯蓣多糖胶与常用植物胶的流变性比较研究

用毛胶薯蓣提取分离毛胶薯蓣多糖胶(DSP)。将DSP与其他四种胶(瓜尔胶、魔芋胶、白芨胶、海藻酸钠)的粘度与浓度、温度、pH、降解时间、冻融变化及耐盐性的关系,以及起泡性能进行了比较研究。结果表明:DSP溶液的浓度与粘度正相关;温度在0~40℃间具有良好的热稳定性,40~90℃间其粘度随温度的升高而降低,且符合阿累尼乌斯动力学曲线;pH的改变、冻融变化和加入氯化钠、氯化钙对DSP粘度的影响甚微;同时DSP还具有优良的起泡性。     

人工栽培猴头菌多糖提取工艺及抑菌作用研究

研究人工栽培猴头菌多糖最佳提取工艺和抑菌作用。采用正交试验法研究人工栽培猴头菌多糖的提取工艺,经透析、除蛋白、真空干燥后,采用DEAE-52阴离子交换纤维素进行分离纯化,Nacl分段梯度洗脱得到纯化的人工栽培猴头菌多糖0.2M组分,采用滤纸片扩散法研究人工栽培猴头菌多糖的抑菌作用、pH值对抑菌作用的影响和最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果表明:人工栽培猴头菌多糖的最佳提取工艺为浸提温度60℃、提取时间4 h、料液比1∶25,人工栽培猴头菌多糖对大肠杆菌有一定的抑制作用,对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、沙门氏菌几乎没有抑菌作用。     

植物多糖胶流变性质的研究

胡芦巴、皂荚、野皂荚和塔拉多糖胶水溶液随着浓度的增加,溶液表现为假塑性流体．表现粘度随剪切速率增大而减小。通过Cross模型和实验数据计算得到1％多糖胶零剪切速率时表现粘度η0、无穷大剪切速率时表现粘度η∞和弹性松驰时间等重要流变参数。根据Arrhenius方程和实验数据计算得到1％浓度多糖胶的粘度流化能E和常数A,皂荚胶和塔拉胶的粘流活化能大。时间对多糖胶液粘度影响较大,新配制的多糖胶液随着水化时间的延长,胶液表观粘度增大,胶液放置时间超过24h后,表现粘度随时间的延长而降低。pH值、冻融处理和盐离子对多糖胶表现粘度的影响不太大。多糖胶与硼离子形成的冻胶．其粘度因多糖胶品种而异,其中胡芦巴冻胶粘度最高,是野皂荚冻胶粘度的165倍和瓜尔胶冻胶粘度的2．7倍。     

壳聚糖絮凝沉淀纯化翅果油树叶片多糖的方法探究

采用壳聚糖絮凝沉淀法对翅果油树(Elaeagnus mollis Diels)叶片多糖进行纯化研究,分别考察了壳聚糖用量、絮凝时间、絮凝温度及溶液酸碱度(pH)对吸附色素、沉降蛋白质和多糖损失率的影响,并采用正交试验优化出壳聚糖絮凝法纯化翅果油树叶片多糖的最佳条件为:壳聚糖用量1 mg/mL、溶液pH值=5、絮凝时间50~70 min、絮凝温度20~40℃。实验结果表明,在最佳条件下,色素含量和蛋白质含量分别降低了69%左右和35%左右,多糖的纯度也得到了一定的提高。     

糖质溶液中发酵生产灰树花胞外多糖的研究*

研究了葡萄糖浓度和pH值调控对糖质溶液中发酵生产灰树花胞外多糖的影响。葡萄糖浓度为5%时胞外多糖产量最高 ;发酵液pH控制为 3 5～ 4 0时有利于胞外多糖的合成 ;并尝试了重复使用菌丝体在糖质溶液中发酵生产灰树花胞外多糖的新方法。     

糖质溶液中发酵生产灰树花胞外多糖的研究

研究了葡萄糖浓度和pH值调控对糖质溶液中发酵生产灰树花胞外多糖的影响。葡萄糖浓度为5％时胞外多糖产量最高;发酵液pH控制为3．5－4．0时有利于胞外多糖的合成;并守试了重复使用菌丝体在糖质溶液中发酵生产灰树花胞外多糖的新方法。     

pH对香菇多糖含量及合成关键酶基因转录水平的影响

香菇是一种药食两用真菌,其主要代谢产物香菇多糖具有较高药用价值,研究香菇多糖代谢途径对提高香菇多糖含量具有较大参考价值。以香菇新808为材料,苯酚-硫酸法测定不同pH发酵条件下香菇多糖的含量,通过荧光定量PCR及3个软件(GeNorm、NormFinder和BestKeeper)筛选出了不同pH条件香菇稳定表达的内参基因,并以此为基础分析多糖代谢途径中3个关键酶基因的转录表达水平。结果表明,在实验用pH值范围内(5.0-7.0),香菇菌丝体生物量和胞内多糖含量随着pH值的升高而增加,而胞外多糖含量则呈下降趋势;18S和rpl4分别被鉴定为不同pH发酵条件下最稳定和最不稳定表达的内参基因。不同pH发酵条件UDP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶基因(UGP)的相对表达量明显高于葡萄糖磷酸变位酶基因(PGM)与葡萄糖磷酸异构酶基因(PGI);PGM相对表达量小且稳定,PGI相对表达量较小,但随pH值的变化波动较大。不同pH对香菇生物量及多糖含量的影响存在差异,3个关键酶基因的转录表达水平与多糖含量之间无明显相关性。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism