Smad3基因剔除对小鼠造血功能的影响

研究Smad3基因剔除对小鼠造血功能的影响。实验小鼠分为5组,每组有Smad3基因剔除小鼠（Smad3^-/-）和其同窝孪生的野生型小鼠（Smad3^+/+）各1只。小鼠的造血功能用14天形成的脾结节(CFUS14)、多系祖细胞（CFUGEMM）、粒单系祖细胞（CFUGM）、红系祖细胞（BFUE）测定及外周血象、骨髓象等实验血液学指标来确定。每组小鼠取尾血作白细胞、红细胞和血小板计数,涂片作白细胞分类计数。将一侧股骨的骨髓冲出,制成单细胞悬液,计数其中有核细胞数,测定CFU-GM、BFU-E、CFU-GEMM值。将每只小鼠的4×10⁴个骨髓有核细胞,经尾静脉注入3只8～10周经致死量射线照射的同系雌性小鼠体内,测定14天的CFUS。取一部分胸骨、肝脏、脾脏固定做病理切片,其余胸骨冲出骨髓,涂片作分类计数。结果Smad3^-/-小鼠外周血白细胞和血小板计数明显高于Smad3^+/+小鼠,红细胞数无显著差异。外周血白细胞分类结果也表明粒细胞显著增高。骨髓有核细胞数无显著差异,CFU-GM显著增高,BFU-E 无显著差异,CFU-GEMM明显减少,CFU-S显著减少。病理形态学观察发现骨髓增生极度活跃,以粒系为主,肝脾无显著差别。骨髓涂片分类表明粒系增多,粒系：红系比例增高。因此得出结论Smad3基因剔除使小鼠造血干祖细胞数目减少,而且干祖细胞分化异常,向粒系分化增多。Smad3基因对造血系统的作用与TGF-β的作用有相关性。     

促进真菌染色体重组的MCBL共诱导平板的构建和应用

基于对樟脑(camphor)和苯菌灵(Benomyl)可能分别诱导细胞核膜融合和染色体不分离性重组的机理认识,设计了MCBL共诱导平板,以察氏(Czapek)培养基含有1％camphor及0．5μg／ml Benomyl为基础制作平板。以属间融合组合Aspergilus niger×Trichoserma reesei为例,研究所设计的几种诱导平板处理方法对融合子代群体的基因型和表型变异的影响,结果表明常规分步诱导处理,杂合二倍体阶段缺乏或极短暂难以获得重组单倍体;而经过MCB^L共诱导平板处理能够获得类型齐全的分离子,显著提高表观二倍化率和染色体不分离性重组单倍体的比率。显示MCRL共诱导平板能够有效地扩增捕捉到极短暂杂合二倍体的机率,促进不稳定异核体向重组单倍体的转化。扩增染色体不分离性重组频率。再生菌丝菌 龄对共诱导效果影响显著。由此对共诱导机制和应用前景提出讨论。     

整合型vgb基因载体的构建和研究

运用染色体-质粒同源基因重组的方法将外源Vitreoscilla血红蛋白基因(vgb)整合在大肠杆菌JM105染色体的苏氨酸操纵子位置上,构建单拷贝的vgb表达载体VGl。VGl保持了vgb基因的生理功能,可在低氧条件下表达Citreoscilla血红蛋白使细胞适应贫氧环境;同时它克服了以质粒作为表达载体时vgb基因剂量和表达量过高带来的生理负担,因此可作为一种适于高密度培养的基因工程宿主菌。实验结果还显示vgb基因的表达使VGl与普通大肠杆菌相比在低氧条件下仍能维持较高的呼吸强度,说明vgb基因产物参与了细胞处于低氧水平时的代谢过程。     

扣囊复膜孢酵母β-葡萄糖苷酶基因在毕赤酵母中的克隆与表达

利用PCR技术,从扣囊复膜孢酵母的总DNA中扩增得到β-葡萄糖苷酶（β-Glucosidase）基因 (BGL1),长度为2596 bp,连接到pGEMT载体上,用限制性内切酶切下目的基因,插入到巴斯德毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9K中,使之位于α-因子信号肽下游,且与之同框, 构建成重组质粒pSHL9K。 通过电转化将重组质粒pSHL9K插入到Pichia pastoris GS115菌株染色体中,获得高效表达BGL1基因的毕赤酵母重组工程菌株。重组酶的最适温度为50℃,最适pH为5.4。培养基中β-葡萄糖苷酶活性最高可达47U/mL。     

小鼠金属硫蛋白在聚胞藻中的金属诱导表达与纯化

应用蓝藻类金属硫蛋白基因启动子(smt O-P)的金属诱导性,在单细胞的聚胞藻PCC 6803中表达小鼠金属硫蛋白结构基因(mMT-1 cDNA)。在大肠杆菌HB 101中构建含有smt O-P和mMT1 cDNA的穿梭表达载体pKT-MRE,经质粒转移,链霉素筛选,Southern和Western杂交分析鉴定得稳定的转基因工程藻落。同时,做小批量锌诱导表达,并纯化了外源蛋白,5L培养液含鲜藻重5.0g,得到3.5mg mMT-1;转基因藻在高金属浓度下的耐受性测定表明,外源基因的表达提高了蓝藻对金属离子的抗性,约为野生藻的2倍。     

人工合成的黑曲霉NRRL3135菌株植酸酶基因在毕赤酵母系统中的高效表达

本文以黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)NRRL3135菌株植酸酶基因为对象,通过基因人工合成的方法去除了该基因的内含子与信号肽编码序列,换用在毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)中使用频率较高的密码子以优化其表达。该人工合成植酸酶基因(PhyA-as)以N端融合的方式正确插入到毕赤酵母表达载体pPICZαA。通过电击将重组表达载体整合入酵母染色体DNA中得到重组转化子。SDSPAGE结果与表达产物酶学性质研究表明植酸酶得到分泌表达,且与天然产物性质基本一致。筛选得若干株高产基因工程菌,其中SPANⅢ菌株达到了在摇床培养条件下,每毫升发酵液产生165000u植酸酶的水平,基本满足工业化生产的要求。     

含庚型肝炎病毒E2基因片段质粒DNA能诱发相当强烈的体液免疫应答

研究了庚型肝炎病毒E2(HGVE2 )基因片段作为DNA疫苗的可行性。将来自于质粒pThioHis-E2编码HGVE2的基因片段 (559bp)亚克隆到质粒pCMV-S中 ,使之和HBsAg基因位于同一阅读框 ,形成重组质粒pCMV-S-E2。用纯化的质粒pCMV-S-E2DNA注射到昆明小鼠后腿四头肌中来免疫小鼠 ,同时用pCMV-S作为对照。间隔 14天再加强一次免疫。在加强免疫后的第 8天眼眶取血。用E2-GST融合蛋白作为固定化抗原 ,通过ELISA检测受试小鼠的体液免疫应答。结果表明 ,用质粒pCMV-S-EDNA免疫的小鼠可以产生很强的体液免疫应答。     

TFAR19基因对MEL细胞在小鼠体内流变学特性和致病性的影响

将依托泊甙(etopside, VP16)、MEL细胞和MEL-TF19细胞注射到小鼠体内, 观测4周 时间内小鼠的血象、肝脏和脾脏的组织学, 以及血液流变学指标变化. 结果表明: 注射MEL细胞使小鼠发生了类似于红白血病的病征, 表现为肝脾组织受损、骨髓和脾脏细胞涂片出现大量的原红、早幼和中幼红细胞, 红细胞的变形和取向能力明显下降; 而携带了TFAR19基因的MEL-TF19细胞对小鼠的致病性明显小于MEL细胞, 并且在化疗药物诱导凋亡的作用下, MEL-TF19细胞完全失去了原本较弱的致病性. 动物实验的结果提示, TFAR19基因可以抑制MEL细胞对小鼠的致病性, 并且在化疗药物VP16的协同下可发挥更好的作用.     

金不换群三七液对哺乳动物致突变和致畸安全性评价

研究了金不换鲜三七液特殊毒理学效应的致突变性。以小鼠骨髓细胞染色体畸变试验,小鼠睾丸减数分裂染色体畸变及小鼠致畸试验为指标,研究金不换鲜三七液的安全性。结果：（１）小鼠骨髓细胞染色体畸变试验：低,中,高３个剂量组小鼠肌髓细胞染色体畸变率分别为０．７％,０．２％和０．９％,与对照组相比无显著差异。阳性对照组染色体畸变率大大增高。（２）小鼠睾丸减数分别细胞染色体畸变;在本实验条例上,小鼠睾丸细胞染色体     

痢疾基因工程三价菌苗候选株的构建

通过DNA体内外同源重组, 用霍乱毒素B亚单位基因(ctxB)完全取代了福氏志贺氏2a T32株染色体上的asd基因, 获得了稳定表达CtxB的DAP依赖株FWL01. 随后, 用T32株的asd基因标记志贺氏宋内S7株的Ⅰ相大质粒, 并将其诱动至FWL01, 构成三价菌苗候选株FSW01. 在该菌苗候选株中, 表达宋内Ⅰ相O抗原的大质粒与宿主菌是平衡致死的. 因此, 该候选株在没有任何抗生素存在情况下, 能稳定地表达福氏 2a, 宋内O抗原和CtxB. 豚鼠眼角膜试验和HeLa细胞侵袭试验证明FSW01无毒, 家兔免疫试验证实了其有很好的免疫原性. 小鼠和猴体免疫保护试验显示该候选株对相应的有毒株攻击具有很好的保护效果.     

Two new balancer chromosomes on mouse chromosome 4 to facilitate functional annotation of human chromosome 1p

To facilitate genetic screens to identify and maintain recessive mutations that map to the short arm of human chromosome 1, we have utilized chromosome engineering to generate two mouse strains that carry large inversions on the distal region of mouse chromosome 4. The inversion intervals are 16 and 22 cM in size together they cover approximately half of chromosome 4. Since recombination between the wild-type and inversion chromosomes does not occur within these inversion intervals, mutant alleles of genes mapping to this region can be identified and maintained. Therefore, these inversion chromosomes work as balancer chromosomes. These inversions have the additional advantage that they are tagged with genes encoding the visible coat color markers tyrosinase and agouti, and therefore the dosage of the inversion chromosome (+/+, Inv/+, Inv/Inv) can be visually recognized. These inversion strains will be extremely useful for mutagenesis screens that focus on functional annotation of human chromosome 1p.     

BAC contig from a 3-cM region of mouse chromosome 11 surrounding Brca1

Even with the completion of a draft version of the human genome sequence only a fraction of the genes identified from this sequence have known functions. Chromosomal engineering in mouse cells, in concert with gene replacement assays to prove the functional significance of a given genomic region or gene, represents a rapid and productive means for understanding the role of a given set of genes. Both techniques rely heavily on detailed maps of chromosomal regions, initially to understand the scope of the regions being modified and finally to provide the cloned resources necessary to allow both finished sequencing and large insert complementation. This report describes the creation of a BAC clone contig on mouse chromosome 11 in a region showing conservation of synteny with sequences on human chromosome 17. We have created a detailed map of an approximately 3-cM region containing at least 33 genes through the use of multiple BAC mapping strategies, including chromosome walking and multiplex oligonucleotide hybridization and gap filling. The region described is one of the targets of a large effort to create a series of mice with regional deletions on mouse chromosome 11 (33-80 cM) that can subsequently be subjected to further mutagenesis.     

Modeling chromosomes in mouse to explore the function of genes, genomic disorders, and chromosomal organization

One of the challenges of genomic research after the completion of the human genome project is to assign a function to all the genes and to understand their interactions and organizations. Among the various techniques, the emergence of chromosome engineering tools with the aim to manipulate large genomic regions in the mouse model offers a powerful way to accelerate the discovery of gene functions and provides more mouse models to study normal and pathological developmental processes associated with aneuploidy. The combination of gene targeting in ES cells, recombinase technology, and other techniques makes it possible to generate new chromosomes carrying specific and defined deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations that are accelerating functional analysis. This review presents the current status of chromosome engineering techniques and discusses the different applications as well as the implication of these new techniques in future research to better understand the function of chromosomal organization and structures.     

Engineering mouse chromosomes with Cre-loxP: range, efficiency, and somatic applications

Chromosomal rearrangements are important resources for genetic studies. Recently, a Cre-loxP-based method to introduce defined chromosomal rearrangements (deletions, duplications, and inversions) into the mouse genome (chromosome engineering) has been established. To explore the limits of this technology systematically, we have evaluated this strategy on mouse chromosome 11. Although the efficiency of Cre-loxP-mediated recombination decreases with increasing genetic distance when the two endpoints are on the same chromosome, the efficiency is not limiting even when the genetic distance is maximized. Rearrangements encompassing up to three quarters of chromosome 11 have been constructed in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. While larger deletions may lead to ES cell lethality, smaller deletions can be produced very efficiently both in ES cells and in vivo in a tissue- or cell-type-specific manner. We conclude that any chromosomal rearrangement can be made in ES cells with the Cre-loxP strategy provided that it does not affect cell viability. In vivo chromosome engineering can be potentially used to achieve somatic losses of heterozygosity in creating mouse models of human cancers.     

Mammalian chromosomes contain cis-acting elements that control replication timing, mitotic condensation, and stability of entire chromosomes

Recent studies indicate that mammalian chromosomes contain discrete cis-acting loci that control replication timing, mitotic condensation, and stability of entire chromosomes. Disruption of the large non-coding RNA gene ASAR6 results in late replication, an under-condensed appearance during mitosis, and structural instability of human chromosome 6. Similarly, disruption of the mouse Xist gene in adult somatic cells results in a late replication and instability phenotype on the X chromosome. ASAR6 shares many characteristics with Xist, including random mono-allelic expression and asynchronous replication timing. Additional "chromosome engineering" studies indicate that certain chromosome rearrangements affecting many different chromosomes display this abnormal replication and instability phenotype. These observations suggest that all mammalian chromosomes contain "inactivation/stability centers" that control proper replication, condensation, and stability of individual chromosomes. Therefore, mammalian chromosomes contain four types of cis-acting elements, origins, telomeres, centromeres, and "inactivation/stability centers", all functioning to ensure proper replication, condensation, segregation, and stability of individual chromosomes.     

Recombineering: a powerful new tool for mouse functional genomics

Highly efficient phage-based Escherichia coli homologous recombination systems have recently been developed that enable genomic DNA in bacterial artificial chromosomes to be modified and subcloned, without the need for restriction enzymes or DNA ligases. This new form of chromosome engineering, termed recombinogenic engineering or recombineering, is efficient and greatly decreases the time it takes to create transgenic mouse models by traditional means. Recombineering also facilitates many kinds of genomic experiment that have otherwise been difficult to carry out, and should enhance functional genomic studies by providing better mouse models and a more refined genetic analysis of the mouse genome.     

唐氏综合征小鼠模型的遗传背景和应用

唐氏综合征(Down syndrome, DS)是最常见的常染色体异常疾病,由人类21号染色体(human chromosome 21, Hsa21)的重复引起。由于Hsa21的直系同源基因分散于小鼠16、17和10号染色体上,所以用小鼠模拟人类唐氏综合征并不容易。早期的Ts65Dn小鼠虽然具有DS表型特征,但其重复片段由电离辐射产生,未包含所有Hsa21直系同源基因。2004年,Cre/LoxP重组酶系统介导的染色体编辑技术在Ts1Rhr小鼠中的成功应用,解决了特定片段重复化的难题,使DS小鼠模型在基因重复和表型模拟方面实现了精准化。本文从同源基因重复和DS表型模拟两方面简要介绍了不同时期DS小鼠模型的优势和局限,为科研人员在DS研究中对不同小鼠模型的选用提供了参考。     

Human homologs of two testes-expressed loci on mouse chromosome 17 map to opposite arms of chromosome 6

Our laboratory has recently cloned and characterized two testes-expressed loci--the Tcp-10 gene family cluster and the D17Si11 gene--that map to the proximal portion of mouse chromosome 17. Human homologs of both loci have been identified and cloned. Somatic cell hybrid lines have been used to map the human homolog of D17Si11 to the short arm of chromosome 6 (p11-p21.1) along with homologs of other genes from the (Pim-1)-(Pgk-2) region of the mouse chromosome. The human TCP 10 locus maps to the long arm of chromosome 6 (q21-qter) along with homologs of other genes from the mouse chromosome 17 region between the centromere and Pim-1. The mapping of large portions of the mouse t haplotype to unlinked regions on human chromosome 6 rules out the possibility that a t-haplotype-like chromosome could exist in humans.     

Molecular genetic linkage maps of mouse chromosomes 4 and 6.

We have generated a moderate resolution genetic map of mouse chromosomes 4 and 6 utilizing a (C57BL/6J x Mus spretus) F1 x Mus spretus backcross with RFLPs for 31 probes. The map for chromosome 4 covers 77 cM and details a large region of homology to human chromosome 1p. The map establishes the breakpoints in the mouse 4-human 1p region of homology to a 2-cM interval between Ifa and Jun in mouse and to the interval between JUN and ACADM in human. The map for mouse chromosome 6 spans a 65-cM region and contains a large region of homology to human 7q. These maps also provide chromosomal assignment and order for a number of previously unmapped probes. The maps should allow the rapid regional assignment of new markers to mouse chromosomes 4 and 6. In addition, knowledge of the gene order in mouse may prove useful in determining the gene order of the homologous regions in human.     

Definition of mouse chromosome 1 and 3 gene linkage groups that are conserved on human chromosome 1: Evidence that a conserved linkage group spans the centromere of human chromosome 1

Comparative mapping between the human and the mouse genomes allows characterization of linkage groups that have been conserved over evolution. In this study, genes previously localized to adjacent regions of human chromosome 1 were mapped to discrete regions on distal mouse chromosomes 1 and 3 using an interspecific cross. Linkage analysis in mouse defined two groups in which the gene order appears to be the same as that in humans: 15 genes localized between human chromosome 1q21 and 1q32 were found to span 29.5 cM on distal mouse chromosome 1; 6 genes localized between human chromosome 1q21 and 1p22 spanned 15.6 cM on distal mouse chromosome 3. These data suggest that gene order within large chromosome segments may remain stable over long periods of evolution and that the position of the centromere may reflect a late event in the evolution of higher eukaryotic organisms. These studies provide a model for examination of specific evolutionary events.