MAXIMA膜式氧合器在体外循环中的应用(附260例报告)

在体外循环中应用MAXIMA膜式氧合器260例,术中各项血气分析指标基本正常,术后发生肺部并发症减少。作者认为:体外循环手术中应用膜式氧合器,尤其对危重病人,可减轻体外循环对肺功能的扰乱。同时也是对心脏功能的支持。     

《微机在生化上的应用》

《微机在生化上的应用》(Microcomputers in biochemistry)由C.F.A.Bryce编著,1992年IRL出版社出版,307页。计算机在生物科学上应用的重要性日益增长,生化学就代表了其中最活跃的领域之一。该书提供了计算机的各种应用,其关键领域为核酸和蛋白质顺序分析及处理、酶学和电泳分析的数值领域。生化等其它方面的问题也成为计算机应用的方向。该书对网络和专家系统也提供了必要信息,这有利于检索和探讨计算机上的生化数据。它将对生化学研究的专家和学者都将有所裨益。     

人工膜肺氧合器临床应用研究及发展趋势

本文综述目前我国膜式氧合器临床应用,人工膜肺领域的研究成果和发展趋势。通过问卷调查形式显示我国近年CPB （Cardiopulmonary Bypass,体外循环）技术发展迅速,膜式氧合器应用量逐年升高,应用ECMO（extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, 体外膜肺氧合）辅助循环的比例显著增加。人工膜肺多方面研究进展包括：为新生儿体外循环设计的婴幼儿膜式氧合器,整合 动脉滤过器与超滤设备的小型化氧合器,这些设计可以明显减少体外循环回路整体表面积和预充量,避免CPB 中过度血液稀释, 降低或不用输入红细胞。同时减轻由于血液与人工材料接触诱发的炎性反应。人工膜肺在人工材料改进和结构设计有很显著发 展,通过改进气体交换的人工膜材料,优化结构设计,提高血液抗凝能力和耐受力,设计出如ECMO 可以长时间应用于辅助循环 来延续和支持病人的生命。对膜式氧合器的试验研究的相关进展和展望也会在本文讨论。     

浅谈紫外分光光度计在环保监测领域的应用

科技水平的发展促进了计算机等现代化技术的发展,并且应用范围逐渐扩大。紫外分光光度计的发展也得到了进一步的晚上,并且在环境保护领域得到应用。紫外分光光度计具有准确度高、设备简单、成本较低等优势,而在环境保护监测领域广泛应用。本文主要研究了此技术在环保监测中的应用。     

体外循环心内直视手术中甲基强的松龙对肺保护作用的临床研究

目的：研究在体外循环心脏手术中应用甲基强的松龙的肺保护效果。方法：2000年1月至2001年5月,85例患者在体外循环中应用了甲基强的松龙,作为研究组;1996年9月至1999年12月,143例患者未在体外循环中应用甲基强的松龙,作为对照组。两组病例均静脉复合麻醉,气管插管,中度低温,中深度血液释释,应用冷晶体心肌保护液进行心肌保护。结果：研究组患者体外循环结束时的气道压力、肺泡-动脉血氧分压差的升高幅度和机械通气时间明显少于对照组患者。结论：在体外循环心内直视手术中应用甲基强的松龙,可有效减轻肺损伤,取得良好的肺保护效果。     

体外与非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术再血管化率的系统评价

目的:系统评价采用体外循环与非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术比较,治疗冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的再血管化率。方法:计算机检索MEDLINE(1966～2010.3)、EMbase(1984～2010.3)、Cochrane临床对照试验资料库(2010年第2期)和中国生物医学文献数据库(1979～2010.3),同时手工检索所有纳入试验的参考文献,质量评价后用RevMan 5.0软件进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入2个随机对照试验,包括2276例患者。Meta分析结果显示:体外循环组的再血管化率高于单用非体外循环组,其差异有统计学意义P<0.00001[OR=1.78,95%C(I1.40,2.26)]。结论:当前的证据表明,体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术在治疗冠心病时,再血管化率比非体外循环高;评价患者长期预后有一定指导意义。由于纳入研究随访时间较短,上述结论尚需要高质量、大样本、长时间的随机双盲对照试验进一步证实。     

体外与非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术再血管化率的系统评价

目的：系统评价采用体外循环与非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术比较,治疗冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的再血管化率。方法：计算机检索MEDLINE（1966～2010.3）、EMbase（1984～2010.3）、Cochrane临床对照试验资料库（2010年第2期）和中国生物医学文献数据库（1979～2010.3）,同时手工检索所有纳入试验的参考文献,质量评价后用RevMan 5.0软件进行Meta分析。结果：共纳入2个随机对照试验,包括2276例患者。Meta分析结果显示：体外循环组的再血管化率高于单用非体外循环组,其差异有统计学意义P〈0.00001[OR=1.78,95%C（I1.40,2.26）]。结论：当前的证据表明,体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术在治疗冠心病时,再血管化率比非体外循环高;评价患者长期预后有一定指导意义。由于纳入研究随访时间较短,上述结论尚需要高质量、大样本、长时间的随机双盲对照试验进一步证实。     

瓣膜病变合并肾功能不良患者的体外循环管理

目的：探讨瓣膜病变合并肾功能不良患者的体外循环管理方法。方法：2003年1月～6月在我院接受瓣膜置换术且术前肾功能检查指标异常的15名患者作为研究组,2002年1月～6月符合上述条件的18名患者作为对照组。两组患者体外循环管理的不同之处在于：研究组患者在体外循环中应用平衡超滤,严格选用抗生素,少用或不用人工胶体,不用甘露醇,体外循环中避免肾缺血。结果：研究组患者术后肾功能明显好于对照组。结论：在研究组患者中应用的上述措施对术前就用肾功能损伤的患者是有帮助的。     

超滤方法在体外循环中应用的探讨

目的：观察和研究超滤方法在体外循环心内直视手术中应用的效果。方法：统计自1989年9月至2002年1月间共实行8622例体外循环心内直视手术中应用超滤方法,其中男性4825例,女性3837例。体外循环中超滤法是在心内操作基本完成,且在机体给予复温时进行的。结果：全组病例超滤时间10-46分,超滤液量为300-1800ml,监测超滤液中未发现细胞成分,蛋白定性为阴性。超滤后血液得到浓缩,检测血液尿素氮,肌酐及炎性介质均比以前降低。结论：体外循环中应用超滤方法可以减轻病人术后组织水肿,并能迅速地浓缩血液,提高病人的血细胞压积,血红蛋白和各种凝血物质,超滤方法还能降低体外循环中的炎性介质的浓度,有利于患者术后的康复。     

微创体外循环在机器人辅助下心脏手术中的应用

目的总结微创体外循环在机器人（AESOP3000）辅助下心脏手术中应用的管理和经验。方法2003年11月～2007年11月,共17例患者接受体外循环下机器人辅助心脏手术,其中房缺修补术10例、室缺修补术2例、二尖瓣置换术4例、二尖瓣成形术1例。右腹股沟做约3—4cm小切口,行股动静脉插管建立体外循环。结果术中转流平稳,血流动力学稳定,未附加颈内静脉引流,仅在个别病例中,采用股静脉引流管上加用暂时性动力负压引流,监测指标均在正常范围,无手术死亡和围手术期并发症。结论微创体外循环的应用是保证机器人辅助心脏手术顺利、成功的重要因素。     

Teaching computer interfacing with virtual instruments in an object-oriented language.

LabVIEW is a graphic object-oriented computer language developed to facilitate hardware/software communication. LabVIEW is a complete computer language that can be used like Basic, FORTRAN, or C. In LabVIEW one creates virtual instruments that aesthetically look like real instruments but are controlled by sophisticated computer programs. There are several levels of data acquisition VIs that make it easy to control data flow, and many signal processing and analysis algorithms come with the software as premade VIs. In the classroom, the similarity between virtual and real instruments helps students understand how information is passed between the computer and attached instruments. The software may be used in the absence of hardware so that students can work at home as well as in the classroom. This article demonstrates how LabVIEW can be used to control data flow between computers and instruments, points out important features for signal processing and analysis, and shows how virtual instruments may be used in place of physical instrumentation. Applications of LabVIEW to the teaching laboratory are also discussed, and a plausible course outline is given.     

Centralised interpretation of electrocardiograms.

A system was devised so that a peripheral hospital could transmit electrocardiograms (ECGs) to a central computer for interpretation. The link that transmits both ECGs and reports is provided by the telephone network. Initial results showed that telephone transmission did not significantly affect the accuracy of the ECG interpretation. The centralised computer programme could be much more widely used to provide ECG interpretations. A telephone link would not be justified in health centres, where the demand for ECGs is fairly small, but ECGs recorded at a health centre can be sent to the computer for interpretation and returned the next day. The most cost-effective method of providing computer interpretation for several health centres in a large city would be to have a portable electrocardiograph and transmission facilities, which could be moved from centre to centre.     

Rapid and sensitive dot-matrix methods for genome analysis

MOTIVATION: Dot-matrix plots are widely used for similarity analysis of biological sequences. Many algorithms and computer software tools have been developed for this purpose. Though some of these tools have been reported to handle sequences of a few 100 kb, analysis of genome sequences with a length of >10 Mb on a microcomputer is still impractical due to long execution time and computer memory requirement. RESULTS: Two dot-matrix comparison methods have been developed for analysis of large sequences. The methods initially locate similarity regions between two sequences using a fast word search algorithm, followed with an explicit comparison on these regions. Since the initial screening removes most of random matches, the computing time is substantially reduced. The methods produce high quality dot-matrix plots with low background noise. Space requirements are linear, so the algorithms can be used for comparison of genome size sequences. Computing speed may be affected by highly repetitive sequence structures of eukaryote genomes. A dot-matrix plot of Yeast genome (12 Mb) with both strands was generated in 80 s with a 1 GHz personal computer.     

Web-Based Chronobiological Analysis

In this paper we describe a computer application that allows users from all over the world to perform chronobiological analyses with popular Internet browsers. Our application is based on the client-server philosophy, and it has been designed so as to minimize the network resources and connections to be used. Presently, our application includes several well-known data analysis techniques, mainly, that known as the cosinor method and those related. All the problems concerning security restrictions are solved, so that the user can have a real interactive chronobiological application.     

Web-Based Chronobiological Analysis

In this paper we describe a computer application that allows users from all over the world to perform chronobiological analyses with popular Internet browsers. Our application is based on the client-server philosophy, and it has been designed so as to minimize the network resources and connections to be used. Presently, our application includes several well-known data analysis techniques, mainly, that known as the cosinor method and those related. All the problems concerning security restrictions are solved, so that the user can have a real interactive chronobiological application.     

The complexity of the overlap method for sequencing biopolymers

The problem of trying to reconstruct the sequence of a biopolymer by using overlapping fragments obtained from cleaving agents is shown to be computationally intractable. This strongly suggests that any computer program for overlap sequencing, even though it may work well for a limited number of inputs, will not work sufficiently for all inputs. However, if the problem is restricted so that certain crucial fragments are known, called prime strings, a sequence can be found efficiently in all cases. Graph theory techniques for doing so can also be used to count the number of sequences consistent with the fragment data to determine whether a unique sequence has been obtained.     

Predicted chemical speciation of essential metals in digested food

The bioavailability of essential elements liberated from food during digestion depends upon their chemical form in vivo. The concentrations of these species are often so low that analytical determinations cannot be carried out using existing methods, and so computerised simulation techniques have been used to investigate chemical speciation in digested food. The food is considered to be completely broken down into its constituent amino acids and metal ions which then take part in a series of complex equilibrium reactions. The computer simulation of these equilibria uses a thermodynamic approach to determine the concentrations of up to 1000 different species which may be formed in vivo.     

PHYLOGENIES FROM RESTRICTION SITES: A MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD APPROACH

Restriction sites data can be analyzed by maximum likelihood to obtain estimates of phylogenies. The likelihood methods of Smouse and Li, who were able to compute likelihoods for up to four species under a simplified model of base change, can be extended numerically to deal with any number of species. The computational methods for doing so are outlined. The resulting algorithms are slow but take multiple gains and losses of restriction sites fully into account, unlike parsimony methods. They allow for the failure to observe potential sites that are absent from all species. Analysis of the five-species hominoid data of Ferris and coworkers confirms the pattern found by Smouse and Li with four species—that a chimpanzee-gorilla clade is favored, but not statistically significantly over other tree topologies. A large data set produced by computer simulation has also been analyzed to confirm that the method works properly. The methods used here do not allow for different rates of transitions and transversions. They can be extended to do so, but only at a cost of considerably slower computations. The present method is available in a computer program.     

脑片诱发电位计算机处理系统及其使用实例

用计算机处理脑片诱发电位可大大提高数据处理效率和信息提取率,并使大量、连续观察成为可能,本系统数据采集板与计算机之间采用DMA方式进行数据传送,包括采样子程序在内的全部处理程序均用高级BASIC语言编写,文中介绍了该程序各项功能和有关编程技巧以及海马脑片实验中的应用实例。     

A methodology for performing global uncertainty and sensitivity analysis in systems biology

Accuracy of results from mathematical and computer models of biological systems is often complicated by the presence of uncertainties in experimental data that are used to estimate parameter values. Current mathematical modeling approaches typically use either single-parameter or local sensitivity analyses. However, these methods do not accurately assess uncertainty and sensitivity in the system as, by default, they hold all other parameters fixed at baseline values. Using techniques described within we demonstrate how a multi-dimensional parameter space can be studied globally so all uncertainties can be identified. Further, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis techniques can help to identify and ultimately control uncertainties. In this work we develop methods for applying existing analytical tools to perform analyses on a variety of mathematical and computer models. We compare two specific types of global sensitivity analysis indexes that have proven to be among the most robust and efficient. Through familiar and new examples of mathematical and computer models, we provide a complete methodology for performing these analyses, in both deterministic and stochastic settings, and propose novel techniques to handle problems encountered during these types of analyses.