天山北坡甜菜内生菌分离鉴定及其动态变化

对新疆昌吉和石河子两地种植的甜菜内生菌进行了分离、鉴定和分析,结果表明甜菜内生菌多属于细菌,其中假单胞菌 (Pseudomonas sp. )和芽孢菌类(Bacillus sp.)的分离频率分别在33.2%～59.2%和12.7%～28.1%,是甜菜植株中的优势内生菌群.16S rDNA 和 ITS 序列同源性比较和系统发育分析表明内生菌具有丰富的多样性.根中内生菌的多样性高于茎、叶,昌吉地区种植的甜菜中分离出的内生菌种类较多.从感病品种及生长不良甜菜植株中分离出的内生菌种类比较丰富.通过回接分离及利用扫描电镜观察内生菌在植物体内分布发现,内生菌能够定殖于甜菜块根.     

天山北坡积雪消融对不同冻融阶段土壤温湿度的影响

积雪作为一种特殊的覆被,直接影响着土壤温度、土壤水分分布及其冻结深度、冻结速率等,影响当地的生态水文过程。利用2017年11月1日至2018年3月31日天山北坡伊犁阿热都拜流域的土壤含水率资料,划分土壤不同冻融阶段,结合积雪不同阶段,进而分析积雪消融对季节性冻土温湿度的影响。结果表明:在整个土壤冻融期间,土壤温湿度的变化取决于积雪深度、大气温度和雪面温度的高低,且与其稳定性有关。土壤冻结阶段,土壤温湿度持续下降,表层土壤温湿度受气温影响较大,且波动明显,而深层土壤的温湿度变化平缓;土壤完全冻结时,有稳定积雪覆盖,由于积雪的高反射性、低导热性,影响着地气之间的热量传递,因此土壤的温湿度变化较为平稳,积雪有一定的保温作用;冻土消融阶段,气温回升,积雪消融,地表出露,各层土壤温度随气温变化而变化,且越靠近地表,土壤温度越高,变幅越大,与冻结期完全相反。由于融雪水的下渗,土壤湿度快速增加。进一步分析积雪与土壤温湿度的相关性得出,积雪对土壤温湿度的影响分不同时期,对土壤温度的影响主要在积雪覆盖时,对土壤湿度的影响主要是在积雪消融时期,这对于研究该地生态水文循环及后续融雪性洪水的模拟与预报具有一定...     

红豆杉免培养内生细菌多样性的初步研究

【目的】了解红豆杉(Taxus chinensis)内生细菌的组成及多样性。【方法】提取红豆杉组织总DNA,选用细菌通用引物799F和1492R对总DNA进行16S rDNA特异性扩增,构建红豆杉内生细菌16S rDNA克隆文库,对阳性克隆进行PCR-RFLP(限制性内切酶片段长度多态性)分析,并对酶切带谱不同的菌液进行测序,构建系统发育树。【结果】根据酶切带谱分析和测序结果的不同,将随机挑取的158个阳性克隆归为26个不同的可操作分类单元(OUTs),系统发育分析表明这些克隆序列分别属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria,包含Alpha、Beta、Gamma、Delta亚群)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)4个门。其中,变形菌门(Proteobacteria,占克隆总数的58.86%)为最优势类群。序列比对结果表明这些克隆序列分别与已报道的20个属具有较高的相似性。此外,还有一个OUTs在系统发育树上形成独立分支且未能确定其分类。【结论】红豆杉内生细菌多样性丰富,并且可能存在新的分类单元。     

Genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium analysis in elite sugar beet breeding lines and wild beet accessions

Key message

Linkage disequilibrium decay in sugar beet is strongly affected by the breeding history, and varies extensively between and along chromosomes, allowing identification of known and unknown signatures of selection.

Abstract

Genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns were investigated in 233 elite sugar beet breeding lines and 91 wild beet accessions, using 454 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 418 SNPs, respectively. Principal coordinate analysis suggested the existence of three groups of germplasm, corresponding to the wild beets, the seed parent and the pollen parent breeding pool. LD was investigated in each of these groups, with and without correction for genetic relatedness. Without correction for genetic relatedness, in the pollen as well as the seed parent pool, LD persisted beyond 50 centiMorgan (cM) on four (2, 3, 4 and 5) and three chromosomes (2, 4 and 6), respectively; after correction for genetic relatedness, LD decayed after <6 cM on all chromosomes in both pools. In the wild beet accessions, there was a strong LD decay: on average LD disappeared after 1 cM when LD was calculated with a correction for genetic relatedness. Persistence of LD was not only observed between distant SNPs on the same chromosome, but also between SNPs on different chromosomes. Regions on chromosomes 3 and 4 that harbor disease resistance and monogermy loci showed strong genetic differentiation between the pollen and seed parent pools. Other regions, on chromosomes 8 and 9, for which no a priori information was available with respect to their contribution to the phenotype, still contributed to clustering of lines in the elite breeding material.     

太白山北坡夏秋季鸟类物种多样性

2006年5月～7月(夏季),9月～10月(秋季)在秦岭主峰太白山的北坡根据海拔和典型植被划分生境类型,在6种生境中选择典型样区划定样线并采用样线法对鸟类进行调查,根据鸟类的绝对数量和估算面积计算鸟类的绝对密度,并根据密度等级划分各生境类型中优势物种和常见物种。共观察到鸟类144种,其中留鸟102种,夏候鸟41种,冬候鸟1种。不同的海拔和不同生境类型中的鸟类物种丰富度和多度有较大差异,而且同一生境中鸟类多样性的季节性变化也很明显。无论是夏季还是秋季,低海拔农田带生境中鸟类的总密度最高,而高山灌丛草甸生境中的鸟类总密度最低。优势物种和常见物种在不同的生境类型组成也不相同,而且在不同季节也有变化。夏秋季的鸟类食性组成在农田带有显著差异,而其它生境类型中的鸟类食性夏秋季无明显差异,但是秋季植食性鸟类在各个生境类型中都有增多的趋势。物种丰富度和海拔梯度的关系显示在中海拔地区的鸟类丰富度最高。总体上,和20世纪80年代相比,太白山北坡的鸟类已经发生了明显的变化。     

Population dynamics of noctuid moths and damage forecasting in sugar beet

相似文献   

天山北麓典型水库细菌多样性分析

为了探讨天山北麓中段水库细菌的多样性及其功能,选取蘑菇湖水库（MGW）、奎屯/车排子水库（KCW）、安集海水库（AJW）和八一水库（BYW）为典型水库进行宏基因组学分析。多点采集水库水样,收集水样中的微生物,CTAB法提取总DNA,用细菌16S rDNA通用引物扩增V3-V4区,扩增产物进行高通量测序,使用BLAST、USEARCH、QIIME等软件和在线工具分析水库细菌的多样性,使用PICRUSt软件和KEGG数据库预测细菌功能基因组成。结果表明,水库细菌分属18个门、38个纲和181个属,其中AJW的操作分类单元（Operational taxonomic units,OTUs）数量和多样性指数较高。4个水库菌群组成有一定的共性,在门分类阶元上优势菌为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）;在纲分类阶元上优势菌为黄杆菌纲（Flavobacteriia）;在属分类阶元上优势菌为黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium）。然而各水库菌群组成也存在较大差异,在变形菌门中,γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）的相对丰度在MGW和BYW较高,α-变形菌纲（Alphaproteobacterial）和β-变形菌纲（Betaproteobacteria）分别于AJW和KCW具有较高丰度;芽孢杆菌纲（Bacilli）在AJW和MGW具有较高丰度;相对丰度较高的菌属还包括AJW的动性杆菌属（Planomicrobium）、KCW的马赛菌属（Massilia）、MGW的不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）和动性杆菌属以及BYW的假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）和嗜冷杆菌属（Psychrobacter）;另外,AJW特有多种丰度较高的菌纲和菌属,其中微小杆菌属（Exiguobacterium）和CL500-29_marine_group均有利于水质和菌群多样性的维持。PICRUSt功能预测分析表明,4个水库菌群的多种代谢以及遗传信息处理、信号传递和细胞生长相关功能基因丰度较高,并含有环境异生物降解代谢相关基因,其中苯甲酸、氨基苯甲酸酯、氯烷烃和氯烯烃以及萘降解相关基因的相对丰度较高。以上结果提示,天山北麓中段不同水库菌群组成存在差异,其与水源、周边环境和人类活动等因素相关。水库菌群含有芳香族和有机氯等化合物降解相关基因,其可在污染物的降解和生物修复中发挥作用。     

Phenotypic polymorphism and allele differentiation of isozymes in fodder beet,multigerm sugar beet and monogerm sugar beet

Summary Thirteen enzymes (MDH, SDH, LAP, PGM, PX, IDH, GPI, 6PGD, APH, GOT, GDH, ME and SOD) of 3 cultivated beet (B. vulgaris L.) gene pools, comprising 12 accessions of fodder beet, 11 of old multigerm sugar beet and 10 of modern monogerm sugar beet, were investigated using horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Eleven accessions of primitive or wild B. vulgaris were also included for the comparison of isozymes. Variation in isozyme phenotypes was investigated to detect diversity in the three cultivated forms of beet. Phenotypic variation was observed in all except ME and SOD, which were monomorphic. A high degree of phenotypic polymorphism (Pj) was found in GDH, PGM, IDH, APH and MDH. Differences in phenotypic polymorphism in MDH, GPI and PX were recognized between fodder beet and both sugar beet groups. Average polymorphism for 13 enzymes in both sugar beets was significantly higher than that in fodder beet. For 13 enzymes, the existence of high isozyme diversity in both sugar beet gene pools was revealed. Allele frequencies in 13 alleles of five enzyme-coding loci, Lap, Px-1, Aph-1, Got-2 and Gdh-2, were investigated. New alleles, Px-1 ¹ and Got-2 ¹, were found in fodder beet accessions. No significant differences of average allele frequencies of five loci between fodder beet and both sugar beets were recognized. Several unique alleles and different isozyme phenotypes were observed in the accessions of B. vulgaris ssp. macrocarpa and ssp. adanensis. Future utilization of cultivated beet gene pools for sugar beet breeding is discussed from the viewpoint of genetic resources.     

An analysis of leaf growth in sugar beet.

The increase of leaf area index (L) was examined in a series of sugar-beet crops grown on different sites (Broom's Barn, Suffolk and Trefloyne, Dyfed) or with different husbandry treatments (sowing dates and nitrogen rates) between 1978 and 1982. The development of L could be described as a function of thermal time using three parameters; D_E, which was essentially an estimate of the thermal time required for crop establishment, and rH_L and D_L, the thermal rate and duration, respectively, of the increase of L. Variations in D_E between seasons and with sowing date were small, but significant; they were attributed to factors affecting the condition of the seedbed. There were much larger variations in rH_L, especially between seasons, sites and crops given different rates of nitrogen fertiliser, and there was a strong negative relationship between rH_L and D_L. Much of the variation in rH_L was associated with differences in the concentrations of nitrogen in the lamina dry matter. Faster rates for rH_L at Trefloyne than at Broom's Barn, and in the crop grown in 1982 as compared with other years, were also partly attributable to particularly warm conditions during the early development of some of the larger, faster-growing leaves within the canopy. The wider application of the relationships established from these experiments was tested with data from a series of crops grown on other sites between 1960 and 1962. The relationships held particularly well for beet grown on soils with high water-holding capacity but not for those on soils of low water-holding capacity.     

An analysis of leaf growth in sugar beet.

The responses of leaf appearance and expansion to temperature in sugar beet were measured under controlled conditions, using ruler and auxanometers, to establish a basis for a subsequent analysis of leaf growth in field crops. The studies showed that leaf appearance rate responded linearly to temperature above 1°C, that leaf expansion rate responded likewise above 3°C and that both rates were zero below these base temperatures. Auxanometer measurements of leaf extension showed that daily rates of expansion of leaf area increased linearly with the daily integral of temperature. However, hourly rates of extension in length alternated with those in width during each 24 h cycle in patterns that were not clearly related to hourly changes of temperature or to the day/night sequence.     

内生多粘类芽孢杆菌S-7对甜菜光合作用及产量和品质的影响

研究了内生多粘类芽孢杆菌（Paenibacillus polymyxa）S-7对甜菜叶片光合参数和产量的影响.结果表明：接种内生多粘类芽孢杆菌S-7能显著促进甜菜光合作用,其中叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔限制值(L_s)、气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r )的平均值分别提高了16.11%、23.82%、41.91%和34.80%;叶片胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)平均值降低了21.09%.生物学产量和含糖率分别提高了25.63%和17.46%,促进了甜菜产量和品质提高.表明内生菌不仅影响甜菜光合参数,而且对甜菜产量和品质的提高具有明显的促进作用.     

Effects of beet cryptic virus infection on sugar beet in field trials

The effects of beet cryptic virus (BCV) infection on sugar beet crops were investigated in field trials in 1990. Two sugar beet breeding stock lines were screened for infection by BCV. Seed lots containing different proportions of seed infected with BCV1 & 2 were obtained by crossing the stock lines and used in field trials at five different sites. Five characteristics of the infected plants were assessed. BCV infection appeared to have no significant effects on the sugar beet crop at four locations which suffered from drought stress but significant effects were found at one site where the crop was grown on grade 1 land with good moisture retention properties. Root yield and sugar yield were reduced by up to 17% and 20%, respectively, by BCV infection.     

Sucrose translocation and storage in the sugar beet

Several physiological processes were studied during sugar beet root development to determine the cellular events that are temporally correlated with sucrose storage. The prestorage stage was characterized by a marked increase in root fresh weight and a low sucrose to glucose ratio. Carbon derived from ¹⁴C-sucrose accumulation was partitioned into protein and structural carbohydrate fractions and their amino acid, organic acid, and hexose precursors. The immature root contained high soluble acid invertase activity (V_max 20 micromoles per hour per milligram protein; K_m 2 to 3 millimolar) which disappeared prior to sucrose storage. Sucrose storage was characterized by carbon derived from ¹⁴C-sucrose uptake being partitioned into the sucrose fraction with little evidence of further metabolism. The onset of storage was accompanied by the appearance of sucrose synthetase activity (V_max 12 micromoles per hour per milligram protein; K_m 7 millimolar). Neither sucrose phosphate synthetase nor alkaline invertase activities were detected during beet development. Intact sugar beet plants (containing a 100-gram beet) exported 70% of the translocate to the beet, greater than 90% of which was retained as sucrose with little subsequent conversions.     

Electron microscopical proof of the presence of sugar beet yellows virus particles in the roots of sugar beet

The presence of beet yellows virus (BYV) particles was electron microscopically proved in the roots of sugar beet. Specimens for the electron microscopical examination of root sap were prepared by differential centrifugation. It was proved that, contrary to expectations, examinations in spring showed most virus particles in the basal part of the root. At the same time it was found by experiment that the diagnostical BYV antiserum, for which the antigen was prepared from sugar beet leaves, did not react with a purificate of BYV containing virus particles.     

Suppression of sugar beet damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani using bacterial and fungal antagonists

Rhizoctonia damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, is one of the most damaging sugar beet diseases. It causes serious economic damage wherever sugar beets are grown. Biological control is an efficient and environmentally friendly way to prevent damping-off disease. Suppression of damping-off disease caused by R. solani was carried out by four isolates of Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn as well as three isolates of each of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai and Trichoderma hamatum (Bonord.) Bainier. The effect of Bacillus and Trichoderma isolates against R. solani was investigated in vitro and tested on sugar beet plants under greenhouse conditions. Isolates of Bacillus and Trichoderma were able to inhibit the growth of R. solani in dual culture. Furthermore, Trichoderma isolates gave high antagonistic effect than isolates of B. subtilis. Under greenhouse conditions, coating seeds by T. harzianum and B. subtilis separately, reduced seedling damping-off significantly. However, applications of T. harzianum increased the percentage of surviving plants more than B. subtilis in comparison to control. The obtained results indicate that T. harzianum and B. subtilis are very effective biocontrol agents that offer potential benefit in sugar beet damping-off and should be harnessed for further biocontrol applications.     

Petiole analysis as a guide to the manuring of sugar beet

Summary During the 1957 growing season an experiment was carried out to see if the Californian method of tissue testing during the growing season to assess the adequacy of the nitrogen supply for optimum growth was practicable in Great Britain. The experiment was laid out in the form of a latin square with the rates of nitrogen application ranging from 0 to 140 pounds per acre in increments of 35 pounds. Petiole samples were collected and analysed at fortnightly intervals from July 29th to September 23rd. The nitrate-nitrogen content of the petioles was found to increase with increasing rates of nitrogen at any one sample date and to decrease during the growing season. On harvesting in November the response in terms of root yield, whether estimated from the actual plot yields, or the root mean weight with a constant plant population, was only just significant. Greater yield responses from the application of nitrogen would probably have been obtained on a less productive soil, for a yield of 15.5 tons of roots per acre was obtained without the use of any nitrogen.     

Study on diversity of endophytic bacterial communities in seeds of hybrid maize and their parental lines

The seeds of plants are carriers of a variety of beneficial bacteria and pathogens. Using the non-culture methods of building 16S rDNA libraries, we investigated the endophytic bacterial communities of seeds of four hybrid maize offspring and their respective parents. The results of this study show that the hybrid offspring Yuyu 23, Zhengdan958, Jingdan 28 and Jingyu 11 had 3, 33, 38 and 2 OTUs of bacteria, respectively. The parents Ye 478, Chang 7-2, Zheng 58, Jing 24 and Jing 89 had 12, 36, 6, 12 and 2 OTUs, respectively. In the hybrid Yuyu 23, the dominant bacterium Pantoea (73.38?%) was detected in its female parent Ye 478, and the second dominant bacterium of Sphingomonas (26.62?%) was detected in both its female (Ye 478) and male (Chang 7-2) parent. In the hybrid Zhengdan 958, the first dominant bacterium Stenotrophomonas (41.67?%) was detected in both the female (Zheng 58) and male (Chang 7-2) parent. The second dominant bacterium Acinetobacter (9.26?%) was also the second dominant bacterium of its male parent. In the hybrid Jingdan 28, the second dominant bacterium Pseudomonas (12.78?%) was also the second dominant bacterium of its female parent, and its third dominant bacterium Sphingomonas (9.90?%) was the second dominant bacterium of its male parent and detected in its female parent. In the hybrid Jingyu 11, the first dominant bacterium Leclercia (73.85?%) was the third dominant bacterium of its male parent, and the second dominant bacterium Enterobacter (26.15?%) was detected in its male parent. As far as we know, this was the first research reported in China on the diversity of the endophytic bacterial communities of the seeds of various maize hybrids with different genotypes.     

黄土高原甜菜叶片生长特性及其对块根产量、含糖量的影响

通过对旱地甜菜叶片生长特性及摘除不同叶组对块根产量,含糖量,显微结构的影响研究,结果表明：甜菜第10-20片叶的叶龄最长,积温最高,是甜菜的主要功能叶;甜菜从第20片叶期起进入块根,糖份增长期,从第55叶期起进入糖份积累期;摘除不同叶组的叶片对甜菜块根产量,含糖量及显微结构均有不同程度降低作用,摘除前期叶组对甜菜块根产量,产糖量,根径减幅较大,摘除后期叶组对块根含糖量,维管束环数,维管束环密度减幅较大;摘除第1-30片叶对甜菜影响最大。     

2001—2015年天山北坡植被覆盖动态变化研究

利用天山北坡2001—2015年植被生长比较旺盛月份(6—9月)的MODIS NDVI产品数据,结合像元二分法进行植被覆盖度提取,并对其空间分布特征、随时间及地形的动态变化和面积加权重心进行分析。研究表明:(1)天山北坡6—9月多年平均植被覆盖度介于0.4—0.5,以低、中低植被覆盖度为主,各等级植被覆盖度大致呈西北-东南向相间分布;(2)2001—2015年间,植被覆盖度有逐渐上升的趋势;植被覆盖改善区域(54.42%)大于退化区域(45.58%),西部较东部改善更为明显;植被覆盖度变异类型以弱变异和中等变异为主,植被覆盖度变化类型以稳定型为主;(3)天山北坡区域植被覆盖度变化受海拔高度影响明显:随着海拔高度的上升,较低植被覆盖度比例呈现先上升后下降再次上升趋势,较高植被覆盖度则与之相反;海拔3880 m以上低植被覆盖度占绝对优势,较高的植被覆盖度占比逐渐下降直至几乎绝迹;(4)各等级植被覆盖度面积加权重心集中在沙湾县、石河子市、玛纳斯县及呼图壁县;并呈现由集中到相对分散的趋势。     

Effects of boron on nitrogen metabolism and sugar levels of sugar beet

Summary The effects of deficient and toxic levels of boron on various aspects of nitrogen metabolism in sugar beet are studied. Plant analysis shows a nitrate ion accumulation, a decrease in the activity of the nitrate reductase enzyme and a lower molybdenum absorption.The effect of boron levels on the plant and root sugar concentration has also been studied.