高产γ-PGA菌株的分离筛选与菌种初步鉴定

从高温处理过的腐乳和豆豉中分离到一系列单菌落,通过不同的培养基初筛、复筛,得到一株高产-γPGA的菌株N6,根据《常见细菌系统鉴定手册》和《伯杰氏细菌鉴定手册》第九版,对N6进行了形态和生理生化特征的分析,以及对产物进行了红外光谱法测定,初步鉴定该菌为枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis。     

Engineering of recombinant Escherichia coli cells co-expressing poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) synthetase and glutamate racemase for differential yielding of γ-PGA

Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a promising environmental-friendly material with outstanding water solubility, biocompatibility and degradability. However, it is tough to determine the relationship between functional synthetic enzyme and the strains'' yield or substrate dependency. We cloned γ-PGA synthetase genes pgsBCA and glutamate racemase gene racE from both L-glutamate-dependent γ-PGA-producing Bacillus licheniformis NK-03 and L-glutamate-independent B. amyloliquefaciens LL3 strains. The deduced RacE and PgsA from the two strains shared the identity of 84.5% and 78.53%, while PgsB and PgsC possessed greater similarity with 93.13% and 93.96%. The induced co-expression of pgsBCA and racE showed that the engineered Escherichia coli strains had the capacity of synthesizing γ-PGA, and LL3 derived PgsBCA had higher catalytic activity and enhanced productivity than NK-03 in Luria–Bertani medium containing glucose or L-glutamate. However, the differential effect was weakened when providing sufficient immediateness L-glutamate substrate, that is, the supply of substrate could be served as the ascendance upon γ-PGA production. Furthermore, RacE integration could enhance γ-PGA yield through improving the preferred d-glutamate content. This is the first report about co-expression of pgsBCA and racE from the two Bacillus strains, which will be of great value for the determination of the biosynthetic mechanism of γ-PGA.     

响应面法优化枯草芽孢杆菌产γ-PGA的条件

对枯草芽孢杆菌液体发酵产γ-聚谷氨酸[γ-poly（glutamic acid）,γ-PGA]条件进行了优化。首先采用单因子实验筛选出最适碳源为玉米糖化液,氮源为蛋白胨和谷氨酸钠,无机盐为KH2PO4,MgCl,MnCl2和NaCl。在此基础上,利用Plackett-Burman设计对影响产量的12个因素进行评价,筛选出具有显著效应的因素蛋白胨、谷氨酸钠和NaCl。用最陡爬坡路径逼近最大产γ-PGA区域后,利用响应面中心组合设计对显著因素进行优化,得出蛋白胨、谷氨酸钠和NaCl的最佳质量分数分别为0.54%,8.13%和0.96%。优化后液体发酵液γ-PGA产量提高到29.00 g/L,比初始γ-PGA产量14.10 g/L提高了2倍。     

微生物聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)合成酶及合成机理的研究进展

γ-PGA是一种可降解的、水溶性的,对人体无毒的生物高分子。目前发现多种微生物能合成γ-PGA,包括芽孢杆菌、古生菌和一种真核生物。γ-PGA合成基因可分为capB、capC、capA、capE和pgsB、pgsC、pgsA和pgsE,其表达产物组成的γ-PGA合成酶复合体与细胞膜结合,并消耗ATP及底物谷氨酸进而合成γ-PGA,其中CapB-CapC(或者PgsB-PgsC)主要负责γ-PGA的聚合作用,而CapA-CapE(或者PgsA-PgsE)则作用于γ-PGA的转运。ComP-ComA、DegS-DegU、DegQ、SwrA和pgsB上游的非编码区则对pgsB、C、A和E的表达起重要影响。     

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens C1菌株γ-PGA合成基因pgsBCAE的克隆与表达

γ-PGA是微生物合成的一种新型高分子生物可降解材料,基因工程菌株的构建对于其合成机理及开发生产具有较高的研究价值。利用Self-Formed Adaptor PCR(SEFA-PCR)方法扩增出菌株B.amyloliqueficiens C1的γ-PGA合成酶基因簇pgs BCAE,将其克隆到表达载体p ET29a(+)中并转化至表达宿主E.coli BL21(DE3)。结果表明,转化所得的工程菌株在IPTG诱导下通过摇瓶发酵生产0.14 g/L的γ-PGA。Mn2+和Zn2+能够显著促进重组子E.coli BL21(p ET29α-pgs BCAE)发酵合成γ-PGA的产量,并且这种促进作用随着Mn2+和Zn2+浓度的提高而越加显著。Mg2+在低浓度(1 mmol/L)下也促进重组子合成γ-PGA,之后随着Mg2+浓度的升高,这种促进作用逐渐减弱,当Mg2+浓度达到4 mmol/L时,反而抑制重组子γ-PGA的合成。菌株B.amyloliqueficiens C1基因组内含有完整的γ-PGA合成酶基因簇pgs BCAE,该基因簇能够在表达宿主E.coli BL21中被诱导表达并合成γ-PGA,且其γ-PGA的合成受金属离子的影响。     

纳豆芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis natto)固体发酵生产γ-PGA

γ-多聚谷氨酸是一种生物可降解的高分子材料 ,可应用于许多领域 ,因此受到普遍的重视。目前γ-PGA液体发酵水平为 5 0～ 60g/ L。报告了用大豆固体发酵生产γ-PGA的方法 ,其中包括 :菌种的筛选 ,发酵和提纯方法 ,高压液相法测定含量和SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳鉴定。结果 :BacillussubtilisnattoHW_1发酵活性为 1 1 5g/ kg大豆。γ_PGA的纯度为 95 %以上 ,分子质量为31 6kDa。另外可在大豆固体发酵生产纳豆激酶的同时生产回收γ-PGA ,既可以降低产品成本 ,又可以开发应用γ-PGA。     

Metabolic engineering of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens for poly-gamma-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) overproduction

We constructed a metabolically engineered glutamate-independent Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain with considerable γ-PGA production. It was carried out by double-deletion of the cwlO gene and epsA-O cluster, as well as insertion of the vgb gene in the bacteria chromosome. The final generated strain NK-PV elicited the highest production of γ-PGA (5.12 g l⁻¹), which was 63.2% higher than that of the wild-type NK-1 strain (3.14 g l⁻¹). The γ-PGA purity also improved in the NK-PV strain of 80.4% compared with 76.8% for the control. Experiments on bacterial biofilm formation experiment showed that NK-1 and NK-c (ΔcwlO) strains can form biofilm; the epsA-O deletion NK-7 and NK-PV strains could only form an incomplete biofilm.     

γ-PGA/HEMA/PEG聚合物晶胶支架修复兔眼眶骨折缺损的实验研究

目的 近年来,眶骨骨折发生率逐年增加,其治疗关键旨在修复缺损的眶骨,聚（γ-谷氨酸）/2-羟乙基甲基丙烯酸酯/聚（乙二醇）（γ-PGA/HEMA/PEG）聚合物晶胶是一种具有互连多孔结构的新型支架材料,研究旨在检验其在眼眶骨折缺损修复中的骨修复效果。方法 采用低温凝胶技术制备了γ-PGA/HEMA/PEG聚合物晶胶。制备了兔的眼眶骨缺损模型,根据植入支架材料的不同分为3组,空白对照组、聚合物晶胶组（Gel组）、矿化聚合物晶胶组（M-gel组）。植入后8周和16周标本取材进行大体观察,通过影像学和组织学检查观察其血管生成和成骨效果。结果 影像学检查结果表明,支架材料能有效促进眶骨缺损的修复,缺损区被骨组织完全替代。组织学结果表明,支架材料可以增加Runt相关转录因子2（Runx-2）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、骨桥蛋白（OPN）和血小板内皮细胞黏附分子1（CD31）的表达,这表明支架材料植入后血管生成和成骨能力增强。结论 矿化聚合物晶胶是一种良好的眼眶骨折缺损修复的支架材料。     

Online measurement of the viscosity in shake flasks enables monitoring of γ-PGA production in depolymerase knockout mutants of Bacillus subtilis with the phosphate-starvation inducible promoter Ppst

Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a biopolymer with a wide range of applications, mainly produced using Bacillus strains. The formation and concomitant secretion of γ-PGA increases the culture broth viscosity, while enzymatic depolymerisation and degradation of γ-PGA decreases the culture broth viscosity. In this study, the recently published ViMOS (V iscosity M onitoring O nline S ystem) is applied for optical online measurements of broth viscosity in eight parallel shake flasks. It is shown that the ViMOS is suitable to monitor γ-PGA production and degradation online in shake flasks. This online monitoring enables the detailed analysis of the P_pst promoter and γ-PGA depolymerase knockout mutants in genetically modified Bacillus subtilis 168. The P_pst promoter becomes active under phosphate starvation. The different single depolymerase knockout mutants are ∆ggt, ∆pgdS, ∆cwlO and a triple knockout mutant. An increase in γ-PGA yield in g_γ-PGA/g_glucose of 190% could be achieved with the triple knockout mutant compared to the P_pst reference strain. The single cwlO knockout also increased γ-PGA production, while the other single knockouts of ggt and pgdS showed no impact. Partial depolymerisation of γ-PGA occurred despite the triple knockout. The online measured data are confirmed with offline measurements. The online viscosity system directly reflects γ-PGA synthesis, γ-PGA depolymerisation, and changes in the molecular weight. Thus, the ViMOS has great potential to rapidly gain detailed and reliable information about new strains and cultivation conditions. The broadened knowledge will facilitate the further optimization of γ-PGA production.     

NaCl、Mn(Ⅱ)、L-谷氨酰胺和α-酮戊二酸对地衣芽孢杆菌WBL-3合成新型土壤修复材料γ-PGA的影响

聚γ-谷氨酸(γ-PGA)及其衍生物是一种新型土壤修复和改良材料,能吸附土壤中的重金属和放射性核物质等污染物,也可作为保水材料应用于干旱环境。NaCl、Mn(Ⅱ)、L-谷氨酰胺和α-酮戊二酸四因素对Bacillus licheniformisWBL-3合成γ-PGA产量及分子量有重要影响。分别用L-谷氨酰胺和α-酮戊二酸代替L-谷氨酸,Bacillus licheniformisWBL-3未产生γ-PGA。单因素试验表明:γ-PGA产量均随四因素浓度的增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势,γ-PGA产量分别在NaCl,Mn(Ⅱ)、L-谷氨酰胺和α-酮戊二酸浓度为6%,100μmol.L-1,1.5 mmol.L-1和10 mmol.L-1时达到最大值35.79g.L-1,24.77 g.L-1,30.07 g.L-1和26.09 g.L-1;γ-PGA分子量随NaCl浓度的增大而增大,随α-酮戊二酸浓度的增大而减小,随Mn(Ⅱ)、L-谷氨酰胺浓度的增大而呈现先增大后减小的趋势。正交试验证明了单因素试验的结论,四因素间没有交互作用的影响,最优组合为NaCl:6%,α-酮戊二酸:10 mmol.L-1,Mn(Ⅱ):100μmol.L-1,L-谷氨酰胺:1.5 mmol.L-1,产量达到55.62 g.L-1。