芒果象甲研究进展(鞘翅目:象虫科)

本文对芒果象属 (SternochetusPierce,1 91 7)的种类、分布、生物学特性、生长季节的防治和采收后的处理等问题进行了总结 ,并对我国进行芒果象的检疫问题提出了建议。     

进口美国松木中截获齿小蠹的鉴定(鞘翅目:小蠹科)

本文对2010—2015年全国口岸从美国进境松木中截获的齿小蠹进行了分析,分别对美云杉齿小蠹Ips borealis、美雕齿小蠹I.calligraphus、混点齿小蠹I.confusus、重齿小蠹I.duplicatus、南部松齿小蠹I.grandicollis、蒙大拿齿小蠹I.montanus、似混齿小蠹I.paraconfusus、白云杉齿小蠹I.perturbatus、美松齿小蠹I.pini、平额重齿小蠹I.plastographus、十二齿小蠹I.sexdentatus、云杉八齿小蠹I.typographus 12种昆虫的进境寄主进行统计,对截获频次进行分析对其成虫的主要形态特征进行了描述,编制了分种检索表,对检疫鉴定工作具有指导意义。     

豉甲科及水生肉食亚目的分子系统发育学分析(昆虫纲：鞘翅目)

利用PAUP和MrBayes软件,对线粒体COⅠ基因序列3个密码子位置的数据模块分别进行了豉甲科(Gyrinidae)和水生肉食亚目(Hydradephaga)在亚科或科水平上的系统发育学分析,结果表明第二密码子数据模块获得了理想的分析结果。由PAUP生成的豉甲科最优树来自第二密码子数据模块的分析,而由MrBayes生成的最优树来自全部密码子数据模块的分析。此外,用对应的氨基酸序列生成的ME和MP树与第二密码子数据模块分析的结果也一致。亚科Orectochilinae和Gyrininae以高的支持率形成了单系。然而,来自亚科Enhydrinae的种Porrorhynchus landaisi landaisi呈现了异常的位置。SH-test检验也支持该异常位置,表明这个种可能代表了一个科。在来自第二密码子数据模块的水生肉食亚目最优ML树中,整个Hydradephaga树呈现单系,豉甲科位于树的基部,表明了该科在水生肉食亚目中是一个早期的分支。在树中还产生了一个单系的Dytiscoidea总科,由Dytiscidae、Hygrobiidae、Noteridae和Amphizoidae 4个科组成,单系的Haliplidae与之成为姐妹群。此外线粒体分子钟的结果表明豉甲科的5对相近种间的分化是一个短时期内发生的(0.01～1.81百万年前),这点可能与它们的特殊地理分布有关。     

重要林业害虫--栗苞蚜(同翅目,根瘤蚜科)的形态特征及其危害

栗苞蚜Moritziella castaneivora Miyazaki,1966是近年来在我国发现的一种为害日本栗Castanea crenata和板栗C.mollissima的害虫,可造成植株落花落果.记述了栗苞蚜的形态特征、生物学特征、危害及其防治的初步研究.提供了形态特征图、形态照片和生物学照片.研究标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆.     

应用COⅠ基因序列探讨中国蚱总科四亚科部分物种的系统发生关系(英文)

通过测定蚱科26种蚱的线粒体DNA细胞色素c氧化酶Ⅰ基因的部分序列,分析了蚱亚科、短翼蚱亚科、刺翼蚱亚科及股沟蚱亚科部分物种的系统发育关系。以蜢总科的Vandiemenella viatica和Proriferasp.作为外群,构建了MP树和Bayes树。在获得的598bp的序列中,有289个变异位点,253个简约信息位点; A、T、G和C的碱基平均含量分别为31.6% ,32.7% ,19.5% ,16.2% , A+T含量高于G+C含量。分子系统树显示:蚱亚科尖顶蚱属和该亚科其他属的亲缘关系较远,而与短翼蚱亚科的狭顶蚱属有较近的亲缘关系。尖顶蚱属的广西尖顶蚱聚在短翼蚱科内,与该亚科的尖翅狭顶蚱形成姐妹群且支持两者关系的置信度很高,广西尖顶蚱不应属于蚱亚科尖顶蚱属。龙滩柯蚱与蚱属的桂南蚱形成姐妹关系,而庭蚱属的细庭蚱聚在柯蚱属中,且蚱亚科柯蚱属的防城柯蚱与刺翼蚱亚科的二刺羊角蚱形成姐妹关系,因此柯蚱属不是单系群,作为一个单独的属是可疑的;蚱属不是单系群,日本蚱也不是蚱属中的原始物种,锯齿股蚱和粗体蚱碱基序列完全相同,再次证明二者为同一物种。     

蜣螂后胸叉骨形态演化趋势及其在系统发育分析中的意义(鞘翅目:金龟科)

后胸叉骨是昆虫胸部的内骨骼,是重要的肌肉联结点,在昆虫运动中起着不可替代的作用。该结构在鞘翅目高级阶元系统发育关系重建中扮演了重要角色,但由于其在低级阶元间的差异较小以及在形态分析中使用困难等因素限制,致使后胸叉骨的研究并未受到广泛重视。国内学者对于甲虫后胸叉骨的研究非常少,甚至长期以来没有中文名称,相关内容只零星散布于教科书和学位论文中,针对蜣螂后胸叉骨形态学研究尚未见报道。本文对金龟科蜣螂亚科9族65种的后胸叉骨进行了详细的比较形态学研究,归纳了族级形态特征,进而探究蜣螂后胸叉骨形态演化趋势及其在系统发育分析中的意义。此外,还对利用现代形态学和几何形态学等方法研究后胸叉骨功能形态的前景进行了阐述。     

基于Cytb和COⅠ基因部分序列的15种麻蝇之间的系统发育关系(双翅目:麻蝇科)(英文)

本研究通过测序Cytb基因和COⅠ基因的部分序列来推定15种麻蝇之间的系统发育关系。在世界麻蝇名录中,本研究的15种麻蝇能够代表麻蝇属Sarcophaga的6个亚属。连接序列(972bp)被用于系统发育分析;分析方法包括了了最大简约法、最大似然法以及贝叶斯法。我们的结果提示了亚麻蝇亚属Parasarcophaga、别麻蝇亚属Boettcherisca以及红麻蝇亚属Liopygia的单系性,同时也表明蛇麻蝇亚属Liosarcophaga和德麻蝇亚属Pandelleisca并不是单源的。不过,目前的研究并不能分辨野德麻蝇S.(Pandelleisca)similis和峨眉叉麻蝇S.(Robineauella)coei的系统发育位置。此外,最大简约分析和似然功能分析在scopariiformis-iwuensis进化枝和polystylata-hui进化枝的关系上产生了不一致的系统发育推断。因此,后续研究不仅需要其他的分子标记,也需要更多的分类取样。     

从东南亚进口水果截获桔小实蝇复合种五近缘种的鉴别(双翅目:实蝇科)

介绍了近年从进口东南亚水果中经常截获的、最具经济重要性的桔小实蝇复合种5个近缘种:杨桃实蝇B.carambolae、桔小实蝇B.dorsalis、芒果实蝇B.occipitalis、木瓜实蝇B.papayae及菲律宾实蝇B.philippinensis,分别记述了翅、胸、足、腹及雌虫产卵器主要鉴别特征,并列出桔小实蝇复合种5近缘种鉴别特征检索表。     

中国四种蜣螂幼虫形态记述(鞘翅目:金龟科:金龟亚科)

基于3龄幼虫首次描述了中国4种蜣螂幼虫的形态特征,分别是：捷氏凯蜣螂Caccobius jessoensis Harold、短亮凯蜣螂C．brevis Waterhouse、双顶嗡蜣螂Onthophagus bivertex Heyden和小驼嗡蜣螂0．gibbulus（Pallas）。文中列出了中国凯蜣螂和嗡蜣螂属幼虫分种检索表。标本保存在沈阳农业大学昆虫博物馆。     

甜菜蚜(半翅目,蚜科)的种下分化——基于形态与分子数据

甜菜蚜Aphis,fabae scopoli是世界广布性害虫,主要为害甜菜、蚕豆、荞麦、玉米等农作物以及欧洲卫矛、金莲花等园林植物,该种包含6个亚种,即指名亚种A.fabae fabae Scopoli、刺菜亚种A.fabae cirsiiacanthoidis Scopoli、卫茅亚种A.fabae evonymi Fabricius、牛蒡亚种A.fabae mordvilkoi B(o)rner & Janich、茄亚种A.fabae solanella Theobald和蓟亚种A.fabae eryngii E.E.Blanchtard.由于各亚种形态特征十分相似,分类学上通常依据次生寄主植物来鉴定.至于这些亚种是否成立,不同的学者观点不同.为此,本研究选取了甜菜蚜4个亚种(卫矛哑种和蓟亚种除外),基于比较形态特征和分子遗传差异来确定这些亚种的分类地位.光学显微镜下观察并测量了10个常用的鉴别形态特征,判别分析结果表明牛蒡亚种和指名亚种具有较高的交叉重叠范围,而刺菜亚种和茄亚种部分个体互相重叠,部分个体相对独立,形态特征结果分析说明这些特征并不能对4个亚种进行有效区分.基于线粒体基因Cyt 6、用于DNA条形编码的COⅠ基因序列片段和它的5'端,对4个亚种34个个体的分子数据进行了分析,结果表明4个亚种的所有个体之间基于COⅠ和Cyt b序列的遗传距离范围均为0.0%～1.3%;基于遗传距离所构建的邻接树(NJ)明显聚为两支(支持率100%),两分支之间的遗传距离范围为1.1%～1.3%,各亚种内部的遗传距离范围为0.00～0.03%;结果表明甜菜蚜可能是一个止在分化的物种,基于DNA序列的分析并不支持4个亚种的划分.     

Characterization of competence during induction of somatic embryogenesis in alfalfa tissue culture

Systematic manipulations of the culture protocol leading to somatic embryogenesis in alfalfa petiole-derived callus were performed to study the competence phase during somatic embryogenesis in alfalfa. These demonstrated a requirement for the acquisition of competence prior to the induction of the embryogenesis pathway. Induction was triggered by a number of synthetic auxins including 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d). Competence could be acquired in the presence of these auxins as well as phenylacetic acid (PAA), an auxin that did not induce embryogenesis. Different degrees of competence were apparently acquired by exposure to 2,4-d and PAA. Some degree of competence was acquired in the absence of auxin treatment. The current understanding of the concept of competence is discussed.PRC contribution no. 1431     

Rhizosphere microflora of plants used for the phytoremediation of bitumen-contaminated soil

The microbial communities and their degradative potential in rhizospheres of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and reed (Phragmites australis) and in unplanted soil in response to bitumen contamination of soil were studied in pot experiments. According to the results of fluorescence microscopy, over a period of 27 months, bitumen contamination of soil reduced the total number of microorganisms more significantly (by 75%) in unplanted than in rhizosphere soil (by 42% and 7% for reed and alfalfa, respectively) and had various effects on some important physiological groups of microorganisms such as actinomycetes as well as nitrogen-fixing, nitrifying, denitrifying, ammonifying, phosphate-solubilizing, sulphur-oxidizing, cellulolytic and hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms. The changes in the physiological structure of the microbial community under bitumen contamination were found to hinge on not merely the presence of plants but also their type. It was noted that the rhizosphere microflora of alfalfa was less inhibited by hydrocarbon pollution and had a higher degradative potential than the rhizosphere microflora of reed.     

Inheritance of large mitochondrial RNA's in alfalfa

Summary Several large RNA molecules that migrated to electrophoretic positions ranging from 1.7–10 kb were observed in preparation of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) mitochondria. F₁ progenies inherited the RNA's from both maternal and paternal parents (Fig. 1). Treatment of intact mitochondria with RNase A failed to remove the RNA's, indicating that they were contained within an RNase impermeable compartment. Further purification of mitochondria in linear sucrose gradients failed to separate the RNA's from mitochondria. Transmission electron microscopic examination of sucrose gradient purified mitochondria revealed that mitochondria were free of contamination by virus-like particles, indicating that the RNA's were contained within the mitochondrion. Biparental inheritance of large mitochondrial RNA's in alfalfa provides evidence that mitochondria are inherited biparentally in this species.     

干旱胁迫下紫花苜蓿幼苗非结构性碳水化合物代谢对NO的响应

以紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）为材料,采用盆栽试验方法,用聚乙二醇（PEG-6000）作为渗透介质模拟干旱胁迫,外源喷施NO供体硝普钠,NO清除剂（carboxy-PTIO,cPTIO）,对紫花苜蓿幼苗叶片、根系中非结构性碳水化合物含量及相关酶活性的变化进行研究,探讨NO对紫花苜蓿耐旱机制的作用。结果表明：外源NO促进了紫花苜蓿叶片中淀粉的分解、根系中淀粉的积累,提高叶片及根系中可溶性糖（蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖）含量,降低了渗透势,促进细胞吸水,缓解干旱造成的损伤。此外,外源NO能提高干旱胁迫下紫花苜蓿叶片中蔗糖合成酶（SS）、酸性转化酶（AI）和中性转化酶（NI）活性,降低了蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）的活性,提高根系中SS、SPS和转化酶活性,使蔗糖的合成与分解处于高水平的动态平衡,增强了紫花苜蓿的抗旱性。而NO清除剂cPTIO则会不同程度的抑制紫花苜蓿幼苗中非结构性碳水化合物（NSC）及其相关酶活性。因此,NO可以通过调控NSC的代谢响应干旱胁迫,缓解干旱胁迫造成的不利影响,在紫花苜蓿的抗旱中扮演着重要的角色。     

Comparative mapping between<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Medicago sativa</Emphasis> and<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Pisum sativum</Emphasis>

Comparative genome analysis has been performed between alfalfa ( Medicago sativa) and pea ( Pisum sativum), species which represent two closely related tribes of the subfamily Papilionoideae with different basic chromosome numbers. The positions of genes on the most recent linkage map of diploid alfalfa were compared to those of homologous loci on the combined genetic map of pea to analyze the degree of co-linearity between their linkage groups. In addition to using unique genes, analysis of the map positions of multicopy (homologous) genes identified syntenic homologs (characterized by similar positions on the maps) and pinpointed the positions of non-syntenic homologs. The comparison revealed extensive conservation of gene order between alfalfa and pea. However, genetic rearrangements (due to breakage and reunion) were localized which can account for the difference in chromosome number (8 for alfalfa and 7 for pea). Based on these genetic events and our increasing knowledge of the genomic structure of pea, it was concluded that the difference in genome size between the two species (the pea genome is 5- to 10-fold larger than that of alfalfa) is not a consequence of genome duplication in pea. The high degree of synteny observed between pea and Medicago loci makes further map-based cloning of pea genes based on the genome resources now available for M. truncatula a promising strategy.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at Communicated by W. R. McCombie     

Regulation of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in root nodules of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) infected with Rhizobium meliloti

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation of Rhizobium meliloti bacteroids in Medicago sativa root nodules was suppressed by several inorganic nitrogen sources. Amino acids like glutamine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid, which can serve as sole nitrogen sources for the unnodulated plant did not influence nitrogenase activity of effective nodules, even at high concentrations.Ammonia and nitrate suppressed symbiotic nitrogen fixation in vivo only at concentrations much higher than those needed for suppression of nitrogenase activity in free living nitrogen fixing bacteria. The kinetics of suppression were slow compared with that of free living nitrogen fixing bacteria. On the other hand, nitrite, which acts as a direct inhibitor of nitrogenase, suppressed very quickly and at low concentrations. Glutamic acid and glutamine enhanced the effect of ammonia dramatically, while the suppression by nitrate was enhanced only slightly.