调制点光源在散射介质中的传输规律

首次揭示了调制点光源在均匀散射介质中的传输规律.只要调制光信号的中心角频率大大于其带宽且小小于光速与介质吸收系数的乘积,那么调制点光源在均匀散射介质中的峰值能流率分布与稳定的点光源分布相同.     

用去卷积法提高超声调制光学成像的空间分辨率

超声调制光学成像的空间分辨率取决于光在组织中的散射程度和扫描超声束的聚焦大小。由于组织是强散射介质,实际应用中的超声束都有一定的聚焦宽度(通常是毫米数量级),所以该技术成像空间分辨率一直无法提高。针对这个问题,首次将去卷积图像处理法运用在超声调制光学成像技术中,有效地解决了扫描超声束带来的信号展开,分辨率下降的影响。理论和防真结果表明,处理后的成像分辨率大大提高,图像质量明显改善。该方法无须对系统装置做任何改动,只利用适当的数据处理,就实现了成像超分辨,具有应用价值。     

混浊介质后向散射特性的Mueller矩阵实验测量

Mueller矩阵是一种公认的能很好地表述介质偏振特性的方法.由于散射光偏振在生物组织无创伤诊断技术等诸多领域中的重要应用价值,对组织散射特性的Mueller矩阵的研究成为国际上组织光学的热点之一.与现有测量Mueller矩阵的实验方法相比,斜入射正接收装置用来测量Mueuer矩阵是一个更加行之有效的方法,再结合一种新的算法来处理后续数据,由此所获得的Mueller矩阵空间分布图的清晰度不亚于其它文献的报道.这种测量方法结构更简单,具有测量更方便、准确等优点.结果表明:入射角影响Mueller矩阵的空间分布图.随着介质浓度的增大,随机介质后向散射Mueller矩阵各元素的空间分布图样减小.     

基于压缩感知和散斑相关法的散射介质成像方法研究

散射介质成像是生物医学成像领域的一个重要研究方向,对生物医学临床的诊断有着重大的意义。结合散斑相关法和压缩感知技术,提出了一种散射介质成像方法。该方法与传统散射介质成像方法相比,将减少图像采集、图像重建所记录的数据量,提高图像处理的效率,并且降低了系统的搭建成本。试验结果表明,结合TVAL3信号重构算法和双谱分析法的散射图像重建算法,随着采样率的增大,峰值信噪比平稳上升,为散射介质成像方法在生物医学成像领域的运用提供了一种有效方案。     

实验探索非靶组织光学参数对超声调制光的影响

生物组织是一种复杂的多层高散射介质,探索光在超声作用下的生物组织中的传播规律是超声调制光学成像术必须解决的一个基本问题,关系到最终进行图像处理与重建。通过实验探索超声调制光信号在双层和三层组织中的传播规律。实验结果表明非靶组织的光学属性（吸收系数和散射系数）和组织结构（单层或多层）都不影响超声调制光信号的调制深度。调制深度只与超声焦区介质（即靶组织）的声光属性有关,具有较佳的抗干扰性,适合用于图像重构。     

生物组织的超声调制光学成像技术

具有超声定位的高空间分辨率和光学检测的高灵敏度的超声调制光学成像技术是一种有前途的无损的生物组织成像技术。文章阐述了该技术的成像原理,评述了前人在散射介质中声光作用机制的理论研究;介绍了该领域在技术路线上的最新研究进展;最后总结了超声调制光学成像技术的优点并展望了其在生物医学领域的应用前景。     

胆管癌胆汁蛋白质样品制备和双向电泳条件的优化

采用合适的裂解液和沉淀方法,提取胆管癌胆汁中的蛋白质,获得分辨率高、重复性好的蛋白质双向电泳图谱.通过不同裂解液和蛋白质沉淀方法提取胆汁蛋白的效果比较,设计了不同的样品制备方法,并且对双向电泳(2-DE)的条件进行优化.结果显示,试验确定了适合胆管癌胆汁的裂解液配方(LSⅣ),丙酮沉淀的蛋白分布完整,沉淀效率相对较高.高伏时、长时间的等电聚焦可以获得高分辨率、重复性好的蛋白质双向电泳图谱.因此,本方法可以应用到胆管癌胆汁蛋白的提取,也可以对其他体液蛋白质样品的制备和双向电泳提供借鉴.     

利用皮秒激光对高散射介质中的物体成像的研究

本文分析了激光脉冲在高散射介质中的传输特性,研究一种利用皮秒激光二次谐波互相关方法对高散射介质中的物体成像的技术,得到５００μｍ的空间分辨率,该技术有望在医学诊断中得到应用     

生物光学成像专题征文通知

本专刊主要由有关生物组织光学成像方面的邀稿和投稿组成。近年来 ,在高散射介质中 (尤其在生物组织中 )光输运问题被越来越广泛和深入的研究。这些研究可以开发一些新的无损而又廉价的医学光学成像技术。光学成像因其可以提供生理学功能型的医学影像 ,而引起学术界广泛的关注。光学成像主要包括漫射光断层成像、相干光断层成像 ( OCT)、早到光子技术、超声调制技术、磁光调制技术、偏振调制技术等等方面。在这些技术中 ,相干光断层成像具有较高的空间分辨率 ,技术相对比较成熟 ,但其检测深度有限。漫射光断层成像的空间分辨率是比较低的 …     

生物光学成像专刊征文通知

本专刊主要由有关生物组织光学成像方面的邀稿和投稿组成。近年来 ,在高散射介质中 (尤其在生物组织中 )光输运问题被越来越广泛和深入的研究。这些研究可以开发一些新的无损而又廉价的医学光学成像技术。光学成像因其可以提供生理学功能型的医学影像 ,而引起学术界广泛的关注。光学成像主要包括漫射光断层成像、相干光断层成像 ( OCT)、早到光子技术、超声调制技术、磁光调制技术、偏振调制技术等等方面。在这些技术中 ,相干光断层成像具有较高的空间分辨率 ,技术相对比较成熟 ,但其检测深度有限。漫射光断层成像的空间分辨率是比较低的 …     

Ring Artifacts Reduction in CBCT: Pixels Detection and Patch Based Correction

The ring artifacts introduced by the defective pixels with non-linear responses in the high-resolution detector, have a great impact on subsequent processing and quantitative analysis of the reconstructed images. In this paper, a multistep method is proposed to suppress the ring artifacts of micro CT images, which firstly locates the positions of the defective pixels in the sinogram, and then corrects the corresponding value in the projections. Since the defective pixels always appear as vertical stripes in the sinogram, a horizontal curve is derived by summing the pixel values along vertical direction, thus the abrupt segments related to the defective stripes are enhanced notably, and a proportion coefficient based on the second derivative of the curve is taken as the indicator for the position and the severity of the defective pixels. Then, the detected defective pixels in the sinogram are transferred and relocated in the projections, an improved 3D block matching filtering (BM3D) algorithm is applied to restore the defective pixels in corresponding projection images. In the end, the tomographic images are reconstructed from the corrected projections. In the experiment, a small piece of the motherwort’s rhizome and a part of a mouse’s lung are imaged by micro-CT, and the result shows that, compared with the other four state-of-art methods, the proposed method has a great reduction on the ring artifacts of the reconstructed images, and makes less impact in spatial resolution and contrast in the same time.     

Standardization of Size,Shape and Internal Structure of Spinal Cord Images: Comparison of Three Transformation Methods

Functional fluorescence imaging has been widely applied to analyze spatio-temporal patterns of cellular dynamics in the brain and spinal cord. However, it is difficult to integrate spatial information obtained from imaging data in specific regions of interest across multiple samples, due to large variability in the size, shape and internal structure of samples. To solve this problem, we attempted to standardize transversely sectioned spinal cord images focusing on the laminar structure in the gray matter. We employed three standardization methods, the affine transformation (AT), the angle-dependent transformation (ADT) and the combination of these two methods (AT+ADT). The ADT is a novel non-linear transformation method developed in this study to adjust an individual image onto the template image in the polar coordinate system. We next compared the accuracy of these three standardization methods. We evaluated two indices, i.e., the spatial distribution of pixels that are not categorized to any layer and the error ratio by the leave-one-out cross validation method. In this study, we used neuron-specific marker (NeuN)-stained histological images of transversely sectioned cervical spinal cord slices (21 images obtained from 4 rats) to create the standard atlas and also to serve for benchmark tests. We found that the AT+ADT outperformed other two methods, though the accuracy of each method varied depending on the layer. This novel image standardization technique would be applicable to optical recording such as voltage-sensitive dye imaging, and will enable statistical evaluations of neural activation across multiple samples.     

Plasmonic Focusing in Nanostructures

In this review, we show that by designing the metallic nanostructures, the surface plasmon (SP) focusing has been achieved, with the focusing spot at a subwavelength scale. The central idea is based on the principle of optical interference that the constructive superposition of SPs with phase matching can result in a considerable electric-field enhancement of SPs in the near field, exhibiting a pronounced focusing spot. We first reviewed several new designs for surface plasmon focusing by controlling the metallic geometry or incident light polarization: We made an in-plane plasmonic Fresnel zone plates, a counterpart in optics, which produces an obvious SP focusing effect; We also fabricated the symmetry broken nanocorrals which can provide the spatial phase difference for SPs, and then we propose another plasmon focusing approach by using semicircular nanoslits, which gives rise to the phase difference through changing refractive index of the medium in the nanoslits. Further, we showed that the spiral metallic nanostructure can be severed as plasmonic lens to control the plasmon focusing under a linearly polarized light with different angles.

     

Measuring Hearing Organ Vibration Patterns with Confocal Microscopy and Optical Flow

A new method for visualizing vibrating structures is described. The system provides a means to capture very fast repeating events by relatively minor modifications to a standard confocal microscope. An acousto-optic modulator was inserted in the beam path, generating brief pulses of laser light. Images were formed by summing consecutive frames until every pixel of the resulting image had been exposed to a laser pulse. Images were analyzed using a new method for optical flow computation; it was validated through introducing artificial displacements in confocal images. Displacements in the range of 0.8 to 4 pixels were measured with 5% error or better. The lower limit for reliable motion detection was 20% of the pixel size. These methods were used for investigating the motion pattern of the vibrating hearing organ. In contrast to standard theory, we show that the organ of Corti possesses several degrees of freedom during sound-evoked vibration. Outer hair cells showed motion indicative of deformation. After acoustic overstimulation, supporting cells contracted. This slowly developing structural change was visualized during simultaneous intense sound stimulation and its speed measured with the optical flow technique.     

Non‐invasive,whole‐plant imaging of chloroplast movement and chlorophyll fluorescence reveals photosynthetic phenotypes independent of chloroplast photorelocation defects in chloroplast division mutants

Leaf chloroplast movement is thought to optimize light capture and to minimize photodamage. To better understand the impact of chloroplast movement on photosynthesis, we developed a technique based on the imaging of reflectance from leaf surfaces that enables continuous, high‐sensitivity, non‐invasive measurements of chloroplast movement in multiple intact plants under white actinic light. We validated the method by measuring photorelocation responses in Arabidopsis chloroplast division mutants with drastically enlarged chloroplasts, and in phototropin mutants with impaired photorelocation but normal chloroplast morphology, under different light regimes. Additionally, we expanded our platform to permit simultaneous image‐based measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence and chloroplast movement. We show that chloroplast division mutants with enlarged, less‐mobile chloroplasts exhibit greater photosystem II photodamage than is observed in the wild type, particularly under fluctuating high levels of light. Comparison between division mutants and the severe photorelocation mutant phot1‐5 phot2‐1 showed that these effects are not entirely attributable to diminished photorelocation responses, as previously hypothesized, implying that altered chloroplast morphology affects other photosynthetic processes. Our dual‐imaging platform also allowed us to develop a straightforward approach to correct non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ) calculations for interference from chloroplast movement. This correction method should be generally useful when fluorescence and reflectance are measured in the same experiments. The corrected data indicate that the energy‐dependent (qE) and photoinhibitory (qI) components of NPQ contribute differentially to the NPQ phenotypes of the chloroplast division and photorelocation mutants. This imaging technology thus provides a platform for analyzing the contributions of chloroplast movement, chloroplast morphology and other phenotypic attributes to the overall photosynthetic performance of higher plants.     

Biodiversity as both a cause and consequence of resource availability: a study of reciprocal causality in a predator-prey system

1. One of the oldest questions in ecology is how species diversity in any given trophic level is related to the availability of essential resources that limit biomass (e.g. water, nutrients, light or prey). Researchers have tried to understand this relationship by focusing either on how diversity is influenced by the availability of resources, or alternatively, how resource abundance is influenced by species diversity. These contrasting perspectives have led to a seeming paradox '... is species diversity the cause or the consequence of resources that limit community biomass?' 2. Here we present results of an experiment that show it is possible for species diversity and resource density to exhibit reciprocal causal relationships in the same ecological system. Using a guild of ladybeetle predators and their aphid prey, we manipulated the number of predator species in field enclosures to examine how predator diversity impacts prey population size. At the same time, we manipulated the abundance of aphid prey in discrete habitat patches within each enclosure to determine how smaller-scale spatial variation in resource abundance affects the number of co-occurring predator species. 3. We found that the number of ladybeetle species added to enclosures had a significant impact on aphid population dynamics because interference competition among the predators reduced per capita rates of predation and, in turn, the overall efficiency of the predator guild. At the same time, spatial variation in aphid abundance among smaller habitat patches generated variation in the observed richness of ladybeetles because more species occurred in patches where predators aggregated in response to high aphid density. 4. The results of our experiment demonstrate that it is possible for species diversity to simultaneously be a cause and a consequence of resource density in the same ecological system, and they shed light on how this might occur for groups of mobile consumers that exhibit rapid responses to spatial and temporal variation in their prey.     

Spaceborne SAR Imaging Algorithm for Coherence Optimized

This paper proposes SAR imaging algorithm with largest coherence based on the existing SAR imaging algorithm. The basic idea of SAR imaging algorithm in imaging processing is that output signal can have maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by using the optimal imaging parameters. Traditional imaging algorithm can acquire the best focusing effect, but would bring the decoherence phenomenon in subsequent interference process. Algorithm proposed in this paper is that SAR echo adopts consistent imaging parameters in focusing processing. Although the SNR of the output signal is reduced slightly, their coherence is ensured greatly, and finally the interferogram with high quality is obtained. In this paper, two scenes of Envisat ASAR data in Zhangbei are employed to conduct experiment for this algorithm. Compared with the interferogram from the traditional algorithm, the results show that this algorithm is more suitable for SAR interferometry (InSAR) research and application.     

Foreground detection in video sequences with probabilistic self-organizing maps

Background modeling and foreground detection are key parts of any computer vision system. These problems have been addressed in literature with several probabilistic approaches based on mixture models. Here we propose a new kind of probabilistic background models which is based on probabilistic self-organising maps. This way, the background pixels are modeled with more flexibility. On the other hand, a statistical correlation measure is used to test the similarity among nearby pixels, so as to enhance the detection performance by providing a feedback to the process. Several well known benchmark videos have been used to assess the relative performance of our proposal with respect to traditional neural and non neural based methods, with favourable results, both qualitatively and quantitatively. A statistical analysis of the differences among methods demonstrates that our method is significantly better than its competitors. This way, a strong alternative to classical methods is presented.     

基于混合像元分解的 MODIS 绿潮覆盖面积精细化提取方法研究

在绿潮遥感业务化监测中,250 m 分辨率的 MODIS 卫星数据是主要数据源,归一化差值植被指数（ND-VI）是绿潮卫星遥感信息提取的主要方法。研究发现,由于 MODIS 空间分辨率较低,存在大量的混合像元,导致提取的绿潮覆盖面积明显偏大。针对该问题,本文在 MODIS 绿潮 NDVI 计算的基础上,首先对大于 NDVI 阈值的像元进行混合像元分解,得到 MODIS NDVI 混合像元分解后的绿潮面积,然后以准同步的30 m 分辨率 HJ-1 CCD 影像提取的绿潮覆盖面积为真值,建立了 MODIS NDVI 混合像元分解得到的绿潮面积与 HJ-1提取的绿潮面积之间的关系模型,以实现绿潮面积的精细化提取。与传统的 NDVI 阈值法和混合像元分解法相比,该方法提取的绿潮覆盖面积更接近于“真值”,面积约为“真值”的96％,而传统的 NDVI 阈值法和混合像元分解方法提取的面积分别为“真值”的2．96倍和45％。另外,与传统的 NDVI 阈值法相比,新方法对 NDVI 阈值变化不敏感,在相同的 NDVI 阈值变化区间内,前者提取的绿潮覆盖面积变化了41％,而新方法的变化仅为11％。本文的工作在很大程度上解决了 MODIS 空间分辨率低导致的绿潮监测结果不准确的问题,为精细化的绿潮卫星遥感业务监测提供了参考。     

同步辐射在显微CT中的应用

计算机X射线断层成像技术（CT）是利用X射线的穿透能力对物体进行扫描,所得信号经过反投影的算法而得到物体二维分布的一种成像方法,已经在医学诊断、工业探伤等领域广泛应用。但是由于实验室光源的低通量,光源点大小及其单色性等限制了其向高分辨发展,通常其分辨率在0．5mm左右。利用微焦点X射线源作为光源的显微CT分辨率可以达到微米量级,但是由于其光通量低且为非单色光,对不同样品有不同程度的束线硬化,影响了其真实分辨率。同步辐射作为一种新兴的光源有高亮度、高光子通量、高准直性、高极化性、高相干性及宽的频谱范围的特点,配合高分辨的X射线探测器,可以发展同步辐射显微CT,其分辨率可达10μm以下。利用同步辐射的高空间相干性开展位相衬度显微CT的研究,对低吸收物质也可以清晰三维成像。新建的上海光源的X射线成像及生物医学应用线站开展了三维显微CT方面的研究,经过初步试验,得到了较好的结果。