稻田三种捕食性天敌与两种害虫共存系统捕食量的研究

有关捕食者-猎物关系的研究一直是种群生态学的活跃课题。Lotka-Volterra(1925)方程是最早用于研究捕食者-猎物系统的数学模型。此后许多作者进一步研究了捕食者-猎物(寄主-寄生物)的关系(Nicholson和Bailey,1935;Holling,1959;Hassell和Varley,1989;Murdoch,1969;Manley等,1972;李超等,1982,1983;丁岩钦等,1983;兰仲雄     

Arthropod Natural Enemies of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in India

Helicoverpa armigera Hubner Lepidoptera: Noctuidae is one of the most serious insect pests in the Old World. In India, it causes substantial losses to legume, fibre, cereal oilseed and vegetable crops. This paper reviews the literature on the biology, ecology, efficacy, rearing and augmentation of endemic parasitoids and predators, as well as exotic parasitoids introduced and released in India. It also provides updated lists of H. armigera natural enemies native to India. In addition, reports of augmentative releases of Trichogramma spp., the most extensively studied natural enemy of H. armigera are summarized.     

烟草害虫天敌及其自然控制作用

介绍了云南省烟草主要害虫天敌资源和天敌昆虫的自然控制作用。在云南省烟田内 ,控制烟草害虫发生的生物因子大致可归纳为寄生性和捕食性两大类。充分发挥自然因素的生态调控作用 ,对保护利用天敌、维护烟田生态平衡、提高害虫综合治理效果、保护生态环境都有重要意义     

密度分布非均匀的害虫和天敌生态模型的平衡解的稳定性

讨论一类密度分布非均匀的害虫和天敌生态模型平衡解的稳定性,得到该问题非负平衡解的存在性、渐适性和相应吸引区域。     

Plant-livestock-soil-hydrology interactions in the northeastern region of India

In a multidisciplinary study, highly significant interactional effects were found among land use, livestock component, soil properties and rainfall. On an average, 16.2 to 82.2 tonnes of sediment yield km⁻² and more than 90% of rainwater was retained in-situ in new land use systems as against 3621.3 tonnes of sediment and 66.3% rainwater retention in shifting cultivation, because of poor land cover. Good vegetation cover reduced the runoff load, resulting in significant reduction in the soil and nutrient erosion. The average sediment yield was only 0.44%, 2.68%, 1.47%, 0.31%, 0.73% and 2.27% in livestock based, forestry, agro-forestry, agriculture, agri-horti-silvi-pastoral and horticulture land use systems of that of shifting cultivation. Highest average sediment yield was 704.3 t km⁻² when the annual rainfall was 2770 mm and minimum 405.4 t km⁻² when the annual rainfall was 1992 mm. More in-situ retention of rainwater helped in the availability of adequate moisture from the soil to the succeeding crops when the rainy season receded. The sediment yield varied according to the rainfall received during a particular year and the nature of vegetation in a particular land use. There was sufficient fertility build-up in the watersheds where animals were kept and after ten years of start of the study, no need of inorganic sources of nutrients was required. The organic carbon, humus, exchangeable calcium, magnesium, potassium and available phosphorus increased significantly in the new land use systems compared to shifting cultivation, however, the DTPA (Diethylene triamine penta acetic acid) extractable zinc, copper, iron and exchangeable aluminium decreased over the initial soil status. It showed that the vegetation in the new land uses had a smothering effect on the soil and increase in the elements had a favourable impact on the crop productivity.     

多种天敌控制多种害虫的模糊数学模型

从生态经济学的原理出发,利用模糊集理论,探讨如何评价天敌控制多种害虫的为害作用,提出了多种天敌控制多种害虫的模糊数学模型。同时又得到了天敌对害虫的控制能力C,影响率G,影响强度H,及权数ω(x)的计算公式,以及在天敌作用下安全度的讨论与分析。     

《蚜虫:生物学、天敌与防治》

<正> 该书属世界作物害虫(World Crop Pests)(荷兰W.Helle教授主编)系列丛书之一,全书分为2A、2B、2C共3卷,由来自14个国家的57位专家(仅指A、B卷,C卷正在出版中)分别撰写有关章节,荷兰的A K Minks和P.Harrewijn两位教授编辑,Elsevier Science PublishersB.V.公司1987(A 卷)、1988(B 卷)出版,A、B两卷共计814页,文献3000余篇,是迄今为止第一本全面系统阐述蚜虫生物学、生态学和IPM实践的优秀专著。     

芽胞杆菌防治烟草病虫害的研究进展

烟草病虫害严重影响烟草产业的可持续发展,更为安全的生物防治方法已成为烟草病虫害防治研究的热点领域。芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)是一类比较理想的生防微生物,在植病生物防治领域显示出了广阔的应用前景。本文论述了芽胞杆菌属细菌的生物学特性及其在烟草黑胫病、赤星病、青枯病、炭疽病、根黑腐病、花叶病、白粉病、烟草斜纹夜蛾和甲虫等烟草病虫害防治中的应用。     

落叶松人工混交林内害虫—天敌种群动态及其相关的初步研究

在落叶松(Larix olgensis Henry)人工林内,昆虫及其他节肢动物种群,由于其各种群本身的生物、生态学特性,相互作用及环境因子对它们的影响,造成种群的数量波动是经常性的,无论这种波动是否带有明显的规律性,都会对落叶松林这一生态系统带来影响。     

一种天敌控制多种害虫作用的模糊数学评价方法

从生物防治的基本思想出发,利用模糊数学和生态经济的原理,探讨天敌的作用,建立了一种天敌控制多种害虫的模糊数学评判方法,文中给出了一种天敌对害虫的影响率和影响强度、一种天敌对害虫影响的大小以及天敌对害虫的控制能力,并进行了控制分析。     

Resistance Mechanisms Against Arthropod Herbivores in Cotton and Their Interactions with Natural Enemies

Cotton plants (genus Gossypium) are grown on more than 30 million hectares worldwide and are a major source of fiber. The plants possess a wide range of direct and indirect resistance mechanisms against herbivorous arthropods. Direct resistance mechanisms include morphological traits such as trichomes and a range of secondary metabolites. The best known insecticidal compounds are the terpenoid gossypol and its precursors and related compounds. Indirect resistance mechanisms include herbivore-induced volatiles and extrafloral nectaries that allow plants to attract and sustain natural enemy populations. We discuss these resistance traits of cotton, their induction by herbivores, and their impact on herbivores and natural enemies. In addition, we discuss the use of genetically engineered cotton plants to control pest Lepidoptera and the influence of environmental factors on the resistance traits.     

Indigenous Natural Enemies Associated with Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Eastern Spain

The incidence of generalist indigenous natural enemies of the citrus leafminer (CLM), Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera; Gracillariidae), was monitored during three growing seasons at two different orchards located in the major citrus-growing area of Spain. Composition of the parasitoid complex changed during the study period. However, the eulophids Cirrospilus near lyncus Walker and Pnigalio pectinicornis L. were consistently the predominant species. Despite the varying composition of the parasitoid complex, oviposition, host feeding, and predatory preferences of the natural enemies of the CLM clearly centered on third instar larvae. Incidence of beneficial fauna increased as the season progressed, reaching maximal values up to 70% of susceptible leafminers (mature larvae) at the end of the summer. Parasitism was significantly related to relative host density. However, predation showed no relationship to host availability but did so to flushing in one of the orchards. Incidence of indigenous natural enemies of the CLM should not be ignored when planning any introduction of exotic parasitoids, and their conservation should be taken into account when planning any citrus IPM strategy.     

Release from Parasites as Natural Enemies: Increased Performance of a Globally Introduced Marine Crab

Introduced species often seem to perform better than conspecifics in their native range. This is apparent in the high densities they may achieve or the larger individual sizes they attain. A prominent hypothesis explaining the success of introduced terrestrial species is that they are typically free of or are less affected by the natural enemies (competitors, predators, and parasites) they encounter in their introduced range compared to their native range. To test this hypothesis in a marine system, we conducted a global assessment of the effect of parasitism and predation on the ecological performance of European green crab populations. In Europe, where the green crab is native, crab body size and biomass were negatively associated with the prevalence of parasitic castrators. When we compared native crab populations with those from introduced regions, limb loss (an estimator of predation) was not significantly lower in introduced regions, parasites infected introduced populations substantially less and crabs in introduced regions were larger and exhibited a greater biomass. Our results are consistent with the general prediction that introduced species suffer less from parasites compared to populations where they are native. This may partly explain why the green crab is such a successful invader and, subsequently, why it is a pest in so many places.     

豇豆田生态系统中主要害虫及天敌的生态位研究

对武汉地区春播和夏播豇豆田生态系统中主要害虫、天敌的种类及空间、时间生态位进行了调查研究。结果表明,春播和夏播豇豆中,瓢虫、蜘蛛和捕食蝽同主要害虫的生态位重叠较大,跟随作用强,具保护利用价值;害虫生态位宽度以蚜虫LipaahiserysimiKaltenbach、蓟马ThripspalmiKarny、豆野螟MarucatestulalisGeyer较宽,天敌生态位春播田中瓢虫较宽,夏播田中蜘蛛较宽。     

Diversity of Natural Enemies of Aphids Belonging to Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in India

An inventory of the biodiversity of aphidiine parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) associated with aphids in India showed 123 species under 23 genera to be intensively and extensively exercising natural control. The inventory has been reinforced with all associated details, mainly zoogeographical distribution, parasitism potential attributes and other such relative details from primary sources so as to make it serve as an important startup tool for planning any IPM strategy, involving biocontrol of aphids.     

漳州地区仓储物害虫及其天敌调查初报

1997年5月－1998年11月用近两年时间对漳州地区仓储物害虫和益虫开展调查。共采集标本1140份,经鉴定有仓储物害虫71种（隶属6目31科）益虫11种（隶属7目9科）。     

昆虫生态地理学与入侵危险性害虫控制

昆虫的起源、地质变动、气候、生态环境以及人类活动对昆虫的分布有极其重要的影响．昆虫生态地理学是从种的生态学来阐明昆虫地理分布的规律性的科学,它是害虫检疫的重要基础,在入侵危险性害虫种的鉴定、适生性分析和控制策略特别是生物防治策略的制定等方面有广泛的应用     

植物耐虫性的研究方法

本文介绍了植物耐虫性的研究方法,包括植物功能损失指数(耐虫指数)、产量损失率、植株被换害率、存活率、根系体积(受害程度)、植株和害虫干重、叶片叶绿素荧光特性、保护酶活性和主茎伤流液量等生理生化指标以及害虫的种群发展和取食行为等方法,并提出植物耐虫性机理的研究思路和方向.     

Nitrogen use scenario in India

Nitrogen is one of the major plant nutrients without which the agricultural production is not possible. Nitrogen use in Indian agriculture was nearly 55000 tons in 1950-1951 that increased to 11.31 million tons in 2001-2002. The total food production of the country has also experienced the similar increase from 50.83 to 222 million tons in the respective years. Interestingly the N fertilizer consumption of India remained almost constant during the last six years indicating the possibility of reducing N consumption. The highest N consumption is in North zone owing to the introduction of rice-wheat cropping system followed by West, South and East.The N use efficiency has been reported to be varying between 30% to 50% depending on the crops and the management. But in most of the cases, N use efficiency has been calculated based on the total N removed by the crops (above ground part only) ignoring the N content left in the roots. It has been observed in controlled experiments that the total N uptake by roots varied from 18% to 44% of the total N removed by the above ground parts, i.e. grain and straw. If the root N is also accounted, the N use efficiency will be higher than reported. The management of other organic sources has to be improved so as to increase the fertilizer use efficiency as well as to check the direct release of N in the atmosphere. In this review all these issues will be dealt.