普氏兔尾鼠(Lagurus przewalskii Buechner)的繁殖资料

普氏兔尾鼠是内蒙古荒漠草原的重要害鼠之一,因破坏牧场和传播动物流行病而造成很大的危害。该鼠的生态特点之一是年间数量波动剧烈,而与其数量问题密切相关的雌雄鼠的性比、繁殖期长短和繁殖力等有关繁殖生物学问题,国内至今尚未见有报道。笔者于1978年9月—1980年5月逐月在内蒙古四子王旗北部草原地区进行调查,共获鼠1283只,其中包括雄鼠689只,雌鼠594只。除对鼠体进行各项体测外,并通过剖检,记录两性生殖腺的发育状况、子宫内的胎仔数、子宫斑数,以及统计孕鼠数等,经整理研究,简报如下。     

达乌尔黄鼠种群繁殖特征的研究

本文主要报道山西省汾阳和曲沃地区以及陕西省合阳和延长地区的达乌尔黄鼠(Sperm-ophilus dauricus)种群的繁殖特征。在曲沃和合阳地区,该鼠3月中旬开始交尾;在汾阳和延长地区则始于3月下旬交尾。雌体妊娠的高峰期在4月下旬至5月上旬,雄体比雌体提前10天左右进入繁殖高峰期。平均胎仔数因地区而异,合阳地区最高(5.43±0.15),次为曲沃、汾阳,延长地区最低(4.65±0.24)。     

高原鼠兔间断性移动模式与反捕食对策分析

本文采用直接观测法, 测定了高原鼠兔地面移动频率及每次移动距离。结果表明, 高原鼠兔地面移动频率和每次移动距离依繁殖时期、年龄及性别而存在极显著的差异。繁殖早期, 成年雄体地面活动频率大于成年雌体。繁殖后期, 第1 胎雄性幼体大于同年龄的雌体。繁殖早期, 成年雌体地面活动频率高于繁殖后期, 而幼体与成体之间无显著的差异。繁殖初期雄体每次移动距离大于雌体, 其它时期雌、雄体之间则无明显的差别。雄体每次移动距离逐月降低。雌体每次移动距离无显著的季节性差异。研究结果进一步验证了暴露于风险环境中的植食性小哺乳动物, 主要采取间断性移动模式, 增加反捕食时间投入, 降低风险的假设。     

密点麻蜥的两性异形和雌性繁殖

蜥蜴繁殖成功率与其形态特征有密切的关系。作者在内蒙古乌拉特后旗采集密点麻蜥(Eremias multio-cellata) ,定量研究该种形态特征的两性异形和雌体繁殖特征,检验与成体形态特征相关的两性繁殖成功率差异是否能促进两性异形的进化。密点麻蜥成体个体大小无显著的两性差异,但头部大小两性差异显著;雄性个体的头长和头宽均大于体长相同的雌性成体。繁殖雌体于五、六月份排卵;在实验室条件下,雌体在六月下旬至七月下旬之间产仔。该种雌体年产单窝仔,每窝2 -4仔。窝仔重与雌体体长呈正相关,但雌体体长仅能解释很少一部分(约19 %)窝仔重的变异。窝仔数和幼仔重均与雌体体长无关。幼仔重与相对生育力(相对于雌体体长的窝仔数)呈显著的负相关,表明该种蜥蜴存在后代数量-大小之间的权衡。密点麻蜥雄体和雌体向较大体型方向进化的选择压力均相对较弱,与成体头部大小相关的两性繁殖成功率的差异是导致该种蜥蜴头部大小两性异形进化的主要原因[动物学报52 (2) : 250 -255 , 2006]。     

鄱阳湖区黄毛鼠(Rattus losea)繁殖生态

2015—2016年对鄱阳湖区的滨湖农田和湖滩草洲的黄毛鼠种群繁殖进行了研究。研究结果表明,其种群雌雄比为81.36%,在不同的季节、生境和年龄组之间都有一定的差别,雌雄比在夏季较低,春、秋、冬季的雌雄比都超过了50.00%,其中冬季的达到了133.33%。农田和湖滩草洲上的雌雄比也都超过了50.00%,且农田的高于湖滩草洲的。在不同的年龄组之间,雌雄比最高的为幼体组140.00%,其次为成体90.20%。所有雌鼠全年的怀孕率为45.26%,平均胎仔数为6.74只,繁殖指数为1.36。夏和秋季的怀孕率都较高,冬季未捕获到怀孕鼠,仅捕获到有怀孕经历(有宫斑)的雌鼠。从繁殖指数看,春、秋季维持高峰水平,且秋峰高于春峰。雌性黄毛鼠总的参产率为71.58%,各季节间变化呈现单峰曲线,夏季最高,其次是秋季和春季,冬季停止怀孕。随着年龄的增长,平均胎仔数有明显增加的趋势,成体组胎仔数最高,而繁殖指数也是以成体组最高,说明成体组是种群中繁殖的主体。雄性黄毛鼠的睾丸下降率全年总计为81.36%,分四季平均为79.64%,春、夏、秋季都维持在较高水平,冬季最低。下位睾丸的大小季节性差异极显著(P0.01),春季与冬季相比,有显著性差异,说明开春后,雄性黄毛鼠在生殖潜能上已有明显变化。这些特征与雌鼠的繁殖高峰基本吻合。说明黄毛鼠主要在春、夏、秋季繁殖,繁殖盛期在春、秋季。从不同的年龄组看,幼体组个体不参与繁殖,亚成体组个体开始参与繁殖,繁殖主体是成体组个体。     

印度地鼠的性成熟和窝仔数

为有效地进行有害脊椎动物的控制 ,研究了栖息于巴基斯坦Punjab中部的 348只印度地鼠的繁殖模式。在所捕捉到的 10 7雄鼠和 2 4 1只雌鼠中 ,分别有 75只和 179只是性成熟的个体。性比偏雌。使用被捕个体标本的体重和体长作为指标 ,发现最小的性成熟的雄性个体体重为 70 - 89g ,体长 13 1- 14 0cm ;一窝仔里面的平均胚胎数为 2 74± 0 15 (范围 ,1- 5 ) ,而平均胎斑数为 4 2 9± 0 19(1- 11) .体重似乎对窝仔数有显著影响 ,而体长和估计的年龄对窝仔数没影响。当老鼠繁殖不活跃和不繁殖时 ,控制害兽最有效     

洞庭湖区东方田鼠繁殖特性研究

１９９２年１月～１９９４年１２月,作者在东洞庭湖区岳阳县麻塘区调查,３年捕获并剖检东方田鼠１３９２只,其中雌鼠５９９只,雌性比♀／（♂＋♀）＝４３．０％。该鼠全年繁殖,盛夏５～７月怀孕率较低,冬季１２～２月怀孕率比同域其它鼠种显著偏高。３年合计总怀孕率为２９．２％．平均胎仔数（ｘ±ＳＥ）为５．１３±０．１２只,平均窝仔数４．６０±０．２７只,雌鼠和雄鼠的繁殖强度随年龄增长而递增。室内饲养的东方田鼠妊娠期约２０天,窝仔数４．３３±０．３３只,雌鼠５０～６０天成熟,雄鼠稍迟。枯水期（１１月～翌年４月）东方田鼠主要栖息于湖洲草地,汛期（５～１０月）主要栖息于过垸内稻田。在不同栖息地其繁殖力差别较大,湖洲的繁殖强度最高,稻田区次之,岗地最低,反映它在各栖息地生态适合度不同。文中还对全国４个亚种的繁殖参数作了比较。     

捕食干扰对Myospalax baileyi种群繁殖力的影响

采用去除法对高原鼢鼠种群繁殖力的变化进行了研究。结果表明,在未受干扰的种群内有５０％的雌性成本不参与繁殖,其平均胎仔数３．４只,种群受干扰后其成体鼠的比例下降,幼体鼠的比例相对提高,繁殖鼠的比例和平均胎仔数均相应增加,随着干扰程度的加剧,其繁殖力也明显增加。土壤硬度和杂类草生物量决定了高原鼢鼠的种群密度,而种群密度是影响繁殖力的主要因素,未受捕食干扰的种群其数量接近于环境容纳量,由于密度作用使其繁     

灰仓鼠的室内繁殖研究

根据实验室饲养的灰仓鼠资料和观察对该鼠的繁殖进行了研究。结果显示：该鼠的好斗习性经过5年驯养已较温顺。性成熟为50d,动情周期4～4．5d,交配高峰在晚上23．00点至次日1．00点,妊娠周期19d（16～21）,平均产仔间隔39．25d.窝仔数4．59只／窝（1～10）,离乳成活率64．5％,雌雄性比0．883（242／274）,并就以上三个指标在不同季节、不同胎次和不同繁殖代数进行了比较。雌体繁殖高峰3～12月,雌、雄体最长繁殖年限分别1．5和2．0年,寿命2．5年以上。     

yan蜓头、体大小的两性异形和雌体繁殖

报道了yan蜓(Sphenomorphus indicus)头、体大小的两性异形和雌性繁殖。性成熟雌体大于雄体。雄性成体头长大于雌性成体，但头宽与雌性成体无显著差异。初生幼仔的头长和头宽无两性差异。雄性幼体头长和头宽大于雌性幼体。设置SVL恒定时，雄性幼体和雄性成 体的头长和头宽无显著差异，雌性幼体的头长和头宽大于雌性成体。初生幼仔具有相对较大的头部。产仔雌体的最小SVL为67.7 mm，大于此SVL的雌体均年产单窝仔。平均窝仔数、窝仔重和幼仔重分别为7.2(3-11)、3.34(1.30-5.19)和0.48(0.36-0.58)g。用卵黄沉积卵巢卵和输卵管计数的窝仔数比用幼仔计数的窝仔数多约1.0个后代。幼仔体重与雌体SVL无关。相对窝仔重与雌体SVL边缘性地呈正相关。窝仔数、窝仔重与雌体SVL呈正相关，幼仔体重与窝仔数呈负相关。窝仔数与雌体状态无关。     

Density-dependent reproduction causes winter crashes in a common vole population

Common voles in western France exhibit three-year population cycles with winter crashes after large outbreaks. During the winter of 2011–2012, we monitored survival, reproduction, recruitment and population growth rate of common voles at different densities (from low to outbreak densities) in natura to better understand density dependence of demographic parameters. Between October and April, the number of animals decreased irrespective of initial density. However, the decline was more pronounced when October density was higher (loss of ≈54 % of individuals at low density and 95 % at high density). Using capture-mark-recapture models with Pradel's temporal symmetry approach, we found a negative effect of density on recruitment and reproduction. In contrast, density had a slightly positive effect on survival indicating that mortality did not drive the steeper declines in animal numbers at high density. We discuss these results in a population cycle framework, and suggest that crashes after outbreaks could reflect negative effects of density dependence on reproduction rather than changes in mortality rates.     

Changes in population structure and reproduction during a 3-yr population cycle of voles

Cyclic changes in population growth rate are caused by changes in survival and/or reproductive rate. To find out whether cyclic changes in reproduction are an important part of the mechanism causing cyclic fluctuations in small mammal populations, we studied changes in the population structure and reproduction of field voles ( Microtus agrestis ), sibling voles ( M. rossiaemeridionalis ), bank voles ( Clethrionomys glareolus ), and common shrews ( Sorex araneus ) in western Finland during 1984–1992, in an area with 3-yr vole cycles. We also modelled the population growth of voles using parameter values from this study. The animals studied were collected by snap trapping in April, May, June, August, September, and, during 1986–1990, also in October. We found several phase-related differences in the population structure (age structure, sex ratio, proportion of mature individuals) and reproduction (litter size, length of the breeding season) of voles. In non-cyclic common shrews, the only significant phase-related difference was a lower proportion of overwintered individuals in the increase phase. According to the analyses and the vole model, phase-related changes in litter size had only a minor impact on population growth rate. The same was true for winter breeding in the increase phase. The length and intensity of the summer breeding season had an effect on yearly population growth but this impact was relatively weak compared to the effect of cyclic changes in survival. The population increase rates of Microtus were delayed dependent on density (8–12-month time lag). Our results indicate that cyclic changes in reproduction are not an important part of the mechanism driving cyclic fluctuations in vole populations. Low survival of young individuals appeared to play an important role in the shift from the peak to the decline phase in late summer and early autumn.     

Regulation of reproduction rate in a cyclic population of the red-backed vole,Clethrionomys rufocanus bedfordiae

Changes of the components of reproduction were analyzed quantitatively in a two-year cyclic population (which has two peaks in alternate years during a five-year census) of the red-backed vole, Clethrionomys rufocanus bedfordiae, with reference to its regulatory mechanism: (1) Variation in sex ratios was not associated with population phase or density, although a higher percentage of females in mature individuals was observed in the increase phase. (2) Females attained to sexual maturity at younger age and at lighter body weight than did males. All the youngest mature individuals were found in the low and the increase phases. Age and size at maturity became older and larger as the population went toward the peak phase. (3) Maturation rate was strongly associated with population phase and density; this component is an important and good parameter to predict population trend. Maturation rates were in the order, the low phase>the increase phase>the peak phase>the decline phase; the differences in the rates among these phases were significant. Maturation rate was somewhat depressed when the population density exceeded about 40 individuals/ha. Changes in age at maturity and in maturation rate are interpreted as derivative phenomena related to the population density and the capacity of the number of mature voles per unit area. (4) The maximum number of mature individuals were 26 males/ha and 29 females/ha; there was almost no increase of the number of mature voles at higher population densities over about 40 individuals/ha. The number of exclusive home ranges per hectare calculated from the observed range lengths did not differ much from the maximum number of mature voles of either sex. (5) Length of breeding period was shorter in the high-density years than in the low-density years; the breeding started earlier and ended earlier in the former than that in the latter. In the increase phase a few voles reproduced in winter. (6) The percentage of pregnant females was significantly lower in the peak phase than those in the other phases.     

Long-term demographic analysis in goshawk <Emphasis Type="Italic">Accipiter gentilis</Emphasis>: the role of density dependence and stochasticity

Density dependence and environmental stochasticity are both potentially important processes influencing population demography and long-term population growth. Quantifying the importance of these two processes for population growth requires both long-term population as well as individual-based data. I use a 30-year data set on a goshawk Accipiter gentilis population from Eastern Westphalia, Germany, to describe the key vital rate elements to which the growth rate is most sensitive and test how environmental stochasticity and density dependence affect long-term population growth. The asymptotic growth rate of the fully age-structured mean matrix model was very similar to the observed one (0.7% vs. 0.3% per annum), and population growth was most elastic to changes in survival rate at age classes 1-3. Environmental stochasticity led only to a small change in the projected population growth rate (between -0.16% and 0.67%) and did not change the elasticities qualitatively, suggesting that the goshawk life history of early reproduction coupled with high annual fertility buffers against a variable environment. Age classes most crucial to population growth were those in which density dependence seemed to act most strongly. This emphasises the importance of density dependence as a regulatory mechanism in this goshawk population. It also provides a mechanism that might enable the population to recover from population lows, because a mean matrix model incorporating observed functional responses of both vital rates to population density coupled with environmental stochasticity reduced long-term extinction risk of 30% under density-independent environmental stochasticity and 60% under demographic stochasticity to zero.     

社鼠种群生态研究

1983—1987年在北京西山研究了社鼠的种群生态学,共捕获标本870只,用胴体重方法划分5个年龄组。种群年龄组成,随季节而有变化。年龄锥体有季节和年度差异。雌雄性比亦有年度变化。在多数年份中,幼体和亚成体的雌性比例高于雄性。社鼠一般在3—4月开始繁殖,9月基本结束,10月见到个别孕鼠。雄性个体性成熟时的睾丸重量在0.8克以上,雌性产仔数平均为5.20。多数雌体一年繁殖2次,个别可繁殖3次。生态寿命约一年半或更长一些。有些雌体参加两年的繁殖活动。社鼠的种群数量,有明显的季节和年度变化。     

鼠类种群密度、性比对其数量的调节作用 Ⅰ.不同密度、性比对雌小白鼠繁殖的影响

种群调节问题作为阐明种群数量变动机制的重要领域,现已引起生态学界很大关注,并已从不同角度进行了各种探讨。特别关于种群密度的反馈调节作用方面,近20多年来已有许多工作予以论证,但其作用原理是多方面的,至今尚未完全阐明,而且争论甚多(Christian,1975;杨荷芳,1982)。     

Population Dynamics of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne Triticoryzae under Five Rice-Based Cropping Systems

Population dynamics of M. triticoryzae in five rice-based cropping systems have revealed that rice was the main host. Most of the population growth which contributed to the peak population density in September occurred in the rice crop. The other crops in the Rabi and summer seasons had a profound influence on the height of the peak in the succeeding rice crop. Some level of reproduction occurred in wheat, greengram and berseem in Rabi which contributed to relatively higher equilibrium densities. The potato variety Pusa Bahar increased the population density while Pusa Badshah decreased it. The lower temperature during the Rabi season also limited the rate of population growth. The incorporation of organic matter into the soil, either as crop residues of greengram or berseem, reduced the population growth of M. triticoryzae .     

贵州地区黑线姬鼠种群繁殖特征

黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrarius)是贵州地区分布广泛的主要农田害鼠之一,掌握其种群繁殖特征可为种群动态的预测预报提供基础资料。1984~2014年间,采用夹夜法逐月调查了贵州省余庆县8个县(市)监测点黑线姬鼠种群动态数据,分析了其种群性比、雌鼠怀孕率和平均胎仔数、雄鼠睾丸下降率等主要繁殖生物学指标及其地理差异和季节性变动规律,明确了贵州地区黑线姬鼠种群的繁殖特征。共捕获黑线姬鼠20 113只,不同地区种群间,除平均胎仔数有显著差异外(χ~2=36.503,df=7,P0.01),其他繁殖特征值均没有差异。从时间序列看,种群中雌鼠怀孕率和雄鼠睾丸下降率的季节性变化均表现为春季(4~5月)及夏末秋初(8~9月)达到高峰的双峰型。雌鼠产仔数一般2~10只,4~7只最为常见(占93.87%)。不同季节平均胎仔数差异不大。贵州地区黑线姬鼠繁殖的总体特点为全年繁殖,春秋两季为繁殖的高峰期,冬季(12月份和翌年1、2月份)繁殖强度明显低于其他季节(F_(11,84)=61.92,P0.01),但种群密度表现为6月达到最高点的单峰型特点。     

舟山及其邻近岛屿獐种群的初步研究

舟山海岛上的獐(Hydropotes inermis),定海县志(1923)已有简要记录。作者在1978年调查时发现,舟山岛及其邻近较大的岛屿上普遍有獐,1976年海岛獐单位面积产量,5倍于浙江大陆邻近10个县的产量(盛和林,1981)。为进一步合理利用和发展獐资源,继而对舟山岛獐的种群结构繁殖和种群增长等问题进行研究,同时又对邻近10多个岛屿进行了访问调查,兹将初步结果报道如下。     

镜湖长三肢轮虫的有性生殖

2004年5—11月,对芜湖市镜湖大、小湖区水体中长三肢轮虫(Filinia longiseta)的有性生殖及其与种群密度、水温、水体透明度、水体叶绿素a含量和轮虫总密度等环境因子间的关系进行了研究.结果表明:当水温低于22℃或水体透明度大于一定值(小湖区SD>95cm,大湖区SD>100cm)时,长三肢轮虫不进行有性生殖;而当其本身的种群密度达到一定值(小湖区种群密度>122ind·L-1,大湖区种群密度>113ind·L-1)时才进行有性生殖.长三肢轮虫的混交雌体密度仅与其本身的种群密度以及水体中轮虫总密度之间呈正相关关系(P<0·01),而与水温、叶绿素a含量、水体透明度之间均无明显的相关关系;长三肢轮虫种群的混交率和受精率与水温、水体透明度、叶绿素a含量、轮虫总密度和长三肢轮虫种群密度之间也无明显的相关性.长三肢轮虫的有性生殖发生在种群增长的早期阶段,混交雌体以间断的、多循环的方式产生;最大混交率与最大种群密度同时出现,但最大受精率出现在种群即将消失时.