中国东北样带树种（属）的空间特性及变化

对中国东北样带上１６个树种（属）在１９８６年与１９９４年景观水平的地理分布、出现频率、优势度及空间相关性等空间特性的分析得出,红松（Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｋｏｒａｉｅｎｓｉｓ Ｓｌｅｂ．ｅｔ Ｚｕｃｃ．）与花曲柳（Ｆｒａｘｉｎｕｓ ｒｈｙｎｃｈｏｐｈｙｌｌａ Ｈｅｍｓｌ．）分别是向西和向东扩展最快;种群的分布边界形态与该边界的移动有密切关系;红松、山杨（Ｐｏｐｕｌｕｓ ｄａｖｉｄｉａｎａ Ｄｏｄｅ．）、黄檗     

树种水平的大兴安岭地上生物量变化特征及其与气候和干扰的关系

树种水平地上生物量(每个树种的地上生物量)是衡量森林生态系统结构功能的重要指标。为揭示树种水平森林地上生物量变化机制及其与气候变化和干扰的关系,运用KNN (k-nearest neighbor distance)方法将森林调查数据和MODIS数据相结合,估算了黑龙江大兴安岭2000、2010和2015年树种水平的森林地上生物量,在此基础上运用典型对应分析和随机森林方法,分析了研究区树种水平地上生物量变化特征及其与气候和干扰因素的关系。研究结果表明:2000—2015年期间,研究区总的森林地上生物量增加了8.9%(0.41×10~8 t),其中2010—2015年期间地上生物量的增加速度要明显高于2000—2010年;地上生物量增加最多的树种为白桦(Betula platyphylla Suk.),与2000年相比生物量增加了0.40×10~8 t,其次为樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica Litv.)、山杨(Populus davidiana Dode)和蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb.),落叶松(Larix gmelinii(Rupr.) Kuzen)地上生物量下降了0.08×10~8 t,柳树(Chosenia arbutifolia(Pall.) A. Skv.)和云杉(Picea koraiensis Nakai)基本上没有变化;林火、采伐和造林等森林干扰均对树种水平地上生物量影响显著,林火对树种水平地上生物量的影响要高于造林和采伐;气候要素显示出了比干扰要素更为重要的作用,多年平均温度和降水解释了最多的树种水平地上生物量变异。年均温度与阔叶树种的生物量以及林火干扰有显著的正相关性,与总的森林地上生物量呈现出显著的负相关,与落叶松和白桦表现出微弱的负相关,预示着气候变暖将影响该区域的树种组成并降低该区域的森林生产力。     

中国东北主要植被类型的分布与气候的关系

本文根据吉良的热量指标和作者提出的湿度指数,研究了我国东北主要植被类型的分布与气候之间的关系：1．确定了东北地区10个水平地带性植被类型的热量分布范围和水热指标的平均值。2．研究了东北山地垂直地带性植被类型的水热指标分布特点,并用定量指标讨论了东北东部山地岳桦林带的分布、大兴安岭存在山地冻原和东北植被区域的分界线问题。     

中国气候－植被关系初探

气候－植被分类必须强调气候因子的综合影响及其指标的区域性。一般的气候观测缺乏在生物学上具有重要与综合的作用或代表性,而区域潜在蒸散包括从所有表面的蒸发与植物蒸腾,并涉及到决定植被分布的两大要素：温度和降水。因此,区域潜在蒸散具有作为植被－气候相关分析与分类的综合气侯指标的功能。本文首次根据区域潜在蒸散对气侯－植被关系的热量与水分指标进行了初步探讨,提出了进行气候－植被关系的热量指标（ＴＩ）和区域湿润指标（ＲＭＩ）,并据此对中国气侯－植被关系进行了初步的定量研究。该研究对于了解气候－植被之间的相互关系,正确地评估和预测全球变化对人类及生物所赖以生存的生态环境的影响具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

气候变化对中国东北主要森林类型的影响

应用林窗模型-FAREAST,模拟未来气候变化对中国东北主要类型森林演替动态的影响.根据大气环流模型ECHAM5-OM和HadCM3预测的气候变化资料,模拟选择了目前气候情景、增暖情景、增暖且降水变化情景3种气候情景.结果表明:维持目前气候不变,东北森林树种组成和森林生物量基本维持动态平衡.气候增暖不利于东北主要森林类型生长,主要针叶树种比例下降,阔叶树比例增加;温带针阔混交林垂直分布带有上移的趋势;增暖幅度越大,变化越明显.气候增暖基础上考虑降水变化,东北森林水平分布带有北移的趋势,降水对低海拔温带针阔混交林影响不大.     

沈阳市行道树树种的选择与配置

采取典型抽样的方法对沈阳市行道树进行了全面的群落调查。结果表明 ,研究区内行道树共 13科 ,2 4属 ,2 2 91株 ,森林覆盖率为 15 13%。胸径 <0 2 5m(1级胸径 )和 0 2 5～ 0 5m(2级胸径 )的树木分别占 4 3 0 %、17 9% ;树高 <4 6m (1级 )的树木占 4 9 8% ,介于 4 6～10 7m(2级 )为 4 3 3% ;健康状况为中等以上 ,沈阳市行道树处于种群稳定时期 ,但树种多样性指数不高 ,结构单一。根据城市的自然条件和行道树的选择标准 ,提出了沈阳市行道树树种选择与配置的对策与建议。     

中国东北天然次生林主要树种的物候研究

本文以中国东北天然次生林的主要乔木树种：红松、落叶松、樟子松、青杨、山杨、白桦、柞树、水曲柳、黄菠萝、胡桃楸、紫椴、五角槭和春榆为材料,研究了树种物候的主要特征。编制了树种的物候谱,考察了树种的物候期与光照和温度等环境因子的关系,并通过多元统计的主成分分析方法,揭示出与树木萌动期、生长期和开花期等主要物候期关系最为密切的气象因子是总累积日照数和各期的平均温度,阐明温度、光照及其综合作用是物候现象的重要外在条件。用系统聚类的方法对13个树种分别依萌动期、生长期、开花期的环境因子和物候日期进行了分类,确定了萌动类型五个,生长的物候类型四个,开花的物候类型四个,物候日期的物候类型四个。并把树木的物候类型与树木的生态对策作了对应分析,提出了树木生态物候对策的概念。     

厦门城市生态林改造树种评价选择的研究

对厦门市本岛马尾松生态林实施林相改造,选择44种阔叶树在林下套种,调查分析不同树种的适应性、生长特点和抗逆性.结果表明,木荷等15种树种适应性较强,尾巨桉等7种树种的生长性状良好;结合不同树种的景观效果、美学特性等方面进行综合评价,选出适宜林相改造的11种骨干树种为枫香、木荷、大叶榕、马占相思、天竺桂、小叶榕、山杜英、红锥、樟树、尾巨桉、杨梅等.     

Climate and vegetation in China IV. Distribution of tree species along the thermal gradient

The aim of this study was to examine correlations between vegetational zones and thermal climate on the basis of analysis of the thermal distribution of main-component trees in each zone. The whole and main thermal distribution ranges for 73 tree species were obtained from their distributions along the warmth index (WI) gradicnt. Cluster analysis using the WI values at the upper and lower limits of the main distribution ranges as parameters gave seven species groups. The geographical distributions of the species in each group were described. Moreover, the frequency distribution curves of the seven species groups were determined along the WI grandient, and four borderlines (lines I, II, III and IV) were found among them. The WI values at the lines I, II and IV were 50, 90, 175°C month, respectively, and corresponded to boundaries between the subarctic and cool-temperate zones (I), the cool-and warm-temperate zones (II) and the warmtemperated and subtropical/tropical zones (IV), respectively. Line III corresponded to a WI of 135°C month. The WI values at the forest limit and at the lower limit of the subarctic forest were estimated, and their averages were 15.2 and 49.6°C month, respectively. In conclusion, thermal climatic zones in China could be divided by the following WI values: alpine (arctic) zone, WI<15; subarctic zone, 15–50; cool-temperate zone, 50–90; warm-temperate zone, 90–175; subtropical/tropical zone >175°C month.     

Climate and vegetation in China II. Distribution of main vegetation types and thermal climate

The authors examined relationships between Kira's warmth index (WI) and four other important thermal indices: the sums of daily mean temperatures above 5°C and 10°C, Thornthwaite's potential evapotranspiration (PE) and Holdridge's annual biotemperature. The thermal records of 671 meteorological stations evenly located all over China were used to make these comparisons. Close correlations were found within the four relationships, and accordingly WI was used to analyse the thermal distributions of the main vegetation types. Vegetation types around the 671 stations were read from a vegetation map with a scale of 1/4000000. Vegetation types at 269 stations corresponded to the natural or seminatural vegetation, and 29 vegetation types were distinguished by arranging the 269 data into the same or similar types. The geographical distribution of these 29 types and the corresponding main climatic features were described. The relations between WI and distribution of these vegetation types were discussed in detail. As a result, WI values (°C month) corresponding to the vegetation zones could be summarized as follows: (1) arctic or alpine vegetation zone: 0–15; (2) boreal or subalpine vegetation zone: 15-(50–55); (3) cool-temperate vegetation zone: (50–55)–(80–90); (4) warm-temperate vegetation zone: (80–90)–(170–180). These values almost coincided with Kira's values. Chinese postgraduate student in Japan sent by the Chinese Government.     

气候变化对东北沼泽湿地潜在分布的影响

东北地区是我国沼泽湿地分布最广泛的地区。为研究沼泽湿地对气候变化的响应,选取了对沼泽湿地分布可能存在影响的26个环境因子,利用最大熵(Maximum Entropy, MaxEnt)模型模拟了沼泽湿地基准气候条件下的潜在分布,并预测了气候变化情景下2011-2040 年、2041-2070 年和2071-2100 年3个研究阶段东北沼泽湿地潜在分布。研究结果表明:最大熵模型预测精度较高(平均AUC(Aera Under Curve)为(0.826±0.005))。基准气候条件下东北沼泽潜在分布区主要为大小兴安岭和三江平原地区。随着时间的推进,东北地区沼泽湿地原有潜在分布面积明显减少,而新增潜在分布面积较少,总面积呈现急剧减少趋势。至2071-2100年,原有沼泽湿地潜在分布面积将减少99.80%,新增潜在分布面积仅2.48%,总潜在分布面积减少97.32%。空间分布上,东北沼泽湿地潜在分布呈现由东向西迁移,南北向中心收缩的趋势。研究结果可为东北地区沼泽湿地保护政策的制定提供参考。     

Changes in forest biomass and linkage to climate and forest disturbances over Northeastern China

The forests of northeastern China store nearly half of the country's total biomass carbon stocks. In this study, we investigated the changes in forest biomass by using satellite observations and found that a significant increase in forest biomass took place between 2001 and 2010. To determine the possible reasons for this change, several statistical methods were used to analyze the correlations between forest biomass dynamics and forest disturbances (i.e. fires, insect damage, logging, and afforestation and reforestation), climatic factors, and forest development. Results showed that forest development was the most important contributor to the increasing trend of forest biomass from 2001 to 2010, and climate controls were the secondary important factor. Among the four types of forest disturbance considered in this study, forest recovery from fires, and afforestation and reforestation during the past few decades played an important role in short‐term biomass dynamics. This study provided observational evidence and valuable information for the relationships between forest biomass and climate as well as forest disturbances.     

东北虎豹国家公园生态环境质量动态评价及其气候响应

人类活动及气候变化对东北虎豹国家公园生态环境产生深刻的影响,探究该地区生态环境质量的时空演变规律对园区可持续发展具有重要意义。在原有遥感生态指数基础上,选用增强型植被指数代替原绿度指标中的归一化植被指数,构建2001—2020年植被生长季遥感生态指数,探讨园区内核心保护区、虎豹潜在栖息地及主要人口聚集区三大管控区生态环境质量时空变化特征,并基于像元尺度分析其对气候因素的响应。结果表明：(1)近20年虎豹公园生态环境质量呈波动微弱下降趋势,2015年后生态环境质量逐步提升,2020年达到良好水平;(2)园区内各管控区生态环境质量具有明显的空间分异性,东部核心保护区中部及虎豹潜在栖息地中部以南地区生态环境质量较好,主要人口聚集区相对较差。(3)近20年虎豹公园生态环境质量稳定性较差。未来生态环境质量变化趋势为上升的面积占60.86%,表明未来生态环境趋势总体向好,但局部地区仍存在持续恶化态势。(4)虎豹公园生态环境质量主要受降水的影响,与降水呈显著正相关关系,与气温及日照的相关性较弱。     

东北两栖爬行动物的多样性及其分布(图版Ⅱ,Ⅲ)

目前已知我国东北地区共有两栖爬行动物50种,分隶28属14科4目,其中两栖纲2目6科8属16种;爬行动物2目8科20属34种。各种已知分布范围如本文所述,地名下加横线者为2003～2004年野外考察获得或观察到标本的地方。待本项目考察工作完成后,将进一步作出补充修正。     

Forest vegetation as related to climate and soil conditions at varying altitudes on a humid subtropical mountain, Mount Emei, Sichuan, China

Altitudinal variations in temperature and soils were analysed on a humid subtropical mountain, Mt Emei (3,099 m a.s.l., 29°34.5N, 103°21.5E), in Sichuan, China, to see how the vegetation varies with the environmental factors. As a principal finding, the coldest mean monthly temperature –1°C, rather than the warmth index of 85°C·months, emerged as the primary factor that delimited the evergreen broadleaved forest. With regard to soils, properties such as organic C, total N, available P, exchangeable K tended to increase with altitude. The highest values in organic C (26.6%), total N (1.34%) and available P (45.39 ppm) were recorded in surface soils of the mixed forest (2,210 m a.s.l.) including all three tree life forms, i.e. evergreen/deciduous broadleaved and coniferous trees. The high pH and contents of exchangeable Ca and Mg in the surface soils derived from the parent material, limestone and dolomite, between 900 and 1,200 m, where several Tertiary tree species existed. The C/N ratios of surface soils in the coniferous forests (2,500–3,099 m) were higher than those of the evergreen broadleaved forests (600–1,500 m) and the mixed forests (1,500–2,500 m).     

东北过伐林区四种森林类型的物种多样性比较研究

运用无偏对应分析(DCA)、群落本质多样性排序和方差分析的方法,研究了东北过伐林区吉林省汪清林业局境内的四种森林类型——针阔混交林、阔叶混交林、柞木林和长白落叶松人工林的林分层次的植物物种多样性间的差异。从4种类型下层植被多样性指数的比较结果来看,针阔混交林最高,阔叶混交林和落叶松人工林次之,柞木林最低。最后提出了部分经营建议。     

西双版纳热带森林树洞丰富度及其分配特点

树洞是森林生态系统的重要结构,对动物多样性的维持起着重要作用。为研究热带森林树洞的数量特征及其分配特点,选取西双版纳20hm2热带森林动态监测样地为研究对象,采用地面观测法调查了样地内所有胸径≥5cm活立木上的树洞。结果表明:(1)该样地森林的树洞密度为108.4个·hm-2,具有树洞的树1725株(占树木总数的6.22%),隶属于208个种;(2)树木个体的树洞数量随径级增加而增加,并在种间变化不均匀;(3)树木出现空心的概率随胸径级的增加而显著增加,并且在树种间存在显著差异;(4)与其他纬度地区森林的树洞密度比较,本研究结果支持了Boyle等(2008)提出的低纬度森林具有较高树洞密度的推测。     

气候变化下中国主要生物燃油树种分布与变迁

生物燃油树种是发展生物质能源,实现化石能源替代战略的重要物质基础,明确当前和未来气候变化下我国生物燃油树种适生区分布,对保护和利用生物燃油树种,促进林业生物能源产业发展,保障能源安全和实现“双碳”目标具有重要意义。基于我国10个主要生物燃油树种的1037条树种分布数据和20个环境变量,利用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)预测了各树种当前和未来气候情景下(2050年和2070年的RCP4.5情景)的潜在适生区,得到了影响各树种分布贡献率最大的环境因子,并对我国各区域主要种植树种进行了区划。结果表明：(1)MaxEent模型预测效果较好,各树种模拟结果AUC值均在0.9以上。(2)影响各种分布的贡献率较高的环境因子因树种而异,最暖季度降水量和温度季节性变化标准差的相对贡献率较高。(3)10个生物燃油树种极高适生区面积范围在43.38万km²—117.74万km²之间,可根据模拟结果将树种分布划分为北部、中东部、东南部和西南部4个亚区,北部亚区主要树种为文冠果(Xanthoceras sorbifolium)和欧李(Cerasus humilis),中东...