蛋白负染方法在蛋白质组学中的应用评价

为评价蛋白质负染方法在蛋白质组学分析中的应用,采用负染和考马斯亮蓝染色两种方法对同一样品的双向电泳胶进行染色,取相对应的8对蛋白点,并进行胶内酶解及MALDI-TOF/TOF分析,比较两种方法与质谱的兼容性。图像分析显示,负染方法展示出的蛋白点更多,但三维峰图不如考染明晰;质谱结果显示,8个负染蛋白点中有7个鉴定结果有效,8个考染蛋白点鉴定结果均有效。因此可以得出以下结论:负染的灵敏度高于考染,与质谱的兼容性良好,适用于建立双向电泳参考图谱的研究;但负染后的胶图不适于进行蛋白点丰度对比分析。     

蛋白质组研究中肽质量指纹谱鉴定方法的建立及应用

建立了用肽质量指纹谱和数据库检索方法鉴定凝胶电泳分离蛋白南的方法。用标准蛋白质对胶上蛋白５质原位酶切制备肽谱的方法进行了讨论。分析了实际细胞蛋白质样品,获得双向电泳分离的人肺癌细胞蛋白质谱中三个蛋白质点的肽指纹谱。并通过数据７库检索分别鉴定为甘油醛－３－磷酸脱氢酶－２,测在蛋白羟基末端水解同工酶和丙糖磷酸异构酶。     

基于质谱和生物信息学分析的小菜蛾蛋白质鉴定

本研究以非模式昆虫小菜蛾Plutella xylostella为材料, 对比2, 3, 4龄幼虫的蛋白质组双向电泳图谱, 得到24个蛋白质差异点, 从中选取了编号为1111的差异表达蛋白质点进行质谱鉴定和生物信息学分析. 采用胶内酶解的多肽进行MALDI-TOF/TOF分析, 获得该点的肽质量指纹图谱（PMF）及串联质谱（MS/MS）图谱。将获得的PMF分别用MASCOT和ProFound等常用软件在NCBInr的Metazoa蛋白质数据库进行搜索, 匹配结果不理想. 进一步用PMF+MS/MS谱图搜索NCBInr的Metazoa蛋白质数据库, 以及小菜蛾EST数据库。 在NCBInr库中匹配结果为拟暗果蝇Drosophila pseudoobscura中的一种假定蛋白GA18218-PA, 而用EST库搜索的结果为家蚕Bombyx mori的ATP合酶的亚基。为验证搜索结果, 将该蛋白质点进行磺基异硫氰酸苯酯（SPITC）化学衍生后de novo测序, 最后确认该点可能为ATP合酶的一个亚基。最后着重讨论了蛋白质的质谱鉴定与生物信息学分析的联合使用, 希望据此选择出最适合于非模式昆虫蛋白质组学鉴定的方法。     

天麻蛋白质的双向电泳和肽质量指纹谱分析与鉴定

采用双向聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和质谱技术对天麻染菌球茎皮层和不染菌的新生球茎皮层进行了比较蛋白质组分析与鉴定。双向电泳后在分子量 1 2～97kD、等电点 3～ 1 0范围内 ,每块胶分离到约 90 0个蛋白质点。对新生球茎中表达量明显增加的 5个蛋白质点用基质辅助激光解吸 电离飞行时间质谱 (MALDI TOFMS)进行肽质量指纹谱的分析 ,并通过检索不同的数据库进行蛋白质鉴定与功能预测 ,初步认为第 4号蛋白点是一个与转录有关的RNA结合蛋白。同时本文在天麻蛋白质组样品制备、数据库检索策略以及蛋白质鉴定成功率等方面进行了探讨。     

醮核荔枝胚胎发育相关蛋白质的分离及初步鉴定

通过二维聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳以及计算机辅助的图像分析技术,对荔枝开花后40d的正常与败育胚蛋白质图谱进行初步分析。结果表明,100个蛋白质点在表达丰度上有明显差异;选择仅在正常发育胚胎胶上表达的蛋白点15个和仅在败育胚胎胶上表达的蛋白点50个,进行基质辅助激光解吸附电离飞行时间质谱（MALDI—TOFMASS）分析,鉴定出9个与胚发育相关的蛋白,这些蛋白可能参与了胚败育的调节和控制。     

温敏核不育水稻花药蛋白质组初步分析

采用固相pH梯度 SDS聚丙烯酰胺双向凝胶电泳对温敏核不育水稻 96 4 2S可育与不育条件下减数分裂期花药总蛋白进行了分离 ,通过银染显色 ,获得了分辨率和重复性较好的双向电泳图谱 .PDQuest 2DE图像分析软件可识别约 10 0 0个蛋白质点 .蛋白质点在 2D胶上的重复性为 :沿等电聚焦方向偏差为 1 4 5± 0 2 3mm(n =8) ,沿SDS PAGE方向偏差为 :1 15± 0 17mm(n =8) .对两种育性不同样品的 2D胶上部分共有的蛋白质点 ,采用基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱 (matrixassistedlaserdesorption ionizationtimeofflightmassspctrometry ,MALDI TOF MS)进行了肽质谱指纹图分析 .通过采用PeptIdent软件对SWISS PROT数据库的查询 ,有 5 0个蛋白质点在数据库得到归属鉴定 .对育性不同的2种样品 2D较上明显差异的蛋白质点进行了分析鉴定 .在不育变化为可育的过程中 ,明显表达上调的蛋白质点包括几丁质酶 ,酸性磷酸酶 ,胞浆激酶 ,谷蛋白前体 ,以及ESTSC72 61蛋白 ,明显下调的蛋白质包括β expansin前体 ,谷氨酸氨甲酰转移酶和 1种未知功能的蛋白质     

大鼠海马的表达蛋白质组学实验研究

目的：用蛋白质组学方法初步分析大鼠海马蛋白质的表达。方法：提取大鼠海马蛋白质样品后,用双向凝胶电泳对其分离,经考马斯亮蓝染色后,产生大鼠海马蛋白质双向凝胶电泳图谱。从凝胶上切割分离的蛋白质,经胰蛋白酶胶内酶解,通过基质辅助激光解吸／电离飞行时间质谱（MALDI-TOF-MS）对酶解后的肽段进行分析。根据肽段质谱数据,经数据库（NCBI）检索,对蛋白质进行鉴定。结果：鉴定了37种具有明确功能的蛋白质,它们分别属于代谢酶、细胞骨架蛋白、热休克蛋白、抗氧化蛋白、信号传导蛋白、蛋白酶体相关蛋白、神经元特异蛋白及神经胶质蛋白。另外,鉴定了3种未知功能蛋白。结论：为建立大鼠海马蛋白质组数据库提供必要的资料,为在大鼠模型上研究神经疾病发病机理奠定基础。     

固相化学辅助MALDI-TOF质谱源后衰变技术对2D-胶银染蛋白质点的鉴定

利用O 甲基异脲氢硫酸 (O methylisoureahydrogensulfate)修饰 2D 胶上胰蛋白酶原位酶切后产生的Lys 肽 ,使其具有Arg 肽的特性 ,提高质谱测定的灵敏度 ,然后用化学试剂 3 磺酸丙酸N 羟基琥珀酰胺酯 ( 3 sulfopropionicacidNHS ester)修饰Lys 肽及Arg 肽 ,修饰的产物在进行PSD测序时能得到单一的y 离子系列 ,有利于蛋白质酶解片段序列的从头解析 ,为 2D 胶上蛋白质点的准确鉴定提供有力的依据 ;该方法应用于鼻咽癌细胞 2D胶银染蛋白质点的鉴定取得可靠结果     

小麦叶片胞间洗脱液的蛋白质组学检测分析

植物叶片胞间液蛋白主要是一些低丰度蛋白,其中某些种类在植物抗病反应中起着重要的作用.通过改进已有的技术方法,结合超滤和丙酮沉淀处理,从500 9抗条锈病近等基因系小麦Taichung29*6/Yr5的叶片中获得了1.5mg可溶性的胞间洗脱液蛋白.SDS-PAGE电泳分析显示,胞间洗脱液蛋白样品和总蛋白样品存在着明显的差异.进一步的双向电泳分析证实,两个样品在胶图上可分别检测到1 241±59(n ＝3)和1 849±138(n ＝3)个蛋白点,其中胞间洗脱液样品有1 042±47(n ＝3)个不同于总蛋白样品的蛋白点,与总蛋白样品共有的蛋白点仅198±13(n ＝3)个.随意取100个差异蛋白点进行MALDI-TOF质谱分析,鉴定到一些已被确证存在于小麦胞间液中的蛋白质,如β-1,3-萄聚糖酶、葡聚糖-β-D-1,3-葡萄糖苷内切酶、几丁质酶、过氧化物酶等.从蛋白质组学角度初步分析了小麦叶片胞间洗脱液的组成,为进一步探索小麦叶片胞间液中低丰度蛋白的抗病功能提供依据.     

家蚕丝腺蛋白质组学研究方法的建立

通过高精度的双向电泳技术对家蚕中部丝腺组织的蛋白质进行分离,采用基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱(matrix-assistedlaserdesorption/ionizationtimeofflightmassspectrometry,MALDI-TOF-MS)对其中一些表达量较高的蛋白点进行鉴定,并利用GPMAW(GeneralProtein/MassAnalysisforWindows)软件结合家蚕基因组预测的蛋白质数据库构建本地的肽质量指纹图谱数据库,对所得到的肽质量指纹图谱进行分析。研究发现,经过双向凝胶电泳及其图象分析技术,硝酸银染色和考马斯亮蓝染色分别能分离出500个以上和100个以上的蛋白点。这些蛋白质点主要集中在分子量15~90kD区域,等电点pH3·5~7之间。MALDI-TOF-MS鉴定的25个考染蛋白点中有60%以上的PMF(PeptideMassFingerprint)的信号峰较强。在数据库检索过程中,利用家蚕肽质量指纹数据库所得检索结果与在Mascot的检索结果相比,前者不仅能够准确鉴定出一些已有研究报道的蛋白,从而验证检索方法的可行性,而且还能够对一些已经被家蚕基因组数据库所预测但未曾报道的新蛋白质进行鉴定,从而建立了一整套适合于家蚕蛋白质组研究的方法,并为其它绢丝昆虫蛋白质组研究提供了重要参考。     

Experimental evaluation of protein identification by an LC/MALDI/on-target digestion approach

Tryptic digestion of proteins continues to be a workhorse of proteomics. Traditional tryptic digestion requires several hours to generate an adequate protein digest. A number of enhanced accelerated digestion protocols have been developed in recent years. Nonetheless, a need still exists for new digestion strategies that meet the demands of proteomics for high-throughput and rapid detection and identification of proteins. We performed an evaluation of direct tryptic digestion of proteins on a MALDI target plate and the potential for integrating RP HPLC separation of protein with on-target tryptic digestion in order to achieve a rapid and effective identification of proteins in complex biological samples. To this end, we used a Tempo HPLC/MALDI target plate deposition hybrid instrument (ABI). The technique was evaluated using a number of soluble and membrane proteins and an MRC5 cell lysate. We demonstrated that direct deposition of proteins on a MALDI target plate after reverse-phase HPLC separation and subsequent tryptic digestion of the proteins on the target followed by MALDI TOF/TOF analysis provided substantial data (intact protein mass, peptide mass and peptide fragment mass) that allowed a rapid and unambiguous identification of proteins. The rapid protein separation and direct deposition of fractions on a MALDI target plate provided by the RP HPLC combined with off-line interfacing with the MALDI MS is a unique platform for rapid protein identification with improved sequence coverage. This simple and robust approach significantly reduces the sample handling and potential loss in large-scale proteomics experiments. This approach allows combination of peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF), MS/MS peptide fragment fingerprinting (PPF) and whole protein MS for both protein identification and structural analysis of proteins.     

Proteome analysis of hairy root from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer using peptide fingerprinting, internal sequencing and expressed sequence tag data

As an initial step to the comprehensive proteomic analysis of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, protein mixtures extracted from the cultured hairy root of Panax ginseng were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE). The protein spots were analyzed and identified by peptide finger printing and internal amino acid sequencing by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and electrospray ionization quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (ESI Q-TOF MS), respectively. More than 300 protein spots were detected on silver stained two-dimensional (2-D) gels using pH 3-10, 4-7, and 4.5-5.5 gradients. Major protein spots (159) were analyzed by peptide fingerprinting or de novo sequencing and the functions of 91 of these proteins were identified. Protein identification was achieved using the expressed sequence tag (EST) database from Panax ginseng and the protein database of plants like Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa. However, peptide mass fingerprinting by MALDI-TOF MS alone was insufficient for protein identification because of the lack of a genome database for Panax ginseng. Only 17 of the 159 protein spots were verified by peptide mass fingerprinting using MALDI-TOF MS whereas 87 out of 102 protein spots, which included 13 of the 17 proteins identified by MALDI-TOF MS, were identified by internal amino acid sequencing using tandem mass spectrometry analysis by ESI Q-TOF MS. When the internal amino acid sequences were used as identification markers, the identification rate exceeded 85.3%, suggesting that a combination of internal sequencing and EST data analysis was an efficient identification method for proteome analysis of plants having incomplete genome data like ginseng. The 2-D patterns of the main root and leaves of Panax ginseng differed from that of the cultured hairy root, suggesting that some proteins are exclusively expressed by different tissues for specific cellular functions. Proteome analysis will undoubtedly be helpful for understanding the physiology of Panax ginseng.     

Characterization of Proteins Utilized in the Desulfurization of Petroleum Products by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI/TOF/MS) with delayed extraction is utilized in linear, reflected-ion and post-source decay (PSD) modes to directly characterize enzymes being developed for use in a petroleum desulfurization process. The DNA sequence for the genes isolated fromRhodococcussp. strain IGTS8 that produce three of the four enzymes under study had been previously reported with a discrepancy in residue assignments for one of the enzymes, dsz-C. The use of proteolytic digests followed by MALDI/TOF/MS with delayed extraction in the reflected-ion mode provided sequence-specific information with mass accuracies exceeding 40 ppm over a range of masses and signal-to-noise values. Peptide mapping of >80% of the residues was accomplished for all four proteins. The use of PSD established the true sequence for dsz-C, resolving the discrepancy in the literature. A posttranslational loss of N-terminal methionine was observed for each of the four proteins in linear MALDI/MS and was reconfirmed by peptide mapping for three of the proteins.     

Evaluating Peptide Mass Fingerprinting-based Protein Identification

Identification of proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) is an essential step in pro- teomic studies and is typically accomplished by either peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) or amino acid sequencing of the peptide. Although sequence information from MS/MS analysis can be used to validate PMF-based protein identification, it may not be practical when analyzing a large number of proteins and when high- throughput MS/MS instrumentation is not readily available. At present, a vast majority of proteomic studies employ PMF. However, there are huge disparities in criteria used to identify proteins using PMF. Therefore, to reduce incorrect protein identification using PMF, and also to increase confidence in PMF-based protein identification without accompanying MS/MS analysis, definitive guiding principles are essential. To this end, we propose a value-based scoring system that provides guidance on evaluating when PMF-based protein identification can be deemed sufficient without accompanying amino acid sequence data from MS/MS analysis.     

Evaluating Peptide Mass Fingerprinting-based Protein Identification

Identification of proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) is an essential step in pro- teomic studies and is typically accomplished by either peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) or amino acid sequencing of the peptide. Although sequence information from MS/MS analysis can be used to validate PMF-based protein identification, it may not be practical when analyzing a large number of proteins and when high- throughput MS/MS instrumentation is not readily available. At present, a vast majority of proteomic studies employ PMF. However, there are huge disparities in criteria used to identify proteins using PMF. Therefore, to reduce incorrect protein identification using PMF, and also to increase confidence in PMF-based protein identification without accompanying MS/MS analysis, definitive guiding principles are essential. To this end, we propose a value-based scoring system that provides guidance on evaluating when PMF-based protein identification can be deemed sufficient without accompanying amino acid sequence data from MS/MS analysis.     

Evaluating peptide mass fingerprinting-based protein identification

Identification of proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) is an essential step in proteomic studies and is typically accomplished by either peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) or amino acid sequencing of the peptide. Although sequence information from MS/MS analysis can be used to validate PMF-based protein identification, it may not be practical when analyzing a large number of proteins and when high- throughput MS/MS instrumentation is not readily available. At present, a vast majority of proteomic studies employ PMF. However, there are huge disparities in criteria used to identify proteins using PMF. Therefore, to reduce incorrect protein identification using PMF, and also to increase confidence in PMF-based protein identification without accompanying MS/MS analysis, definitive guiding principles are essential. To this end, we propose a value-based scoring system that provides guidance on evaluating when PMF-based protein identification can be deemed sufficient without accompanying amino acid sequence data from MS/MS analysis.     

Sulfonation chemistry as a powerful tool for MALDI TOF/TOF de novo sequencing and post-translational modification analysis.

Mass spectrometry using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is a widespread technique for various types of proteomic analysis. In the identification of proteins using peptide mass fingerprinting, samples are enzymatically digested and resolved into a number of peptides, whose masses are determined and matched with a sequence data-base. However, the presence inside the cell of several splicing variants, protein isoforms, or fusion proteins gives rise to a complex picture, demanding more complete analysis. Moreover, the study of species with yet uncharacterized genomes or the investigation of post-translational modifications are not possible with classical mass fingerprinting, and require specific and accurate de novo sequencing. In the last several years, much effort has been made to improve the performance of peptide sequencing with MALDI. Here we present applications using a fast and robust chemical modification of peptides for improved de novo sequencing. Post-source decay of derivatized peptides generates at the same time peaks with high intensity and simple spectra, leading to a very easy and clear sequence determination.     

Comprehensive proteome analysis of ovarian cancers using liquid phase separation, mass mapping and tandem mass spectrometry: a strategy for identification of candidate cancer biomarkers

A two-dimensional (2-D) liquid phase separation method, liquid isoelectric focusing followed by nonporous reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), was used to separate proteins from human ovarian epithelial whole cell lysates. HPLC eluent was interfaced on-line to an electrospray ionization (ESI) time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometer to obtain accurate intact protein molecular weights (Mr). 2-D protein expression maps were generated displaying protein isoelectric point (pI) versus intact protein Mr. Resulting 2-D images effectively displayed quantitative differential protein expression in ovarian cancer cells versus non-neoplastic ovarian epithelial cells. Protein peak fractions were collected from the HPLC eluent, enzymatically digested, and analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) TOF-mass spectrometry (MS) peptide mass fingerprinting and by MALDI-quadrupole TOF tandem mass spectrometry peptide sequencing. Interlysate comparisons of differential protein expression between two ovarian adenocarcinoma cell lines, ES2 and MDAH-2774, and ovarian surface epithelial cells was performed. Five pI fractions from each sample were selected for comparative study and over 300 unique proteins were positively identified from the 2-D liquid expression maps using MS, which covered around 60% of proteins detected by on-line ESI-TOF-MS. This represents one of the most comprehensive proteomic analyses of ovarian cancer samples to date. Protein bands with significant up- or down-regulation in one cell line versus another as viewed in the 2-D expression maps were identified. This strategy may prove useful in identifying novel ovarian cancer marker proteins.     

Laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry of protein tryptic digests on nanostructured silicon plates

We report on the simple application of a new nanostructured silicon (NanoSi) substrate as laser desorption/ionization (LDI)-promoting surface for high-throughput identification of protein tryptic digests by a rapid MS profiling and subsequent MS/MS analysis. The NanoSi substrate is easily prepared by chemical etching of crystalline silicon in NH(4)F/HNO(3)/AgNO(3) aqueous solution. To assess the LDI performances in terms of sensitivity, repeatability and robustness, the detection of small synthetic peptides (380-1700Da) was investigated. Moreover, peptide sequencing was tackled. Various tryptic synthetic peptide mixtures were first characterized in MS and MS/MS experiments carried out on a single deposit. Having illustrated the capability to achieve peptide detection and sequencing on these ionizing surfaces in the same run, protein tryptic digests from Cytochrome C, β-Casein, BSA and Fibrinogen were then analyzed in the femtomolar range (from 50 fmol for Cytochrome C down to 2 fmol for Fibrinogen). Comparison of the NanoSi MS and MS/MS data with those obtained with sample conditioned in organic matrix demonstrated a great behavior for low mass responses. We demonstrated the capability of LDI on NanoSi to be a complementary method to MALDI peptide mass fingerprinting ensuring determination of peptide molecular weights and sequences for more efficient protein database searches.     

Applications and performance of a MALDI-ToF mass spectrometer with quadratic field reflectron technology

A new matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometer (MALDI-ToF MS), developed specifically for the identification and characterization of proteins and peptides in proteomic investigations, is described. The mass spectrometer which can be integrated with the 2-D gel electrophoresis workflow is a bench-top instrument, enabling rapid, reliable and unattended protein identification in low-, as well as high-throughput proteomics applications. To obtain precise information on peptide sequences, the instrument utilizes a timed ion gate and a unique quadratic field reflectron (Z2 technology), allowing single-run, post-source decay (PSD) of selected peptides. In this study, the performance of the instrument in reflectron, PSD and linear mode, respectively, was investigated. The results showed that the limit of detection for a single peptide in reflectron mode was 125 amol with a signal to noise ratio exceeding 20. Average mass resolution for peptides larger than 2000 u was around 13,000 full width, half maximum (FWHM). The limit for protein identification during peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) was 500 amol with a sequence coverage of 18%. Mass error during PMF analysis was less than 15 ppm for 17 out of 25 (68%) identified peptides. In PSD mode, a complete series of y-ions of a CAF-derivatized peptide could be obtained from 3.75 fmol of material. The average mass error of PSD-generated fragments was less than 0.14 u. Finally, in linear mode, intact proteins with molecular masses greater than 300,000 u were detected with mass errors below 0.2%.