光系统Ⅱ反应中心CP47/D1/D2/Cyt b-559复合物中色素分子空间取向的线二色光谱研究

线二色光谱(LD)是研究色素分子在光合膜上空间取向和排布的重要手段.采用低温(100K)吸收光谱和线二色光谱技术研究光系统Ⅱ核心复合物CP47/D1/D2/Cyt b-559中色素分子的空间取向.结果表明,在光系统Ⅱ核心复合物CP47/D1/D2/Cyt b-559中680 nm处有吸收的叶绿素分子Qy跃迁与光合膜平面平行.β-胡萝卜素分子有两种不同的空间取向,其中在470和505nm处有吸收的β-胡萝卜素分子(Ⅰ)与光合膜平面近似平行,而在460和490nm处有吸收的β-胡萝卜素分子(Ⅱ)与光合膜垂直.光破坏实验显示垂直取向的β-胡萝卜素分子对强光敏感.680nm处吸收的叶绿素分子成分复杂,可能包含有P680和核心天线CP47蛋白上的色素分子.     

光合细菌Chromatium vinosum可溶性氢酶的FTIR谱的研究

光合细菌Chromatium vinosum含有一种可溶性氢酶和一种膜结合态氢酶。氧化态可溶性氢酶在红外光谱区（1860－2140cm^-1）有四个特征吸收峰（2103．7,2086．2,2054．8和1962．5cm^-1）。其中1962．5cm^－1处吸收带的位置与已知的NiFe一氢酶活性中心－CO基团所产生的吸收带位置相近;另外三条吸收带的位置与已知的NiFe一氢酶活性中心－CN基团所产生的吸收带的位置相近。以2,6－二氯酚靛酚（DPIP）氧化可溶性氢酶时,四条吸收谱带的位置基本上没有发生变化。可溶性氢酶被Na2S2O4充分还原时,－CO基团的吸收带移至1946．8cm^-1,而－CN基团的三条吸收带中的两条分别移至2076．8cm^-1和2093．1cm^-1处,另一条则消失了。还原态可溶性氢酶与CO反应后,其红外光谱显示七条吸收带,在－CO基团红外光谱区和－CN基团红外光谱区各产生了两条新的吸收带。研究表明,Cuinosum可溶性氢酶的活性中心的结构类似于其它已知的NiFe－氢酶,但与活性中心金属原子相连的可能包括三个－CN基团和一个－CO基团,结合可溶性氢酶的FPR谱特征,推测C.vinosum可溶性氢酶活性中心的结构可能为Ni(CN)Fe(CN)2(CO).     

光系统Ⅱ反应中心CP47/D1/D2/Cyt b-559复合物中色素分子空间取向的线二色光谱研究(英文)

线二色光谱(LD)是研究色素分子在光合膜上空间取向和排布的重要手段。采用低温(1 0 0K)吸收光谱和线二色光谱技术研究光系统Ⅱ核心复合物CP47/D1/D2/Cytb_5 5 9中色素分子的空间取向。结果表明,在光系统Ⅱ核心复合物CP47/D1/D2/Cytb_5 5 9中 6 80nm处有吸收的叶绿素分子Qy 跃迁与光合膜平面平行。β_胡萝卜素分子有两种不同的空间取向,其中在 470和 5 0 5nm处有吸收的 β_胡萝卜素分子(Ⅰ)与光合膜平面近似平行,而在 46 0和 490nm处有吸收的 β_胡萝卜素分子(Ⅱ)与光合膜垂直。光破坏实验显示垂直取向的 β_胡萝卜素分子对强光敏感。6 80nm处吸收的叶绿素分子成分复杂,可能包含有P6 80和核心天线CP47蛋白上的色素分子。     

光系统Ⅱ反应中心D_1-D_2-Cyt b_(559)的光破坏作用研究

从高等植物叶绿体中分离得到的光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)反应中心D_1-D_2-Cytb(559)复合物很不稳定,极易受到光照的破坏。光照导致D_1-D_2-Cytb_(559)在红区(Qy带)的吸收光谱发生很大的变化,在最初光照45秒时间内,吸光度值升高,继续光照则吸光度值下降,而且680nm处的下降速度最大,吸收峰发生兰移,光照也导致荧光强度增大,发射峰兰移。所有这些结果表明,光破坏至少存在两个不同的过程,而且主要受到破坏的是原初电子供体P680。     

叶绿体膜的结构与功能 Ⅶ小麦囊状体膜上光系统Ⅱ反应中心复合体的探讨

小麦叶绿体膜用SDS短时间增溶后,用不连续的SDS—聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离出八条叶绿素带,我们依其迁移率的增加及参考文献上的定名称为CPI(P700—叶绿素a—蛋白质)、LHCP~1(捕光叶绿素a/b—蛋白质)、LHCP~2、LHCP~3,CPa(光系统Ⅱ反应中心)、LHCP~4和FC(游离色素—SDS复合物)。值得注意的是,在LHCP~4和FC之间观察到一条新的复合体,我们命名为CPa_1。 CPa_1的吸收光谱与CPa的吸收光谱相似,他们在红区的吸收峰分别在669nm和670nm,在蓝区的吸收峰为435nm,清楚地表明这些吸收光谱与文献中报导的复合体Ⅳ—系统Ⅱ反应中心复合物相似(Hayden等1977)。CPa和CPa_1具有相似的荧光发射光谱,最强的发射带分别在681nm和682nm。二者的荧光激发光谱亦是彼此相似的。CPa的分子量约为39.5KD,CPa_1的分子量约为19.6KD。因此,我们推测CPa可能是二聚体,而CPa_1可能是它的单体。     

荔枝果皮多酚氧化酶酶促褐变的研究

从荔枝果皮分别提取多酚氧化酶及其天然底物,两者相作用,形成褐色产物,酶促褐变是荔枝果皮变褐的原因。 从荔枝果皮提取的酚类物质中分离出多酚氧化酶的天然底物。此底物的紫外吸收光谱分别在215和280 nm有一强的和一弱的吸收峰,它的红外吸收光谱在3190、1600、1500 cm~(-1)有很强的吸收峰。     

从超声波破碎的蓝藻类囊体膜中分离的叶绿素蛋白复合物

当蓝藻的类囊体膜用超声波进行破碎,并在4℃下用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳进行分离,有6条叶绿素带被分离出来,它们分别是 CPIa,CPIb,CP1,CPa1 CPa2,FC。CP1 在红区和蓝区的吸收峰分别位于674和435 nm 处。在液氮甲该组分在725和680 nm 处有两个荧光发射带。CPa1和 CPa2的吸收光谱相似,其红峰和蓝峰的位置分别位于667和431.5nm 处。它们在77 K 的荧光发射峰都位于684 nm 处。用超声破碎法分离的叶绿素蛋白复合物的光谱特性,除 CPa1和 CPa2在红峰和蓝峰的吸收位置蓝移了3—5 nm 之外,其余与用 SDS 增溶法分离的相应复合物相似。属于光系统Ⅰ的 CPIa-CPI 的叶绿素含量占总叶绿素的40.93%,而属于光系统Ⅱ的 CPa1和 CPa2的叶绿素则占总叶绿素的38.78%,二者之差仅有2.15%。     

铜对类囊体膜叶绿素-蛋白质复合物组成和光谱特性的影响

菠菜和青菜类囊体膜经SDS-PAGE*可分别分离出8条和7条含叶绿素的区带。经Cu螯合剂处理后发现菠菜CPIa、青菜CPI_a、LHCP_2带缺失,菠菜CPIa_1 LHCP_2和青菜CPI减少,两者的LHCP_3明显增加。外源Cu(5mmol/L CuCl_2)可使菠菜CPa_1带缺失。青菜CP_a带缺失,并且使菠菜CPI带的吸收峰由678nm移到672nm,在652nm处有一微弱小肩,并且出现679nm荧光发射峰,表现出LHC-Ⅱ的某些光谱特性。同时使菠菜和青菜的LHCP_1和LHCP_2的吸收峰均由672nm分别移到668nm和669nm,并且使LHCP_2在724nm处产生较强的荧光发射,接近于LHC-Ⅰ的某些光谱特性。由此初步认为,铜可能通过变构作用来调节两个光系统间从作用中心到捕光色素蛋白复合物,以及二者捕光色素蛋白复合物本身之间的能量转移。     

赤潮异弯藻在铁限制条件下的光谱特性

由活体吸收光谱可见,赤潮异弯藻在叶绿素c靠近红光区的吸收峰处,由铁丰富条件下的632nm向蓝漂移2nm．由于类胡萝卜素相对于叶绿素a的比值在铁限制的细胞内增大,因而受铁限制的细胞活体吸收光谱在480nm左右类胡萝卜素的吸收峰处增加了一个吸收峰．赤潮异弯藻细胞低温荧光发射光谱在685nm处有一明显的发射峰。与铁丰富条件(10μmol.L-1)相比,缺铁(5nmol·L-1)和低铁(100nmol·L-1)细胞在685nm处的荧光得率分别升高了2倍和1．4倍．补铁48h后荧光得率则明显降低。表明细胞在铁限制条件下存在大量能量耗散,降低了细胞光合作用效率．     

紫色非硫光合细菌Rhodopseudomonas capsulata铁氧还蛋白的分离纯化

采用超声破碎,Triton X-100处理,30％丙酮提取,经三次DEAE-52纤维素离子交换柱层析分离纯化,我们第一次从紫色非硫光合细菌Rps.capsulata N-3菌株中,获得聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳纯的铁氧还蛋白(Ferredoxin)及其结晶。吸收光谱的峰值位于275舳,375nm;在450 nm、480 nm处各有较小的吸收峰。特征吸收峰比A375nm/A275nm=0.74。凝胶过滤测定它的分子量为9,000道尔顿;每分子含有8个非血红素铁和等数量的酸性不稳定硫。铁氧还蛋白能被连二亚硫酸钠化学还原,氢气和氢酶构成的酶体系还原,亦能作为电子传递载体参与菠菜叶绿体催化的DCPIPH_2→铁氧还蛋白→NADP~ 光还原。     

Formation and reduction of a ''peroxy'' intermediate of cytochrome c oxidase by hydrogen peroxide.

In the presence of micromolar concentrations of H2O2, ferric cytochrome c oxidase forms a stable complex characterized by an increased absorption intensity at 606-607 nm with a weaker absorption band in the 560-580 nm region. Higher (millimolar) concentrations of H2O2 result in an enzyme exhibiting a Soret band at 427 nm and an alpha-band of increased intensity in the 589-610 nm region. Addition of H2O2 to ferric cytochrome c oxidase in the presence of cyanide results in absorbance increases at 444nm and 605nm. These changes are not seen if H2O2 is added to the cyanide complex of the ferric enzyme. The results support the idea that direct reaction of H2O2 with ferric cytochrome a 3 produces a 'peroxy' intermediate that is susceptible to further reduction by H2O2 at higher peroxide concentrations. Electron flow through cytochrome a is not involved, and the final product of the reaction is the so-called 'pulsed' or 'oxygenated' ferric form of the enzyme.     

Reaction of hydrogen peroxide with the rapid form of resting cytochrome oxidase.

The hydrogen peroxide binding reaction has been examined with alkaline-purified resting enzyme in order to avoid mixtures of low pH induced fast and slow conformers. At pH 8.8-9.0 (20 degrees C), the reactivity of resting enzyme was similar to the peroxide-free, pulsed conformer that has been characterized by other investigators. The reaction showed single-phase reactivity at 435 and 655 nm and required a minimum 8:1 molar excess of peroxide (over cytochrome a3) for quantitative reaction. At 16:1, the Soret band was stable for 1.0-1.5 h, but above 80:1, the band began showing generalized attenuation within 1-2 min. The peroxide binding reaction was also associated with an increase in absorbance at 606 nm which correlated with the rate of change at 435 and 655 nm. The observed rate constants at each of these wavelengths showed similar linear dependence on peroxide concentration, giving an average bimolecular rate constant of 391 M-1.s-1 and a Kd of 5.1 microM. The rise phase at 606 nm was observed to saturate at an 8:1 molar excess of peroxide but showed a slow, concentration-dependent first-order decay that gave a bimolecular rate constant and Kd of 38 M-1.s-1 and 20 microM, respectively. The decay was not associated with a change in the Soret absorption or charge-transfer regions, suggesting a type of spectral decoupling. An isosbestic point at 588 nm was consistent with the 606- to 580-nm conversion proposed by other investigators, although direct observation of a new band at 580 nm was difficult.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Characterization of cytochrome b5 reconstituted with a ferric chlorin and a ferric oxochlorin

The role of the electronic properties of the heme group of rat cytochrome b5 in biological electron transfer was investigated by substituting chlorin analogues for the native protoporphyrin IX prosthetic group. The resultant purified proteins displayed physical and chemical properties distinct from those of the native enzyme. Optical spectroscopy of the ferric chlorin substituted cytochrome b5 revealed a blue-shifted Soret at 404 nm and a band at 586 nm characteristically red-shifted from the protohemin absorption band. The reduced, reconstituted protein displayed maxima at 406, 418, 563, and 600 nm. The oxidized cytochrome b5 containing the oxochlorin analogue produced a red-shifted Soret with maxima at 338, 416, and 602 nm. The reduced species differed only in the visible region with absorption maxima at 508, 554, and 600 nm. Characterization by EPR spectroscopy of the oxochlorin-substituted cytochrome b5 yielded g values of 2.566, 2.375, and 1.756 and respective axial delta/lambda and rhombic V/lambda components of 2.857 and 3.287, indicating significant electronic distortion in the chlorin ring and an increase in electron donation from the axial histidine ligands. A decrease in the reduction potential of 52 +/- 5 mV (50 mM KPi, pH 7.0, 25 degrees C) for the chlorin-reconstituted cytochrome b5 was determined with respect to that of native cytochrome b5. The reduction potential for the oxochlorin-containing cytochrome b5 was unchanged from that of the native system. Both of the reconstituted proteins were found to be capable of transferring electrons to cytochrome c in a reconstituted system dependent on NADH and cytochrome b5 reductase, thus stimulating the activity of native cytochrome b5.     

Purification and properties of NADH oxidase from Bacillus megaterium

NADH oxidase, which catalyzes the oxidation of NADH, with the consumption of a stoichiometric amount of oxygen, to NAD+ and hydrogen peroxide was purified from Bacillus megaterium by 5'-AMP Sepharose affinity chromatography to homogeneity. The enzyme is a dimeric protein containing 1 mol of FAD per mol of subunit, Mr = 52,000. The absorption maxima of the native enzyme (oxidized form) were found at 270, 383, and 450 with a shoulder at 475 nm in 50 mM KPi buffer, pH 7.0. The visible absorption bands at 383 and 450 nm disappeared on the addition of NADH under anaerobic conditions and reappeared upon the introduction of air. Thus, the non-covalently bound FAD functioned as a prosthetic group for the enzyme. We tentatively named this new enzyme NADH oxidase (NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase, hydrogen peroxide forming). This enzyme stereospecifically oxidizes the pro-S hydrogen at C-4 of the pyridine ring of NADH.     

Circular dichroism studies on cytochrome c peroxidase from baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).

Circular dichroism spectra of cytochrome c peroxidase from baker's yeast, those of the reduced enzyme, the carbonyl, cyanide and fluoride derivatives and the hydrogen peroxide compound, Compound I, have been recorded in the wavelength range 200 to 660 nm. All derivatives show negative Soret Cotton effects. The results suggest that the heme group is surrounded by tightly packed amino acid sidechains and that there is a histidine residue bound to the fifth coordination site of the heme iron. The native ferric enzyme is probably pentacoordinated. The circular dichroism spectra of the ligand compounds indicate that the ligands form a nonlinear bond to the heme iron as a result of steric hindrance in the vicinity of the heme. The spectrum of Compound I shows no perturbation of the porphyrin symmetry. The dichroic spectrum of the native enzyme in the far-ultraviolet wave-length region suggests that the secondary structure consists of roughly equal amounts of alpha-helical, beta-structure and unordered structure. After the removal of the heme group no great changes in the secondary structure can be observed.     

Lignin peroxidase compound III. Mechanism of formation and decomposition

Lignin peroxidase compound III (LiPIII) was prepared via three procedures: (a) ferrous LiP + O2 (LiPIIIa), (b) ferric LiP + O2-. (LiPIIIb), and (c) LiP compound II + excess H2O2 followed by treatment with catalase (LiPIIIc). LiPIIIa, b, and c each have a Soret maximum at approximately 414 nm and visible bands at 543 and 578 nm. LiPIIIa, b, and c each slowly reverted to native ferric LiP, releasing stoichiometric amounts of O2-. in the process. Electronic absorption spectra of LiPIII reversion to the native enzyme displayed isosbestic points in the visible region at 470, 525, and 597 nm, suggesting a single-step reversion with no intermediates. The LiPIII reversion reactions obeyed first-order kinetics with rate constants of approximately 1.0 X 10(-3) s-1. In the presence of excess peroxide, at pH 3.0, native LiP, LiPII, and LiPIIIa, b, and c are all converted to a unique oxidized species (LiPIII*) with a spectrum displaying visible bands at 543 and 578 nm, but with a Soret maximum at 419 nm, red-shifted 5 nm from that of LiPIII. LiPIII* is bleached and inactivated in the presence of excess H2O2 via a biphasic process. The fast first phase of this bleaching reaction obeys second-order kinetics, with a rate constant of 1.7 X 10(1) M-1 s-1. Addition of veratryl alcohol to LiPIII* results in its rapid reversion to the native enzyme, via an apparent one-step reaction that obeys second-order kinetics with a rate constant of 3.5 X 10(1) M-1 s-1. Stoichiometric amounts of O2-. are released during this reaction. When this reaction was run under conditions that prevented further reactions, HPLC analysis of the products demonstrated that veratryl alcohol was not oxidized. These results suggest that the binding of veratryl alcohol to LiPIII* displaces O2-., thus returning the enzyme to its native state. In contrast, the addition of veratryl alcohol to LiPIII did not affect the rate of spontaneous reversion of LiPIII to the native enzyme.     

Spectrum of chloroperoxidase compound I

When compound I of chloroperoxidase is formed from the native enzyme the absorption peak in the Soret region diminishes in intensity, and shifts to a maximum absorbance at 367 nm. This unusual Soret spectrum decreases in intensity in a linear fashion as the wavelength increases. The first visible spectrum of chloroperoxidase compound I is reported which has a peak at 689 nm as its most prominent feature.     

Spectral properties of the higher oxidation states of prostaglandin H synthase

Prostaglandin H (PGH) synthase reacts with organic hydroperoxides and fatty acid hydroperoxides on a millisecond time scale to generate an intermediate that is spectrally similar to compound I of horseradish peroxidase. Compound I of PGH synthase is converted to compound II within 170 ms. Compound II decays to resting enzyme in a few seconds. Thus, the peroxidase reaction of PGH synthase appears to involve a cycle of native enzyme, compound I, and compound II, typical of heme-containing peroxidases. The Soret absorption maximum of compound I appears to occur at 412 nm but a small amount of compound II may be present. Soret maxima occur at 420, 433, and 419 for compound II, the ferrous enzyme, and the oxyferrous enzyme (compound III), respectively. Rapid scan analysis of the reaction of PGH synthase with arachidonic acid reveals the absorbance of compound II but no evidence for ferrous or oxyferrous enzyme.     

Effect of pH on the spectrum of cytochrome c oxidase hydrogen peroxide complex

Hydrogen peroxide binding to ferric cytochrome c oxidase in proteoliposomes brings about a red-shift of the enzyme Soret band and increased absorption in the visible range with two prominent peaks at approx. 570 and 607 nm. The molar absorptivity of the H2O2-induced difference spectrum is virtually pH-independent in the Soret band and at 570 nm, whereas the peak at 607 nm increases approx. 3-fold upon alkalinization in a narrow pH range 6.0-7.2, the effect being reversible. The pH profile of this transition indicates ionization of two acid-base groups with close pK values of 6.7. The lineshape of the peroxide compound difference spectrum is found to respond to pH changes inside the proteoliposomes. It is suggested that peroxide-complexed enzyme can undergo a pH-dependent transition to a form with increased extinction at 605-607 nm, possibly corresponding to the 420 nm (or 'pulsed') conformer of the ferric cytochrome oxidase formed as an early product of the enzyme oxidation. Accordingly, relaxation of the '420 nm' form to the resting state would be linked to an uptake of two protons from the M-aqueous phase. This protolytic reaction might be a partial step of the cytochrome oxidase proton pumping mechanism or it could serve to regulate interconversion between the active 'pulsed' and less active 'resting' states of the enzyme in the membrane.     

Preparation and spectral characterization of the heme d1.apomyoglobin complex: an unusual protein environment for the substrate-binding heme of Pseudomonas cytochrome oxidase

The heme d1 prosthetic group isolated from Pseudomonas cytochrome oxidase combines with apomyoglobin to form a stable, optically well-defined complex. Addition of ferric heme d1 quenches apomyoglobin tryptophan fluorescence suggesting association in a 1:1 molar ratio. Optical absorption maxima for heme d1.apomyoglobin are at 629 and 429 nm before, and 632 and 458 nm after dithionite reduction; they are distinct from those of heme d1 in aqueous solution but more similar to those unobscured by heme c in Pseudomonas cytochrome oxidase. Cyanide, carbon monoxide and imidazole alter the spectrum of heme d1.apomyoglobin demonstrating axial coordination to heme d1 by exogeneous ligands. The cyanide-induced optical difference spectra exhibit isosbestic points, and a Scatchard-like analysis yields a linear plot with an apparent dissociation constant of 4.2 X 10(-5) M. However, carbon monoxide induces two absorption spectra with Soret maxima at 454 or 467 nm, and this duplicity, along with a shoulder that correlates with the latter before binding, suggests multiple carbon monoxide and possibly heme d1 orientations within the globin. The 50-fold reduction in cyanide affinity over myoglobin is more consistent with altered heme pocket interactions than the intrinsic electronic differences between the two hemes. However, stability of the heme d1.apomyoglobin complex is verified further by the inability to separate heme d1 from globin during dialysis and column chromatography in excess cyanide or imidazole. This stability, together with a comparison between spectra of ligand-free and -bound derivatives of heme d1-apomyoglobin and heme d1 in solution, implies that the prosthetic group is coordinated in the heme pocket through a protein-donated, strong-field ligand. Furthermore, the visible spectrum of heme d1.apomyoglobin varies minimally with ligand exchange, in contrast to the Soret, which suggests that much spectral information concerning heme d1 coordination in the oxidase is lost by interference from heme c absorption bands. A comparison of the absorption spectra of heme d1.apomyoglobin and Pseudomonas cytochrome oxidase, together with a critical examination of the previous axial ligand assignments from magnetic resonance techniques in the latter, implies that it is premature to accept the assignment of bishistidine heme d1 coordination in oxidized, ligand-free oxidase and other iron-isobacteriochlorin-containing enzymes.