闽南-台湾浅滩渔场二长棘鲷群体景观多样性

根据1998年7月到2000年6月闽南-台湾浅滩渔场开展二长棘鲷资源的专项调查资料,以各个渔区CPUE(Catch Per Unit Effort)及其到渔场重心距离为参数,构建基于渔场重心动能的景观要素,运用景观多样性,并结合因子分析,分析了二长棘鲷群体景观多样性的空间格局及其与海洋环境因子之间的关系,探究了种群空间分布格局与生态过程之间的相互作用关系,旨在揭示闽南-台湾浅滩渔场二长棘鲷的生态境况及空间变异特征,为从生态水平上合理综合利用二长棘鲷渔业资源提供新的依据。结果表明:(1)不同月份鱼群的分布特征差别明显,8月鱼群分布范围最广,11月鱼群分布最为均匀,2月和12月鱼群分布最集中,而9月鱼群占据渔场空间能力最强;(2)不同群体之间具有不同分布特征,生殖群体分布范围最小,且最集中,其占据渔场空间能力最弱,幼鱼群体分布范围小,且相对均匀,其占据渔场空间能力强,索饵群体分布范围最广,且较均匀,鱼群分散索饵,其占据渔场空间能力最强,而9—11月群体平均分布范围较广,且最均匀,其占据渔场空间能力较弱;(3)鱼群综合景观指数是具空间结构的CPUE指数,从生态水平上反映了鱼群CPUE,其排名依次为8月、6月、7月、9月、10月、11月、5月、1月、4月、3月、2月、12月;(4)多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数指示的生态学意义分别为鱼群的分布范围、均匀程度和鱼群空间竞争能力,其中多样性指数和均匀度指数呈正相关;(5)水温是影响鱼群景观均匀度的主要因子,索饵是增加鱼群景观多样性和优势度的主要因子,而生殖因子则降低鱼群景观多样性和优势度,水温、索饵和生殖是二长棘鲷群体景观格局变化的主要驱动因素。     

基于多源遥感数据的植物物种分类与识别: 研究进展与展望

物种分类与识别是生物多样性监测的基础, 明确物种的类别及其分布是解决几乎所有生态学问题的前提。为深入了解基于多源遥感数据的植物物种分类与识别相关研究的发展现状和存在的问题, 本文对2000年以来该领域的研究进行了总结分析, 发现: 当前大多数研究集中在欧洲和北美地区的温带或北方森林以及南非的热带稀树草原; 使用最多的遥感数据是机载高光谱数据, 而激光雷达作为补充数据, 通过单木分割及提供单木的三维垂直结构信息, 显著提高了分类精度; 支持向量机和随机森林作为应用最广的非参数分类算法, 平均分类精度达80%; 随着计算机技术及机器学习领域的不断成熟, 人工神经网络在物种识别领域得以迅速发展。基于此, 本文对目前基于遥感数据的植物物种分类与识别中在分类对象复杂性、多源遥感数据整合、植物物候与纹理特征整合和分类算法技术等方面面临的挑战进行了总结, 并建议通过整合多时相监测数据、高光谱和激光雷达数据、短波红外等特定波谱信息、采用深度学习等方法来提高分类精度。     

海洋微生物生物活性物质的研究进展

海洋微生物是海洋生物的重要组成部分.研究结果表明,海洋微生物产生的生物活性物质种类丰富, 主要包括抗肿瘤抗病毒物质、抗生素、生物毒素、酶类、酶抑制剂、多糖、不饱和脂肪酸等等.对海洋细菌、海洋真菌和海洋放线菌所产生的抗菌活性物质和抗肿瘤活性物质进行了综述.     

物种分布模型在海洋潜在生境预测的应用研究进展

海洋生物的栖息分布与环境要素的关联性一直是海洋生态学研究的热点之一.近年来,物种分布模型被广泛应用于预测海洋物种分布、潜在适宜性生境评价等研究,为保护海洋生物多样性、防治外来物种入侵及制定渔业管理措施等提供了一条有效途径.物种分布模型主要包括生境适宜性指数模型、机理模型和统计模型.本文对物种分布模型的理论基础进行了归纳和总结,回顾了物种分布模型在预测海洋物种潜在地理分布研究中的开发与应用,重点介绍了不同类型统计模型在海洋物种潜在分布预测中的研究实例.比较各种选取变量和模型验证方法,认为赤池信息准则对于选取模型变量具有优势,Kappa系数和受试者操作特征曲线下面积在验证模型精度中应用最广泛.阐述了物种分布模型存在的问题及未来发展趋势,随着海洋生物生理机制研究的进一步深入,机理模型将是今后物种分布模型发展的重点.     

深层海洋浮游植物研究综述

对深层海洋(200 m)浮游生物的研究是我国海洋浮游生物研究的前沿,已有的深层海洋浮游生物知识是我国相关研究的基础。浮游植物需要阳光进行光合作用,大多数浮游植物沉降到深海中会死亡,但有些浮游植物却能在深海中生存。综述深层海洋中存活的浮游植物的研究进展,为我国的研究提供参考。在深层海洋发现的浮游植物(2"m)种类不多,共有18种,最深分布在4000 m,颗石藻的丰度大于硅藻和甲藻,最大丰度为2220个/L,出现在500 m。在1911—1985年期间,曾经发现橄榄绿细胞,由于研究手段有限,一直没有对其进行分类学研究。1985年以后的研究怀疑这些橄榄绿细胞就是聚球藻蓝细菌,聚球藻蓝细菌在太平洋、大西洋和地中海的几个站位能分布到2750 m,在深层海洋的最大丰度为3.5×105个/mL,出现在800 m。在许多海区200—700 m发现有浮游植物色素荧光的高值,但对引起高值的原因尚不清楚。浮游植物生物量在深层海洋的垂直剖面研究不多,已有的研究表明浮游植物生物量在300 m以深为0.001—0.1"g C/L,且其随深度增加而降低。     

海洋放线菌资源、研究方法与生物活性研究进展

海洋放线菌生活的环境如养分、光照、氧气浓度、压力、盐度和温度等与陆地环境存在极大差异,因此海洋放线菌形成了独特的生物化学代谢和生理能力。近年来,海洋放线菌成为生物资源开发和研究的热点。海洋放线菌分布广泛,种类多样。海洋放线菌活性代谢产物具有极强的医药应用潜力,其代谢产物的功能研究及重要代谢产物的开发成为海洋放线菌研究的重要方向。此外,海洋放线菌在环境保护以及生产应用等方面展现出的潜能,引起研究人员极大的兴趣。本文结合近年来海洋放线菌的分离种类与生境、海洋放线菌的研究策略与手段以及代谢产物功能多样性进行了归纳总结,以期对海洋放线菌的认识更全面、系统。     

白龙屿海洋牧场放养中华鲟幼鱼的潜在饵料资源及承载力估算

海洋保种是补充完善中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)生活史,实现陆海接力保种的重要举措,为探究近海围栏是海洋牧场中华鲟幼鱼的潜在饵料资源及承载能力,研究对浙江温州近海的白龙屿海洋牧场进行周年调查,评估了海洋牧场中底栖动物及中下层生物资源量,并通过放养中华鲟摄食生长状况和消化道内容物分析,获得了海洋牧场中中华鲟幼鱼可摄食饵料种类,同时估算了其最大资源承载力。结果表明,白龙屿海洋牧场周年共采集到共47种饵料生物隶属于5门8纲,其中底栖动物38种、中下层生物9种,依据历史记录均为中华鲟可摄食种类;根据消化道内容物实测分析,放养中华鲟能够在海洋牧场中自主摄食,验证其摄食了4门5纲共16种饵料生物,其食物组成按相对重要性指数(IRI)大小排列:甲壳纲(主要为虾蟹类)>腹足纲>鱼纲>瓣鳃纲>多毛纲,摄食偏好按摄食选择系数大小排列:甲壳纲>腹足纲>瓣鳃纲>多毛纲>鱼纲;估算结果表明海域面积650亩的白龙屿海洋牧场中适合中华鲟摄食的饵料资源最大年产量约为818.389 kg,仅靠这些天然饵料供给的情况下,可供69尾中华鲟幼鲟正常生长发育。研究...     

最长寿的植物

在大西洋中生活着一种叫“螳螂虾”的海洋动物,能通过发出光彩鲜艳的荧光来警告敌人或吸引异性配偶,这种利用荧光来进行信息交流的行为,在海里动物中还是首例。     

Hippo信号通路与海洋无脊椎动物天然免疫

Hippo信号通路是一条在进化上保守的丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶级联信号通路，主要参与调控器官大小、组织再生、胚胎发育和肿瘤发生。在果蝇中，经典的Hippo信号通路主要由Hippo(Hpo)、Salvador(Sav)、Warts(Wts)、MOB as tumor suppressor (Mats)、Yorkie(Yki)和Scalloped(Sd)组成。其不仅可通过Fat(Ft)和Crumbs(Crb)等上游分子进行调控，而且还能与NF-κB途径、IFN途径、ROS途径、cGAS-STING信号通路以及Wnt信号通路发生交联，共同调控天然免疫过程。海洋无脊椎动物缺乏获得性免疫，主要依靠天然免疫抵御病原体的侵害。Hippo信号通路作为与生长发育和天然免疫密切相关的信号通路，对海洋无脊椎动物的研究中有着重要的意义。目前，对于海洋无脊椎动物Hippo信号通路所知甚少，关于其在天然免疫中的研究更是寥寥无几。开展Hippo信号通路在海洋无脊椎动物天然免疫过程中功能机制的研究，将为深入了解海洋无脊椎动物的天然免疫调控提供一种新思路。本文通过对Hippo信号通路的组成、调控机制以及其在海洋无脊椎动物天然...     

西沙群岛海域海洋放线菌的分离及其抗菌活性

分离西沙群岛海域放线菌并研究其抗菌活性。采用干燥、辐射、冷冻及加热处理等11种样品预处理方式和10种培养基对海洋放线菌进行分离,对代表性菌株进行鉴定,并考察分离放线菌生长的海水依赖性。进一步以金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、啤酒酵母和扩展青霉为指示菌考察分离放线菌的抗菌活性。从西沙群岛海域样品中分离获得放线菌383株,其中专性海洋放线菌23株。选定93株代表菌株进行鉴定,93株菌隶属于9个科,11个属。不同培养基对分离放线菌菌株的数量及种类影响显著。6株放线菌对4种指示菌均有抑菌活性,其中4株为专性海洋放线菌,表明海洋环境具有丰富的放线菌资源,这些放线菌特别是专性海洋放线菌有望为新型抗菌物质的发现与开发提供菌种来源。     

溢油事故中渔业资源损失的数值模拟评估模式

海洋溢油污染不仅关系到天然渔业资源、海鸟等生物、海域环境、海岸线生态的破坏,而且对渔业、捕捞业、旅游业都会造成巨大损失,甚至会直接或间接地危害人类的健康。短期来看,一方面石油、燃料油等进入海洋后,对海洋生物资源造成影响;另一方面会危害附近海区的海洋环境,侵害海洋生物以及海鸟赖以生存和栖息的环境。长期来看,持续的海洋污染会导致的生态环境失衡,海洋的生产力也随之下降。溢油事故中的渔业资源损失评估作为追究污染事故责任,尽快恢复海域资源与环境的重要一环需要不断改进创新。为了定量确定海洋溢油事故发生后渔业资源的损失程度,将传统的评估模式与现代科学技术相结合,通过海洋动力学、流体力学、海洋生物学、环境化学等多个学科交叉融合,将流场风场模型、溢油模型、海域调查监测、卫星遥感技术、毒性效应和渔业资源的损失评估方法相结合,形成一种渔业资源损失评估的数值模拟评估模式,以完善溢油事故中渔业资源损失评估体系。在溢油事故现场监测数据的基础上,运用数学计算理论选择相对应的溢油模型,结合具体溢油事故案例的潮流数据和风场数据,模拟海上溢油污染的时空分布情况。采用卫星遥感技术根据不同油品在海水中不同的亮度表现,处理得到溢油油膜信息,与模拟得到的油膜信息进行比对验证,并对模型进行修正,通过模拟得出污染海域油浓度分布与溢油污染范围信息,结合溢油污染对不同海洋生物的毒性效应,得到渔业资源的损失程度,为溢油事故的渔业资源损失评估提供一种思路,为溢油事故发生后的损失评估和事故处理起到一定的参考辅助作用。     

Roles of experimental marine ecology in coastal management and conservation

The paper reviews the main findings of rocky shore and subtidal nearshore experimental marine ecology (EME) in cold and temperate marine ecosystems during the past four decades. It analyzes the role of EME in coastal management and conservation. The historical development of strategies for managing single or multispecies fisheries are reviewed. The published results show over-exploitation and depletion of more than 60% of the fish stocks and a lack of connection between the management of fisheries and results derived from experimental marine ecology. This is mainly due to: (a) the different temporal and spatial scale at which most marine ecologists and fishery managers operate; (b) the lack of long-term fishery monitoring and adaptive techniques for management; and (c) limitations in the design of experiments on fisheries. Large-scale oceanic perturbations, due to combinations of excessive resource exploitation and environmental variability coupled with present trends in management approaches are discussed. Modern approaches and tools for management of fisheries, such as Adaptive Management (AM), Territorial User Rights in Fisheries (TURFs), Individual Transferrable Quotas and Non-Transferrable Quotas (ITQs, INTQs) are discussed in the context of small-scale fisheries and EME. Published views on limits of applied ecological research with regards to management of fisheries are discussed. Linkages between EME, marine conservation and the establishment of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and experimental exclusions of humans are highlighted. Results derived from MPAs, such as: (a) species or community trophic cascades, and (b) the role of key-stone species and species interaction strengths, are discussed. It is concluded that the role of EME in conservation has been greater than has been the case in management of fisheries. The potential to link EME, conservation and the management of fisheries is exemplified through the proposed establishment in Chile of a connected network of Scientific Reserves, MPAs and TURFs sites. The final conclusion is that to cross-fertilize EME, conservation and management, there are three main challenges: (1) to end the traditional view of approaching the management of fisheries and marine conservation as contradictory/antagonizing issues; (2) to improve communications between experimental marine ecology and the management of fisheries through the implementation of experimentation and adaptive management; (3) to improve linkages between marine conservation, the management of fisheries and social sciences.     

海洋微生物的化学生态学研究进展

近年来,海洋生物的化学生态学研究已成为国际化学生态学研究的亮点之一.该领域的研究不仅为生物进化研究提供了理论依据,也对海洋生态养殖、海洋生态环境保护以及海洋资源的可持续发展具有重要意义.本文从海洋动物、植物、微生物三方面综述了它们与海洋微生物之间的化学生态学关系.海洋动物与微生物的化学生态学作用主要包括抗菌、抗附着、共生3种关系.以发现具有生态学效应的化学信号物质的分子结构为主线,介绍了海洋植物和微生物方面的研究进展,并对该领域的关键性问题和发展方向进行了展望.     

Individual-based movement behaviour in a simple marine reserve—fishery system: why predictive models should be handled with care

The problem of overexploitation and unsustainability is a major issue in global fisheries. Marine reserves or protected no-take zones have been suggested as a possible solution that would maintain yield and protect stocks indefinitely. A key factor in the effectiveness of a marine reserve—fishery system is the rate of exchange of biomass between reserve and fishery: if the rate of exchange is too low then the fishery is not viable, but if the rate of exchange is too high then stocks may be exploited unsustainably and the reserve is rendered ineffective. The rate of exchange is determined by both the physical design and shape of the reserve, and the movement and dispersal behaviour of both the adult and larval-stage fish. Previous models looking at optimal reserve design usually only consider a diffusive population scale movement and dispersal, even though most animal movement is more realistically modelled as being correlated at the individual level. In this article, a deliberately simple simulation of a theoretical marine reserve—fishery system is used to demonstrate the danger of making predictions using only a population-level simplistic diffusive movement model. Further predictions based on the population average of a more realistic correlated movement model are also shown to be inaccurate. This result is due to both the high levels of individual variability in movement behaviour, and the heterogeneity of the environment. This suggests that in future studies, individual-based (rather than population-level) simulations and models are likely to give more useful insights into the dynamics of the marine fishery environment. Guest editors: J. Davenport, G. Burnell, T. Cross, M. Emmerson, R. McAllen, R. Ramsay & E. Rogan Challenges to Marine Ecosystems     

环境DNA技术在鱼类生态学中的应用研究进展

全球渔业衰退是21世纪人类面临的重要挑战之一。为了有效地遏制鱼类资源的衰退,精确的鱼类生态调查是其首要任务。传统的鱼类监测以渔获物采集与形态学鉴定为主,往往耗时耗力且效果不佳,已无法满足现阶段大尺度上的精确调查。环境DNA （eDNA）技术作为一种近年来新兴的鱼类生态调查方法,其与传统方法相比具有灵敏度高、经济高效、采样受限小且对生态系统无干扰的优势,目前其已被广泛地应用于鱼类物种监测、多样性调查、生物量评估以及繁殖活动监测等方面的研究。然而,eDNA技术在鱼类生态学研究的具体应用中暴露出的一些问题将会影响其监测结果的精确性,诸如操作流程的不规范、基因数据库的不完善以及eDNA在环境中生态学过程的不明确等。鉴于上述原因,首先对eDNA技术的发展历程、分析流程以及eDNA技术在鱼类生态学研究领域中的研究进展进行了综述,而后着重分析了eDNA技术的发展当前所面临的困难与挑战,并提出了相应的解决方案,最后对eDNA技术未来在鱼类生态学研究领域中的发展趋势做出了展望。通过本研究,以期能够为eDNA技术在鱼类生态学领域中的准确应用提供理论基础。     

Integrating fish and parasite data as a holistic solution for identifying the elusive stock structure of Pacific sardines (Sardinops sagax)

There is an urgent need to clarify how different stocks, or subpopulations of fish species, are vulnerable to fishing pressure and unfavorable ocean conditions because of the increasing demand on fisheries for human consumption. For marine fishes, the potential for high gene flow increases the difficulty in determining the number of subpopulations managed in a specific fishery. Although the use of molecular data has become a common method in the past 15 years to identify fish subpopulations, no single technique or suite of techniques has been established for fish stock structure studies. We review the use of fish morphometrics, artificial tags, fish genetics, parasite genetics, and parasites as biological tags to identify subpopulations of marine fishes with a focus on the Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) fishery off the west coast of North America. We suggest an integration of fish- and parasite-based techniques for future stock structure studies, particularly for pelagic fish species whose stock structure can be elusive. An integration of techniques may also resolve fish stock structure over small geographic areas by increasing the number of spatial and temporal scales studied simultaneously leading to methods for successful management of marine fish species.     

Optimizing sampling design to infer the number of marine turtles nesting on low and high density sea turtle rookeries using convolution of negative binomial distribution

Reliable monitoring of wildlife populations represents a non-negligible cost, and in a limited-resource world, resources allocated to monitoring are not devoted to actions to solve identified problems.I explore resource efficient survey designs based on a negative binomial distribution including variable survey intervals for marine turtles using track counts as an index of female activity. In the modified procedure, all new tracks between two monitoring patrols are recorded. These data are analyzed by statistical models that take advantage of the statistical properties of the sum of counts.The outputs of models with different lagged monitoring dates (3–10 days) are compared with the outputs of daily surveys using extrapolations from high and low density populations. Results show that the quality of the estimates is similar when total time series analysis is compared with situations in which only a fourth, a seventh, or a tenth of monitoring daily during the season are used.This solution permits the reallocation of funds from monitoring to other conservation activities. Furthermore, the efficient sampling design and the statistical methods allow getting similar information with less effort.     

环境污染下基于最优捕获策略的近海-远海捕鱼模型的动力学性质(英文)

近年来,由于人类的过度开发,使得海洋资源(尤其是近海海洋资源)急剧下降,加上日益严重的海洋污染,给海洋资源管理带来很大的困难.为了更好的管理和利用海洋资源,本文考虑到环境污染中脉冲扩散对种群的影响,建立了一个近海-远海渔业模型,给出了正周期解存在性及平凡周期解和正周期解全局渐近稳定性的充分条件.进一步,在环境污染的情况下,给出了最优捕获策略,得到了最大持续产量和相应的捕获努力量.最后,通过数值模拟证实了我们所得的结论的正确性.     

Status of research on Yangtze fish biology and fisheries

The Yangtze is the largest river in China and the third largest river in the world. Being pregnant with plentiful fish resources, it is not only the representative of the areas with biological diversity, but also a cradle of freshwater fisheries in China. In the Yangtze, at present, the fishery resources are seriously depleted; the fishery yield by fishing is significantly reduced; significant changes have occurred on the structure of fish community, with decrease in migratory fish species, reduction in the quantity of the populations of rare, peculiar and economically important fish species and increase in the number of exotic fish species, and severe trend in fish stunting. Habitat fragmentation and shrinkage, resources overexploitation, water pollution and invasion of exotic species are the main causes for threatening fish stocks in the Yangtze River. Since 1950’s, a lot of scientific researches have been conducted on biology of fishes from the Yangtze River and its fisheries to provide scientific basis for their protection. In recent years, measures such as closed spring, fish reserves, artificial enhancement & release, ecological rehabilitation, fishery management and international cooperation have played important roles. Nevertheless, researches on fishes from the Yangtze cannot adequately meet the demand for their protection. Especially, those in the aspects of population ecology of Yangtze fishes, species endangerment mechanism, ecological effects of large hydraulic projects and protection strategy are not deep enough. It is recommended that scientific researches should be conducted in comprehensive survey of Yangtze fish resources, fish endangerment mechanism, techniques in artificial enhancement and release of key species, risk assessment of exotic species, ecological rehabilitation of major fisheries functional zones, etc.     

Considerations in Developing a Functional Approach to the Governance of Large Marine Ecosystems

Interest in the management of the environment and its resources on an ecosystem basis has been increasing, in both terrestrial and marine contexts. In recent years, the concept of the large marine ecosystem has become a point of focus at the national and international levels as a possible unit for management of ocean and coastal areas. An ecosystem approach, however, challenges the manner in which marine resources and the environment that sustains them have been managed in the past. Governance is a key element in ecosystem management and encompasses the formal and informal arrangements, institutions, and mores that determine how resources and the environment are utilized. This study explores some of the problems, concepts, and principles involved in efforts to provide needed governance arrangements if large marine ecosystem-based management is to be implemented and made effective.