卷枝毛霉孢子原生质体的制备与再生

为了构建高产γ-亚麻酸的卷枝毛霉稳定遗传转化体系,利用酶解法对卷枝毛霉(Mucor circinelloides sp.)EIM-10的孢子进行原生质体制备。研究酶液组成、渗透压稳定剂、酶解温度、酶解时间等对卷枝毛霉孢子原生质体形成和再生的影响,建立了制备卷枝毛霉孢子原生质体的最适条件:1%纤维素酶和2%溶壁酶为酶解体系,0.5mol/L NaCl作为渗透压稳定剂,酶解温度32℃,酶解时间2.5 h,再生培养基为0.5 mol/L NaCl高渗培养基。用双层平板培养法进行原生质体再生,在此条件下原生质体的形成量为1.2×106个/mL,再生率为70.5%。     

斜卧青霉原生质体制备和再生的研究

研究了斜卧青霉原生质体制备和再生的条件,确定了培养方式、菌龄、渗透压稳定剂、酶的配比、酶解时间等因素对原生质体制备和再生的影响。最佳条件：菌丝体培养12h,用1％溶壁酶＋1％纤维素酶＋1％蜗牛酶的混合酶液酶解,将NaCl作为渗透压稳定剂,酶解时间为1．5h。在此条件下原生质体的形成量达到5．3×10^5个／mL,再生率为19．4％。     

松茸菌丝原生质体形成与再生条件的研究

采用多因素实验正交优选法比较不同酶、渗透压稳定剂、菌丝生理状况、菌丝培养基、预处理液和酶解时间等因素对松茸原生质体形成的影响和再生培养基、明胶、酪蛋白对松茸原生质体再生的影响.以0.6MMgSO4作为渗透压稳定剂,2-硫基苏糖醇为预处理液,用2%蜗牛酶在30℃酶解6h,每克菌丝可以得到1×106个原生质体.再生最优条件0.6MMgSO4,PDY再生培养基,2.5%明胶,松茸菌丝再生率最高4.97%.     

丝状真菌AL18的原生质体制备和再生条件的优化

目的:为了建立起产苝醌类光敏剂丝状真菌AL18原生质体制备和再生体系。方法:采用单因素实验法研究了预处理方式、渗透压稳定剂和酶解条件对原生质体制备率和再生率的影响。结果:原生质体制备及再生的最佳条件是用0.3%的β-巯基乙醇预处理15 min,酶解液以0.6 mol/L的MgSO4·7H2O作为渗透压稳定剂,0.02 mol/L的磷酸盐缓冲液pH值为5.8,纤维素酶:蜗牛酶=2:3,酶的总浓度为15mg/mL,36℃酶解2h;以0.6mol/L的蔗糖作为再生培养基的渗透压稳定剂。结论:原生质体的制备率和再生率可分别达到1.42×107/mL和3.2%。     

白腐真菌原生质体制备和再生条件的研究

对影响白腐真菌(5．776)原生质体制备和再生的条件：包括菌龄、水解酶液的种类及浓度、酶解温度、酶解时间、再生培养基的稳渗剂的选择进行了研究。通过单因素比较分析和正交实验得到最适合的白腐真菌原生质体制备和再生条件。结果表明：当菌龄为58h,采用1%纤维素酶和1%蜗牛酶(2：1)混合液,酶解温度30℃,酶解时间180min,用0．7mol/L氯化钠作渗透压稳压剂,白腐真菌(5．776)原生质体的形成数和再生率均比优化前大为提高,原生质体形成量为8．36×10~5个/mL,原生质体再生率为9．12%。     

金针菇担孢子原生质体制备条件的研究

为了得到更利于细胞融合的原生质体,研究了几个影响金针菇担孢子原生质体制备的最重要因子,当用０．６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＭｇＳＯ４．７Ｈ２Ｏ作渗透压稳定剂,在３５℃、２％溶壁酶中酶解２．５ｈ后,可获得纯净且量多的原生质体,其产量最高达６＊１０＾７个ｍＬ,原生质体大小比较均一,直径约８．２μｍ。     

杏鲍菇原生质体制备与再生条件初探

研究酶浓度、酶解时间、酶解温度、培养时间、稳渗剂种类、pH值和几种再生培养基对杏鲍菇原生质体制备与再生的影响。最适条件为 :在 30℃、pH5 .5、1.5 %溶壁酶条件下 ,以 0 .6mol L甘露醇作为稳渗剂 ,酶解 2 .5h ,原生质体产量达到 2 .90× 10 7个 mL。将所得原生质体过滤、纯化、稀释后涂布再生培养基 ,再生率为 0 .18%。为利用原生质体技术进行杏鲍菇育种奠定了基础。     

香菇单核菌丝9101（12）原生质体再生条件的研究

本文对香菇（Ｌｅｎｔｉｎｕｓｅｄｏｄｅｓ）单核菌丝９１０１（１２）原生质体制备后的再生条件,进行了探索。结果表明,原生质体经过合０．６Ｍ．甘露醇的麦芽糖酵母粉培养基（ＭＹＧ）液体培养５天,用双层培养法,在含０．６ＭＭｇＳＯ４的高渗ＭＹＧ平板上经再生,再生率达５×１０－５。本文将Ｋｎｏｗｌｔｏｎ等于１９８４年创造的一种分离高频再生衍生株的方法首次运用至食用菌中,所得９１０１（１２）再生株Ｒ３,再生率提高２～３倍,为香菇原生质体融合操作打下基础。     

光频微波对黄曲霉的杀灭试验

黄曲霉是污染粮食、食品、中药材和烟丝的常见霉菌。由于黄曲霉的产物黄曲霉毒素具有很强的致癌作用。因此 ,从这些食品或物品中消除黄曲霉可减少甚至消除黄曲霉毒素的危害。报告了微波辐射杀灭烟丝中黄曲霉的效果。光频微波对烟丝上的黄曲霉菌具有良好的杀灭作用 ,微波辐射 30s后菌落数明显减少 ,经 4 5s作用后可完全杀灭黄曲霉的细胞 (包括菌丝和孢子 )。应用光频微波辐射杀灭黄曲霉具有经济、方便和高效的优点 ,既可以用于大规模工业生产 ,亦可在家庭生活中使用。     

Molecular characterisation and biological control of Aspergillus flavus isolates from Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Aspergillus flavus is a phytopathogenic fungus that produces toxic compounds, aflatoxins, in infected plant tissues which harm human and animal health. In this study, 57 food/feed products were collected from 9 locations in Aseer, KSA. A total of 93 isolates were recovered from the samples and were identified as Aspergillus spp. based on their cultural and microscopic characteristics. Six isolates (Af3, Af23, Af24, Af26, Af45 and Af48) were selected and confirmed as A. flavus using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequencing of ITS1-5.8s-ITS2 rDNA region and phylogenetic analyses. The six sequences were deposited in the GenBank under the accession numbers of KU561932, KU561934, KU561935, KU561936, KU561937 and KU561938, respectively. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) of the six isolates using five primers (OPA-2, OPA-3, OPA-9, OPA-11 and OPA-15), produced polymorphic DNA bands of 12, 36, 25, 1 and 1, respectively. The band sizes ranged from 130 to 1600?bp, whereas no monomorphic bands were observed. The bio-control of the six selected A. flavus isolates using three locally isolated yeasts (Candida davisiana, Rhodotorula graminis and Exophiala dermatitidis) was assessed. On solid media, the three yeast strains inhibited all tested A. flavus isolates. The most effective yeast strain was R. graminis. In liquid media, both yeast strains C. davisiana and R. graminis inhibited the dry weights of the six A. flavus isolates. Bio-control approaches of A. flavus could help controlling the pathogen, ultimately, reduce the risk of aflatoxins in human and animal supplies and reduce the use of chemicals that affect the environment and health.     

黄曲霉和米曲霉的多相鉴定方法

【背景】黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)和米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)形态特征相近,基因组高度相似,较难区分。【目的】旨在总结一套准确鉴别二者的分类方法。【方法】利用22株标准菌株对传统形态学、产毒培养基、酶联免疫毒素检测、系统发育分析、产毒基因检测等5种鉴别方法分别进行验证。【结果】各鉴定方法的结果存在异同,单一的鉴定方法容易出现假阴性或假阳性结果。【结论】利用单一方法区分黄曲霉和米曲霉具有潜在风险,多相鉴定方法可以准确鉴别二者。     

Optimization of L-malic acid production by Aspergillus flavus in a stirred fermentor

Effects of various nutritional and environmental factors on the accumulation of organic acids (mainly L-malic acid) by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus flavus were studied in a 16-L stirred fermentor. Improvement of the molar yield (moles acid produced per moles glucose consumed) of L-malic acid was obtained mainly by increasing the agitation rate (to 350 rpm) and the Fe(z+) ion concentration (to 12 mg/L) and by lowering the nitrogen (to 271 mg/L) and phosphate concentrations (to 1.5 mM) in the medium. These changes resulted in molar yields for L-malic acid and total C(4) acids (L-malic, succinic, and fumaric acids) of 128 and 155%, respectively. The high molar yields obtained (above 100%) are additional evidence for the operation of part of the reductive branch of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in L-malic acid accumulation by A. flavus. The fermentation conditions developed using the above mentioned factors and 9% CaCO(3) in the medium resulted in a high concentration (113 g/L L-malic acid from 120 g/L glucose utilized) and a high overall productivity (0.59 g/L h) of L-malic acid. These changes in acid accumulation coincide with increases in the activities of NAD(+)-malate dehydrogenase, fumarase, and citrate synthase.     

DNA from Aspergillus flavus contains 5-methylcytosine

DNA from Aspergillus sp. has been reported not to contain 5-methylcytosine. However, it has been found that Aspergillus nidulans responds to 5-azacytidine, a drug that is a strong inhibitor of DNA methyltransferases. Therefore, we have re-examined the occurrence of 5-methylcytosine in DNA from Aspergillus flavus by using a highly sensitive and specific method for detection of modified bases in genomic DNA comprising high-performance liquid chromatography separation of nucleosides, labeling of the nucleoside with deoxynucleoside kinase and two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. Our results show that 5-methylcytosine is present in DNA from A. flavus. We estimate the relative amounts of 5-methylcytosine to cytosine to be approximately 1/400.     

柠檬醛胁迫环境下黄曲霉线粒体的畸变

通过对黄曲霉细胞受柠檬醛损伤后线粒体形态畸变的透射电镜观察,发现柠檬醛所产生胁迫环境影响线粒体DNA复制系统,产生增生变异的巨型线粒体而与之应答。丙二醛法测定黄曲霉细胞内自由基,结果表明药物进入细胞后还通过诱发自由基使线粒体损伤,致使氧化还原系统及细胞能量代谢途径受到影响。     

Characterization of Nonaflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus/oryzae Strains Isolated from Korean Traditional Soybean Meju

Filamentous fungi that could be classified into Aspergillus flavus/oryzae were isolated from traditionally fermented meju commercially available in Korea. The samples were analyzed for aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A contamination by HPLC; however, no toxin was detected. In addition, fungal and bacterial metagenomic sequencing were performed to analyze the microbial distribution in the samples. The results revealed that the distribution and abundance of fungi and bacteria differed considerably depending on the production regions and fermentation conditions of the meju samples. Through morphological analysis, ITS region sequencing, and assessment of the aflatoxin-producing ability, a total of 32 A. flavus/oryzae strains were identified. PCR analysis of six regions with a high mutation frequency in the aflatoxin gene cluster (AGC) revealed a total of six types of AGC breaking point patterns. The A. flavus/oryzae strains did not exhibit the high amylase activity detected in the commercial yellow koji strain (starter mold). However, their peptidase and lipase activities were generally higher than that of the koji isolates. We verified the safety of the traditionally fermented meju samples by analyzing the AGC breaking point pattern and the enzyme activities of A. flavus/oryzae strains isolated from the samples. The isolated strains could possibly be used as starter molds for soybean fermentation.     

Substrate-induced lipase gene expression and aflatoxin production in Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus

AIMS: To establish a relationship between lipase gene expression and aflatoxin production by cloning the lipA gene and studying its expression pattern in several aflatoxigenic and nontoxigenic isolates of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. METHODS AND RESULTS: We have cloned a gene, lipA, that encodes a lipase involved in the breakdown of lipids from aflatoxin-producing A. flavus, A. parasiticus and two nonaflatoxigenic A. flavus isolates, wool-1 and wool-2. The lipA gene was transcribed under diverse media conditions, however, no mature mRNA was detected unless the growth medium was supplemented with 0.5% soya bean or peanut oil or the fungus was grown in lipid-rich medium such as coconut medium. The expression of the lipase gene (mature mRNA) under substrate-induced conditions correlated well with aflatoxin production in aflatoxigenic species A. flavus (SRRC 1007) and A. parasiticus (SRRC 143). CONCLUSIONS: Substrate-induced lipase gene expression might be indirectly related to aflatoxin formation by providing the basic building block 'acetate' for aflatoxin synthesis. No direct relationship between lipid metabolism and aflatoxin production can be ascertained, however, lipase gene expression correlates well with aflatoxin formation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Lipid substrate induces and promotes aflatoxin formation. It gives insight into genetic and biochemical aspects of aflatoxin formation.     

黑曲霉对黄曲霉生长、产毒及黄曲霉毒素B1的影响

目的研究黑曲霉对黄曲霉生长、产毒的抑制作用及对AFB1的降解作用。方法将黑曲霉分别与黄曲霉、AFB1共同培养,定期测定培养液pH、菌丝体干重、黄曲霉孢子数、AFB1含量。结果黑曲霉与黄曲霉混合培养时,黄曲霉孢子数、AFB1含量均比单独培养的低,2组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),抑制率达到68.06%~91.52%;加入黑曲霉后,AFB1含量降低,实验组与对照组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),降解率为46.19%。结论黑曲霉既能抑制黄曲霉生长、产毒,又能降解AFB1。