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1.
Most toque macaques give birth to their infants during the night when resting arboreally. Here we report on a birth that occurred
in daytime (at 0916 hr) and on the ground. The mother was 7.6 years old; the birth was her second. Prepartum behaviors included
lordosis, arching of the back, stretching, squatting, rolling on the ground, and anogenital self-examination. During the birth
the female was isolated about 100 m from the rest of her group. The mother stood bipedally during parturition and assisted
delivery with her hands. The infant was born within 2 min after first appearing at the vulva. It immediately clung to the
mother’s leg and vocalized. The mother licked the infant and oriented it toward her ventrum. She resumed foraging behavior
within 20 min after parturition. The infant nursed for the first time 2.25 hr after being born. The mother ate part of the
placenta, but the alpha female of the group usurped and also ate a portion of it. Curious group members sniffed and looked
at the infant but did not touch it. 相似文献
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3.
Shyamala Ratnayeke 《International journal of primatology》1994,15(3):445-469
I compared the behavior of three old postreproductive females in a wild population of toque macaques (Macaca sinica)in Polonnaruwa with those of reproductive females via focal-animal sampling techniques. Postreproductives foraged less, slept
more, and were less active overall than reproductive females were. They also had significantly lower rates of agonistic behavior,
were more peripheral, and had lower frequencies of overall affiliative contact. Although postreproductives initiated contact
with others as frequently as reproductives did, group members initiated contact with them significantly less than they did
with reproductive females. Postreproductives associated more with adult females than reproductives did and less with adult
and subadult males than high-ranking reproductives did. Juvenile and infant females associated more frequently with reproductive
females of high or low rank than with postreproductives. Postreproductives resembled low-ranking reproductive females in giving
less grooming to others than they received. This contrasts with high-ranking females, which gave more grooming to others than
they received. The results suggest that old age and cessation of reproduction are evident through the manifestation of distinct
behavioral characteristics in toque macaque females. 相似文献
4.
Responses to different urine samples were studied in pigtailed (M. nemestrina) and stumptailed (M. arctoides) macaques. Both species exhibited more interest towards urine samples from their own species than neutral stimuli. Responses
towards urine samples from other macaque species did not significantly differ from those towards neutral stimuli. In stumptailed
macaques, no differential interest was observed between urine samples from a known (the adult male of the group) and an unknown
adult male conspecific. 相似文献
5.
G. Hohmann 《Primates; journal of primatology》1989,30(3):325-345
Field observations and spectrographic analyses of sound recordings of South Indian bonnet macaques revealed a vocal repertoire
of at least 25 basic patterns. The repertoire consists of well separated sound classes and acoustic categories connected by
structural intergradation. Besides structural variations within and between different elements of the repertoire, the vocal
system ofMacaca radiata is characterized by regular combinations of particular basic patterns. These combinations occurred not only between calls
of similar structure and function but also between calls usually emitted in entirely different social contexts. According
to the qualitative analysis, sex-specific asymmetries of the vocal behaviour were less pronounced than age-dependent characteristics.
The comparison of clear call vocalizations ofMacaca radiata andM. fuscata revealed significant species-specific differences on the structural and the behavioural level. Evaluations of the structural
features of alarm calls of various macaque species imply marked differences between members of thefascicularis group andsinica group on one hand and thesilenus group andarctoides group on the other. 相似文献
6.
I analyzed the temporal organization of individual Japanese macaques’ (Macaca fuscata) grooming sequences in 14 mothers and 13 offspring of different age/sex classes and 4 nonkin females. I hypothesized that
preceding grooming affects subsequent grooming by the same individual. Grooming bouts were likely to be terminated as the
bouts became longer when females groomed nonrelatives. Moreover, the duration of first bouts was longer than that of following
bouts. These effects were also seen in grooming of mothers by their offspring > 1 year old and that of adult and adolescent
female offspring by their mothers. In contrast, neither the duration of first bouts nor the number of preceding bouts had
much effect on the occurrence or duration of subsequent bouts in any subject. 相似文献
7.
Naoki Agetsuma 《International journal of primatology》1994,15(5):595-609
I investigated the activity budget and diet of Yakushima macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui,)in warm temperate broad- leaved forest of Yakushima, Japan. Both time spent feeding and time spent moving varied considerably
between half- months. However, total time spent in active behaviors— feeding time plus moving time— was stable. The composition
of the diet also showed considerable variation between half- months. The macaques fed mainly on fruits, seeds,mature leaves, fallen seeds, flowers, and young leaves, each of which accounted for more than 30% of feeding time in at least
1 half- month. They also ate insects and fungi, but each of them comprised ≤ 25 and ≤ 8% of feeding time in any half- month,
respectively. Time spent feeding on mature leaves, young leaves, flowers, or fallen seeds is positively correlated with total
time feeding and is negatively correlated with time moving. In contrast, time feeding on fruits, seeds, insects or fungi is
negatively correlated with time feeding and is positively correlated with time moving. Foraging on foods that have a low energy
content, a high density, and a relatively even distribution— mature leaves— or that need much manipulation to be processed—
flowers and fallen seeds— increased feeding time, while foraging on foods for which monkeys must search intensively in the
forest— fruits, seeds, insects, and fungi— led to increased moving time. I examined foraging strategies of Yakushima macaques
in terms of moving costs and the quality of food items. Regarding time feeding on fruits, which have more energy and may need
less manipulation than other foods, as a benefit, and moving time as a cost, they seemed to employ a strategy that balanced
the costs and benefits of foraging. 相似文献
8.
Chiemi Saito Shizue Sato Shigeru Suzuki Hideki Sugiura Naoki Agetsuma Yukio Takahata Chisato Sasaki Hiroyuki Takahashi Toshiaki Tanaka Juichi Yamagiwa 《Primates; journal of primatology》1998,39(3):303-312
It is predicted that variation in intergroup relationships in group living primates reflects the cost and benefit of resource
defense. We tested the applicability of the model by examining population difference, group difference, and seasonal difference
in behaviors during intergroup encounters in two populations of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), one of six groups from Yakushima Island, and the other of three groups from Kinkazan Island. We found that the nature of
intergroup encounter varied with group identity, reproductive seasonality, and population. Yakushima groups showed aggressive
behaviors more frequently than did Kinkazan groups and the difference was consistent with the food competition model, both
because of the involvement of females, and because home ranges were smaller on Yakushima than on Kinkazan, and thus more defensive.
Both sexes of animals participated in aggressive interactions, but males were more aggressive than females. Furthermore, Yakushima
population showed more agonistic intergroup behaviors during the mating season than the non-mating season. Also during the
encounters, intergroup mating was observed, but only in Yakushima. It is concluded that intergroup relationships reflect the
mate guarding behavior by group males. However, the agonistic relationship during non-mating season, especially that of among
females, is also consistent with the food competition model. It is also noted that males' behavior toward other groups can
also be interpreted as a form of investigative behavior before possible transfer into a new group. 相似文献
9.
G. Hohmann 《Primates; journal of primatology》1988,29(4):565-567
Three members of a group of liontailed macaques (Macaca silenus) were seen to use leaves for food preparation. Other examples of prey-selection and hunting behaviour in liontailed macaques
reflect individual- and group-specific skills. The absence of similar patterns in bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) living in the same habitat might be related to differences in the social design and indicate the high significance of social
aspects for the occurrence and manifestation of innovative behaviour. 相似文献
10.
We studied intergroup encounters among moor macaques at the Karaenta Nature Reserve, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Group B has
been observed on the basis of individual identification since 1988. We analyzed 85 encounters between members of Group B and
members of neighboring groups from September 1990 to November 1998. The average frequency of intergroup encounters was 0.035/hour.
Neither the presence of females in estrus nor rainfall had an effect on encounter frequency. Behaviors of moor macaques during
intergroup encounters differed from those of Japanese macaques. In moor macaques, no intergroup interactions with body contact
were observed during encounters, and females never directed aggression toward members of different groups. The present study
did not confirm the prediction of the model ofvan Schaik (1989). Extension of the existing models is required to explain the difference in female dominance styles among macaques
by socioecological factors. 相似文献
11.
Interest in their animate environment was studied in a captive group of 11 stumptailed macaques (Macaca arctoides). Subjects were shown projected photographic slides, most of which showed a single individual primate or non-primate. The
measure of interest was the duration of viewing. Results showed that adult females exhibited more interest towards stumptailed
macaques versus other macaques species, and towards adult females carrying infants versus adult females alone. Data concerning
non-primates showed that subjects were especially interested by photographs of felids; this effect was partly due to the presence
of two frontal and conspicuous eyes in felids. 相似文献
12.
Joseph Soltis 《Primates; journal of primatology》1999,40(3):453-467
Heterosexual relationships during one mating season were examined in a wild troop of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yakushima Island, Japan. Validation tests of putative mate choice behaviors demonstrated that female initiation and maintenance
of proximity, female lookback at the male, and sexual presents to the male, were associated with increased mating. Male grooming
the female was also associated with increased mating. Ten dyadic social behaviors were subject to principal components analysis
to empirically define behavioral dimensions of male-female relationships. The analysis yielded four relationship dimensions:
‘Mutual Choice and Male Coercion,’ ‘Female Choice’ (two types), and ‘Mutual Choice’ Dyads tended to be characterized by more
than one dimension. The results suggested that females sought matings with multiple males of various dominance ranks. Female
relationships with high ranking males contained elements of male coercion and mate guarding, however, because these males
attempted to inhibit females from mating with lower ranking males. The correlation between each relationship dimension and
mating success depended, in part, on the dominance rank of males. Relationships involving high ranking males, which were most
likely to contain elements of male coercion and mate guarding, were associated with mating success. Relationships involving
low ranking males, which usually lacked such coercive elements. were less strongly correlated with mating success. These results,
obtained from a wild troop, are compared to those previously obtained in captive and provisioned groups of Japanese macaques. 相似文献
13.
Toru Oi 《Primates; journal of primatology》1990,31(1):15-31
A field study on wild pig-tailed macaques was conducted in West Sumatra, Indonesia, during three periods from January 1985
to February 1987. During the nine months of the first two periods, unprovisioned monkeys were traced and observed. During
the eight months of the last period, monkeys were provisioned and observed mainly at baiting sites. Three troops and ten solitary
males appeared at the two baiting sites. Some males immigrated into and emigrated from the troops. The troops had a multi-male
multi-female composition. The size of the various troops was 74, 49, and 81 individuals, respectively, and the mean adult
sex ratio in the troops was 1:6.3; that is, markedly biased towards females. The home ranges of two of the troops overlapped
considerably. When the troops encountered each other at the baiting sites, a clear dominance relationship was recognized.
The troops differed in their integration as ranging units: two of the troops did not form subgroups (temporary fission and
fusion of each troop), while the other troop frequently split into subgroups. Recent field studies on pig-tailed macaques
have suggested a multi-leveled society with harem-type unit groups. However, in the present study, the troops observed had
neither a substructure similar to harem-type groups nor a superstructure that emerged as a result of fusion of the troops.
The unit group of the pig-tailed macaques appears to be a multi-male, matrilineal group. 相似文献
14.
A study on population dynamics of wild Formosan macaques (Macaca cyclopis) in Kenting, southern Taiwan, was conducted from March 1985 to August 1990. At first, only one monkey troop was studied.
It fissioned in 1987 and both of the daughter troops have been observed since then. Total number of animals increased from
10 to 29 over the years, but the sizes of individual troops have never been more than 20. Seasonality in breeding has been
detected: copulations were concentrated in the period from November to January and 75% of all the 28 births occurred between
April and June. Time of birth by parous females without offspring from the preceding year was earlier than that of lactating
females. Young females gave their first births at 4 or 5 years of age. Total birth rate over the study period was 0.8 infant
per female per year. Hunting was the main cause of death while natural mortality rate was low for the animals. There was only
one adult male in each troop for most of the time. Troop males in the two daughter troops have been replaced two or three
times in the three years by some solitary males that moved around in the area. The reproductive parameters of Formosan macaques
in Kenting were found to be more similar to that of rhesus monkeys than to Japanese macaques. And a case of higher reproductive
success in a high-ranking matriline was reported. 相似文献
15.
We describe the activity patterns and time budget of a feral group of lion-tailed macaques that were confined to a disturbed
forest fragment of 65 ha and compare the results with those obtained for groups in protected forests. The degraded nature
of the study site was reflected in low tree densities, low specific diversity, gaps in the girth distribution of trees, and
frequent disturbance by humans. The study group of 43 subjects was twice as large as lion-tailed macaque groups in protected
habitats. They spent the most time ranging (34.0%), followed by foraging (23.7%), feeding (17.9%), resting (16.0%), and other
activities such as social interactions (8.4%). Monthly variations are significant for all activity categories except ranging.
Times spent resting and foraging are negatively correlated (r = −0.5) and show significant seasonal differences. Foraging time was highest from September to November, when key food sources such
asCullenia andArtocarpus were absent or marginally available. The study group spent most time (40.4%) at canopy levels between 21 and 30 m. They spent
more time each day ranging than resting or feeding and more time terrestrially compared with groups in protected forests.
Large group size, poor habitat quality, and seasonal variation in food availability were the major variables affecting their
time budget, and these variables accounted for differences from the time budgets of groups in protected forests. 相似文献
16.
Joan Silk Jenny Short Jeffrey Roberts Jill Kusnitz 《International journal of primatology》1993,14(1):95-104
We describe some of the sources of variation in gestation length among rhesus macaques. the data were obtained from the timed-mating breeding program at the California Regional Primate Research Center (CRPRC). Information about approximately 700 pregnancies that resulted in spontaneous vaginal deliveries of liveborn young is presented. The average length of these pregnancies was 166.5 days. In this population, older females with higher parities had significantly longer pregnancies and significantly heavier infants than other females did. Other factors, including infant sex, month of conception, maternal reproductive history, and paternal identity, had no consistent effect upon gestation length. 相似文献
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19.
Jean Prud'Homme 《Primates; journal of primatology》1991,32(1):9-22
During a 16-month study of semifree-ranging Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) the group under observation divided into two groups. Observations were carried out in 1987–1988, at «La Montagne des Singes,” Kintzheim, France. A subgroup of monkeys, which was already cohesive at the beginning of the study, became progressively autonomous in relation to the rest of the main group, during the mating season. Overt aggression between the males of the two groups during this period brought about the fission. Only low-ranking genealogies left their group of origin. Dominance relations between females remained identical in both groups except for one lineage. The alpha male and the alpha female of the subgroup had a close relationship before the fission occurred. The sequence of agonistic intergroup relations is described and analyzed in relation to male sexual competition and female alliance power. The results suggest that: (1) the males of the subgroup instigated the fission because it was the best strategy for them to counter sexual competition; and (2) the females followed the males in order to maintain their alliance network, necessary to insure their dominance status over subordinate females. 相似文献
20.
Seasonal changes in the spermatogenic epithelium of adult Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata fuscata)
Tomoo Enomoto Kiyoaki Matsubayashi Yasukazu Nagato Mayumi Nakano 《Primates; journal of primatology》1994,35(4):465-472
A histological study was undertaken to clarify seasonal changes in the spermatogenic epithelium of Japanese macaques. Testicular
tissue samples were excised by biopsies from five adult laboratory-maintained males in mating and non-mating seasons. The
samples were fixed with Bouin's solution, embedded in paraffin, and stained with PAS and hematoxylin. Microscopic observations
on cross-sections of seminiferous tubules revealed that the seminiferous epithelium in the mating season was thicker than
in the non-mating season. PAS-stained granules were found in some of the dark A-type spermatogonia, which significantly increased
in the non-mating season. Spermatids of the steps preceding the appearance of the acrosomic cap in stages I to III were observed
significantly more often than those in the step coinciding with the formation of the acrosomic cap in stage IV. In stage I,
the ratio of mature spermatids or spermatozoa to immature spermatids in the mating season was higher than that in the non-mating
season. These findings suggest that spermiogenesis, as well as spermatocytogenesis, is inhibited in the non-mating season. 相似文献