嗜热菌Bacillus fordii 3-2海因酶的纯化及性质

对自行筛选的海因酶法L-苯丙氨酸生产菌株Bacillus fordii 3-2中的海因酶进行了分离纯化及相关性质研究.该海因酶协同L-氨甲酰水解酶是海因酶法生产L-氨基酸的关键酶.B.fordii 3-2菌悬液经压力破碎离心后取上清液为粗酶液,粗酶液通过硫酸铵分级沉淀、Phenyl FF(high sub) 疏水层析以及Source 15Q离子交换层析,经SDS-PAGE分析达到电泳纯,亚基相对分子质量为55×103,海因酶的纯化回收率为20.5%,纯化倍数为149.23.该海因酶在pH 8.0～10.0的范围内具有较高的活性,在45～70℃具有很高的酶活力, 最适反应pH和温度分别为10.0 ℃和65 ℃.纯酶易氧化失活,DTT对该酶有一定的保护作用.二价金属离子,Mn2 、Co2 及Fe2 对酶活性有显著的促进作用,而Ca2 、Cu2 等对酶活性有抑制作用.相关研究可为该菌株及海因酶的进一步开发与应用提供理论指导.     

海因酶研究新进展

海因酶在生产手性药物中间体D-氨基酸上具有广泛的应用价值。全面综述了海因酶的研究历史、分类、进化和酶学性质;总结了产海因酶的茵种筛选和产酶条件、D-海因酶的纯化、微生物海因酶基因的克隆及其在大肠杆茵中的表达等技术;阐述了酶法合成D-(-)-对羟基苯甘氨酸的工艺条件。     

聚苯乙烯树脂固定化D-海因酶的初步研究

D-海因酶广泛用于D-氨基酸的制备研究和生产中,目前已有许多固定化D-海因酶及含D-海因酶细胞的研究报道。尝试了不同功能基团的聚苯乙烯树脂进行D-海因酶的固定化,结果表明功能基为伯氨基和仲氨基效果较好,并选取聚苯乙烯树脂D92进行了固定化D-海因酶的研究。采用该树脂制备固定化酶的最优条件是：酶质量浓度6mg／mL、温度25℃、固化时间12h。所得固定化酶的最适作用温度45℃,最适作用pH为8.5,且作用温度及适宜pH较广,Km为游离酶的1,8倍,且储存稳定性、操作稳定性较好。45℃下半衰期为11d。     

假单胞杆菌D-海因酶的纯化及酶学性质

D-海因酶是工业上生产D-型氨基酸的关键酶,用热变性,硫酸铵沉淀及Sepharose Q fast flow,Phenyl-Sepharose fast flow,Superose 12等柱层析步骤从pseudomonas2262菌体中分离纯化了该酶,纯化倍数约为60,活力回收约为16%.该酶为同源二聚体,分子量约为109kD,亚基分子量约为53.7kD,反应最适pH为8.0,最适温度为70℃,在pH6.0～10.0和温度60℃以下稳定,该酶对巯基试剂敏感,大多数二价金属离子如镁、锰离子等能促使酶活提高,但高浓度锌离子能抑制酶活,以二氢尿嘧啶为底物的米氏常数Km=2.5×10-2mol/L.该酶的N末端10个氨基酸残基依次为MDKLIKNGTI.     

海因酶的催化特性及其反应机理*

目前,已发现多种水解海因类的酰胺酶,如D-海因酶、二氢嘧啶酶、尿囊素酶、亚酰胺酶等海因酶。海因酶具有底物依赖的对映体选择性。在金属离子的参与下,它催化海因、5’-单替代海因及其衍生物发生水解。海因酶是有重要应用价值的工业酶,被广泛应用于生产具光学活性的D-和L-型氨基酸。综述了海因酶的催化特性、反应机理及应用前景。     

C-末端残基Arg缺失的D-海因酶的分子形式与稳定性

报道D-海因酶分子C-末端Arg残基的缺失,导致酶的解聚与稳定性的显著改变。用基因克隆、表达与纯化的方法,制备了重组D-海因酶(P479)及其C-末端残基Arg缺失的D-海因酶(P478)。SDS-PAGE和Native-PAGE分析表明,在完全相同的条件下,两者单体的分子量相同;但天然P479为二聚体,而P478为单体并保持约40%催化底物海因的活性。突变酶P478的pH值稳定性显著增加,抗SDS能力亦有所提高,但热稳定性明显降低。结果预示:D-海因酶的C-末端残基Arg显著影响酶的分子形式及热稳定性,虽也影响酶活性,但非酶活性所必需。     

氨基酰化酶中金属锌离子的功能作用

 氨基酰化酶是含锌金属酶。该酶每摩尔蛋白中含2摩尔Zn(Ⅱ)离子。金属鳌合剂与酶作用,通过竞争螯合Zn(Ⅱ)离子使酶活力下降。残余活力与残留金属含量呈正相关。竞争螯合的结果,生成不含金属的脱辅基酶蛋白,并导致酶活力的丧失。脱辅基酶由于加入Zn(Ⅱ)离子而恢复其活力。实验表明金属锌离子是氨基酰化酶催化活力所必需。与Zn(Ⅱ)离子相似,Co(Ⅱ)离子也可与脱辅基酶相结合并使之复活。 在190—240nm区域内对比了天然酶、脱辅基酶蛋白与Co(Ⅱ)置换氨基酰化酶的圆二色谱。远紫外圆二色谱表明,与天然酶相比,在脱辅基酶中由于金属离子的丧失导致主链构象发生变化,其中α螺旋增加约7％。因而锌离子(钴离子)对蛋白主链的反应最适构象有一定的稳定作用。脱辅基酶与Co(Ⅱ)离子结合,酶的主链构象恢复至与天然酶几近相同。可认为这是促使酶复活的内在因素。     

Eupergit C250L固定化D-海因酶及其催化性质

D-海因酶是海因酶法制备D-氨基酸的关键酶。利用Burkholderic cepecia1003菌发酵产酶,所得海因酶纯化后,以Eupergit C250L为载体进行共价固定化。分别考察了酶液蛋白浓度、固定化时间对蛋白固定量和酶活回收率的影响以及固定化前后海因酶催化性质的变化。结果表明:较高的酶液蛋白浓度和较长的固定化时间均有助于改善海因酶的固定化效果;固定化可显著提高海因酶的最适作用温度,但对其最适作用pH影响不大;固定化后海因酶对D,L-BH和MH的米氏常数均有较大幅度的降低。固定化酶反应器的实验表明:40℃下,底物(D,L-BH)1.0 g.L-1,体积流速1.0 mL.min-1,经21 h转化,产物N-Phe质量浓度可达0.47 g.L-1,转化率达43.21%。     

海因酶热稳定性及底物特异性研究进展

海因酶是在微生物中广泛分布的能水解5-取代海因衍生物制备光学纯氨基酸的关键生物催化剂,在各种氨基酸的酶法生产中具有良好的应用前景。着重概述了海因酶的热稳定性、底物特异性研究及应用,并讨论了其发展方向。     

地中海拟无枝酸杆菌甲基丙二酰CoA变位酶和消旋酶的纯化及性质

采用原生质体裂解方法确定甲基丙二酰CoA变位酶(MCM)和消旋酶(MCR)均是胞浆内酶。各经过四步纯化得到电泳纯酶。纯化MCM酶的比活力为12.84u/mg,纯化倍数为528,酶活回收为60％,纯化的MCM酶服从典型的米氏底物饱和曲线,对琥珀酰CoA和辅酶B_(12)的K_m值分别为9.723#mol/L和0.1277#mol/L。经SephadexG-150测定MCM分子量约为134.000±2000,SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳显示两条分子量分别为67000和65000的蛋白带,说明该酶由两个大小不等亚基组成。吸收光谱测定每摩尔纯化全酶含两摩尔辅酶B_(12)。纯化MCR酶比活力为2.305u/mg,纯化倍数96,酶活回收46.7％。MCR酶由两个分子量均为17500的亚基组成。MCR酶活性能被二价金属离子Cu²⁺、Co²⁺、Mg²⁺、Mn²⁺和Fe²⁺所促进。两酶的酶学性质和其他生物来源的MCM、MCR酶明显相似。     

Quantitative analysis and functional evaluation of zinc ion in the <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">d</Emphasis>-hydantoinase from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas putida</Emphasis> YZ-26

d-Hydantoinase (HDT) is a metal-dependent enzyme that is widely used in industrial bioconversion to d-amino acids as valuable intermediates in the fields of food, pharmaceutical industry and agriculture. In this report, we prepared apo-HDT (metal-removed HDT) and Zn²⁺-HDT (Zn²⁺-added HDT) in vitro from a recombinant HDT (re-HDT) expressed in E. coli. The Zn²⁺-HDT and re-HDT contain 2.17 and 0.95 mol Zn²⁺ per mol subunit, respectively, and they have comparable enzymatic activities. In contrast, the apo-HDT only retains 0.04 mol Zn²⁺ per mol subunit with less than 10% activity, compared with the re-HDT. When the apo-HDT was reconstituted with ZnCl₂, the enzymatic activity recovery was about 75%. Moreover, the fluorescence intensity, circular dichroism spectra and thermo-stability of the apo-HDT and Zn²⁺-HDT are quite different from those of the re-HDT. These data suggest that the re-HDT may have two Zn²⁺-binding sites, one is an intrinsic or tight-binding site (zinc-α) essential for its activity and the other is a vacant or loose-binding site (zinc-β) possibly non-essential for the activity.     

Mg~(2+)、Co~(2+)、Mn~(2+)和Ca~(2+)对葡萄糖异构酶活性的影响

Ｄ－木糖异构酶（ＥＣ５．３．１．５）能催化醛糖Ｄ－木糖至酮糖Ｄ－木酮糖的转化,又能催化Ｄ－葡萄糖至Ｄ－果糖的异构化反应．故被称为葡萄糖异构酶（ＧＩ）．一般认为,葡萄糖异构酶存在二种作用机制：烯醇化和氢转移机制．对我国自行筛选的链霉菌Ｎｏ．７Ｍ１０３３菌株葡萄糖异构酶的晶体结构研究表明［１］,异构化可能是采用氢转移机制．这一机制认为催化需要半径≤０．０８ｎｍ的二价金属离子如Ｍｇ２＋、Ｃｏ２＋和Ｍｎ２＋等激活,而离子半径＞０．０８ｎｍ的二价金属离子则对酶的活性有抑制作用．Ｍｇ２＋、Ｃｏ２＋和Ｍｎ２＋…     

外源性锌离子对大鼠海马切片癫痫样放电的起源、传播与频率特性的调节作用

本研究采用多电极记录技术,在离体条件下研究外源性锌离子(Zn2+)对无镁人工脑脊液诱导的Sprague-Dawley大鼠海马切片癫痫样放电的起源、传播与频率特性的调节作用。结果表明:1μmol/L和100μmol/L的Zn2+作用于海马切片,不改变海马切片上癫痫样放电的起始位置,但能够降低癫痫样放电顺行和逆行两个方向的传播速度,并改变癫痫样放电不同频率范围成分所占的比例。以上结果提示,1μmol/L和100μmol/L的Zn2+可以对海马切片上的癫痫样放电起到调节作用,减慢癫痫样放电在网络中的传播速度,同时,可能对神经元放电活动起到去同步化的作用。     

IGF and GH mRNA levels are suppressed upon exposure to micromolar concentrations of cobalt and zinc in rainbow trout white muscle

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of cobalt and zinc exposure of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on insulin like growth factors (IGF) and growth hormone (GH). Mature rainbow trouts were exposed to 0.42, 2.1, 4.2, 21 and 42μmol/L Co(2+) (added as CoCl(2)·6H(2)O) and 0.34, 1.7, 3.4, 17 and 34μmol/L Zn(2+) (added as ZnSO(4)i·7H(2)O). After 6, 12, 24 and 48h of treatment, expressions of white muscle IGF-I, IGF-II and GH mRNAs were measured by means of quantitative Real Time PCR. During the exposure experiments, no mortalities occurred. The most effective metal concentrations, which caused significant alterations, were determined to be 42μmol/L Co(2+) (10mg CoCl(2)·6H(2)O/L) and 3.4μmol/L Zn(+2) (1mg ZnSO(4)·7H(2)O/L). The following results were obtained for these concentrations. Expression of IGF-I did not change at 6h in zinc treatment while the decrease (p<0.05) was observed at 12h and 24h, and this decrease became stronger at 48h. Cobalt exposure caused a decrease in IGF-I mRNA level at 6h, 12h, 24h and 48h (p<0.05). Both zinc and cobalt exposure resulted in significant decreases in GH expression at 6h. Exposure of trout to Zn resulted in a decrease in expression of IGF-II starting from 6h whereas the significant decrease started at 6h in cobalt exposure and this decrease elevated at 24h. The results indicate that micromolar cobalt and zinc exposure causes significant attenuation in the expressions of these three genes' time dependently. Our findings show that IGF-I is the most resistant and GH is the most sensitive component against cobalt and zinc exposure. We conclude that IGF/GH axis might be strongly affected by the short term exposure to low micromolar concentrations of zinc and cobalt due to alterations of these genes.     

氯化钴对H9c2心肌细胞新基因Mipu1表达的影响

目的：研究氯化钴（CoCl2）对大鼠胚胎心脏来源的H9c2心肌细胞中新基因Mipu1表达的影响。方法：利用不同浓度的CoCl2（0、100、200、300、400、500μmol/L）处理H9c2细胞9h,及200μmol/L CoCl2处理H9c2细胞不同的时间（0、6、9、12、24h）后,用RT-PCR和Western Blot分别观察H9c2细胞Mipu1 mRNA和蛋白的表达情况。结果：CoCl2可以诱导H9c2细胞中Mipu1 mRNA和蛋白表达升高,200μM CoCl2处理组的Mipu1的表达水平高于100μM CoCl2处理组,但是更高浓度的CoCl2（〉200μM）不能使Mipu1的表达进一步升高。随着CoCl2作用时间的延长,Mipu1的表达逐步升高,在12h达到高峰,但是在24h后下降。结论：CoCl2能够促进H9c2细胞新基因Mipu1的表达,并且具有一定的剂量和时间依赖性。     

Zn~(2+)对PTP开放和细胞色素c释放的浓度依赖性双向调节

研究Zn2+对Ca2+介导线粒体通透过渡孔道(PTP)开放和线粒体细胞色素c释放的影响,及其与线粒体膜电位(ΔΨm)和Ca2+介导的线粒体Ca2+释放(mCICR)之间的关系.提取大鼠肝线粒体,通过紫外分光光度仪检测不同浓度Zn2+作用下Ca2+介导的PTP开放状态;采用荧光分光光度仪测定不同浓度Zn2+作用下线粒体膜电位的变化;采用双波长双光束紫外分光光度仪检测不同浓度Zn2+作用下测试体系内Ca2+浓度的变化,以反映线粒体Ca2+的转运情况(即mCICR);通过免疫印迹法检测不同浓度Zn2+作用下Ca2+介导的线粒体细胞色素c的释放.高浓度Zn2+完全抑制Ca2+介导的PTP开放和细胞色素c释放.一定浓度的Zn2+部分抑制Ca2+介导的PTP开放和细胞色素c释放.适当浓度Zn2+自身介导PTP开放和细胞色素c释放.低浓度Zn2+加速Ca2+介导PTP开放和Ca2+释放;高浓度和一定浓度Zn2+分别完全或部分破坏ΔΨm;高浓度Zn2+完全抑制mCICR.当抑制mCICR时,Ca2+和Zn2+对PTP开放和细胞色素c释放的作用完全抑制.结果表明,Zn2+以浓度依赖方式双向调节PTP开放和细胞色素c释放.Zn2+的作用可能与Zn2+破坏ΔΨm和影响mCICR相关.     

普通小球藻对不同浓度镉胁迫的生理应答

以普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)为研究材料探讨不同镉浓度对小球藻生理生化特性的影响。研究结果表明: 在5—40 μmol/L的Cd2+胁迫下, 普通小球藻的蛋白质、多糖和叶绿素含量均表现为随着Cd2+浓度的增加呈现逐渐增加的趋势, 30 μmol/L略高于对照组后又逐渐降低; 小球藻细胞中SOD活性及过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量表现出先增加后减弱的趋势, 35 μmol/L时达到最大; 而小球藻中MDA含量随着Cd2+浓度的升高一直增加。这说明在重金属镉胁迫下小球藻会通过不同的生理应答来维持自身的正常生长代谢。     

Spectral and kinetic studies of metal-substituted Aeromonas aminopeptidase: nonidentical, interacting metal-binding sites

Apoenzyme prepared by removal of the 2 mol of Zn2+/mol from Aeromonas aminopeptidase is inactive. Addition of Zn2+ reactivates it completely, and reconstitution with Co2+, Ni2+, or Cu2+ results in a 5.0-, 9.8-, and 10-fold more active enzyme than native aminopeptidase, respectively. Equilibrium dialysis and spectral titration experiments with Co2+ confirm the stoichiometry of 2 mol of metal/mol. The addition of only 1 mol of metal/mol completely restores activity characteristic of the particular metal. Interaction between the two sites, however, causes hyperactivation; thus, addition of 1 mol of Zn2+/mol subsequent to 1 mol of Co2+, Ni2+, or Cu2+ per mole increases activity 3.2-, 42-, or 59-fold, respectively. The cobalt absorption spectrum has a peak of 527 nm with a molar absorptivity of 53 M-1 cm-1 for 1 mol of cobalt/mol, which increases to 82 M-1 cm-1 for a second cobalt atom and is unchanged by further addition of Co2+. Circular dichroic (CD) and magnetic CD spectra indicate that the first Co2+ binding site is tetrahedral-like and that the second is octahedral-like. Stoichiometric quantities of 1-butylboronic acid, a transition-state analogue inhibitor of the enzyme [Baker, J. O., & Prescott, J. M. (1983) Biochemistry 22, 5322], profoundly affects absorption, CD, and MCD spectra, but n-valeramide, a substrate analogue inhibitor, has no effect. These findings suggest that the tetrahedral-like site is catalytic and the other octahedral-like site is regulatory or structural.     

Study of the catalytic effect of PAR on the luminol-potassium ferricyanide reaction using a flow-injection chemiluminescence method.

We discovered that 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol (PAR) has a strong catalytic effect on luminol-potassium ferricyanide chemiluminescence (CL). Results indicated that the chemiluminescence intensities at maximum light emission were linearly corrected with the concentration of PAR over the range 1.0 x 10(-5)-1.0 x 10(-7) mol/L. A detection limit of 5.7 x 10(-8) mol/L for PAR was achieved. It was found that some metal ions strongly affected this catalytic reaction. Based on this finding, the luminol-potassium ferricyanide-PAR reaction was developed for the determination of metal ions. The detection limits (S/N = 3) for Ni2+, Cr3+, Zn2+, Co2+ and Mn2+ were determined to be 1.0 x 10(-9) mol/L, 5.0 x 10(-9) mol/L, 5.0 x 10(-8) mol/L, 1.0 x 10(-9) mol/L and 1.0 x 10(-8) mol/L, respectively. In addition, the relative standard deviation values for these metal ion assays were in the range 0.82-2.72% (n = 6).     

Leucine aminopeptidase (bovine lens). The relative binding of cobalt and zinc to leucine aminopeptidase and the effect of cobalt substitution on specific activity.

Prolonged incubation of zinc-zinc leucine aminopeptidase (bovine lens) (EC 3.4.1.1) with 0.05 M CoCl2 and M KCl in 0.2 M N-ethylmorpholine-HCl at pH 7.5 and 37 degrees yields an active enzyme in which 2 g atoms of Co2+ per 54,000 dalton subunit have replaced the Zn2+. Incubation of cobalt-cobalt leucine aminopeptidase with various AnCl2 concentrations or zinc-zinc leucine aminopeptidase with various CoCl2 concentrations in M KCl and 0.2 M N-ethylmorpholine-HCl at pH 7.5 and 37 degrees demonstrates that Co2+ and Zn2+ compete reversibly for two independent binding sites per subunit for which the ratio of the association constants for Zn2+ and Co2+ (1KZn:1KCo = 1KZn/Co; 2KZn:2KCo = 2KZn/Co) are 115 and 15.9 for sites 1 and 2, respectively. The specific activities of the various species of enzyme with 2 mM L-leucine p-nitroanilide as substrate in 0.2 M N-ethylmorpholine-HCl and 0.01 M NaHCO3 at pH 7.5 are estimated to be (in micromoles per min per mg) 0.043 for the zinc-zinc. 0.039 for the zinc-cobalt, 0.541 for the cobalt-zinc, and 0.536 for the cobalt-cobalt forms, which implies that activity is affected only when cobalt is substituted at site 1, the "activation site." The site, at which cobalt substitution has no effect on activity, is designated the "structural site." The value of Km for cobalt-cobalt leucine aminopeptidase with L-leucine p-nitroanilide as substrate in 0.2 M N-ethylmorpholine-HCl at pH 7.5 containing 0.01 M NaHCO3 at 30 degrees is 0.52 mM while Vmax is 0.90 mumol per min per mg. In the additional presence of 1 M KCl, Km is 0.19 mM while Vmax is 0.68 mumol per min per mg.