Isolation of Dermatophytes and other Keratinophilic Fungi from the Vicinity of Salt Pan Soils of Mumbai,India

Soil samples from twenty salt pans and their vicinity around Mumbai and Thane were screened for the occurrence of keratinophilic fungi and related dermatophytes. Ten species classified in six genera were recovered using horse hair as bait. The isolated species were reported in the following order of dominance: Chrysosporium indicum (12.0%), Microsporum gypseum complex (7.2%), C. tropicum (5.6%), C. state of Ctenomyces serratus (4.0%), Trichophyton terrestre (3.2%), Malbranchea aurantiaca (2.4%), C. fluviale (1.6%), Uncinocarpus reesii (1.6%), Malbranchea sp. (0.8%), and T. mentagrophytes (0.8%).     

Occurrence of keratinophilic chrysosporium corda species in indian soils

Summary Three species of the form genusChrysosporium Corda viz.C. stage ofCtenomyces serratus, C. keratinophilum andC. tropicum have been isolated during a search for keratinophilic fungi in Indian soils. An account of two atypical isolates ofC. tropicum is given in detail.     

Keratinophilic fungi from soil of Tarragona,Catalunya

97 soils samples of Tarragona city and outskirts were analysed. We were isolated the following keratinophilic fungi: Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton ajelloi, Ctenomyces serratus, Malbranchea state of C. uncinatus, Chrysosporium tropicum, Chrysosporium evolceanui, Chrysosporium asperatum, Chrysosporium pruinosum (?), Auxarthron thaxteri, Gymnoascus petalosporus, Gymnoascus reesii, Chaetomium murorum, Chaetomium spirale and Chaetomium sp. On explaine the distribution of different isolated species.     

Keratinophilic fungi from Orissa, India, II: Isolations from feathers of wild birds and domestic fowls

Feather samples from 117 birds, representing 11 species, were examined for keratinophilic fungi. Of these, 63 (53.8%) were found to be positive. Nine species of fungi classified in 6 genera were isolated: Aphanoascus terreus (1.7%), Chrysosporium indicum (26.4%), Chrys. tropicum (11.1%) the Chrysosporium state of Aphanoascus spp. (2.5%), the Chrysosporium state of Arthroderma tuberculatum (3.4%), Ctenomyces serratus (0.8%), Gymnoascoideus petalosporus (7.6%), Malbranchea spp. (6.8%), Rollandina hyalinospora (6.8%). Passer domesticus (the house sparrow) harboured the largest varieties of keratinophilic fungi: the Chrysosporium state of Arthroderma tuberculatum was found to be associated with it selectively. The associations of these keratinophilic fungi with birds were non-clinical in nature.     

Keratinophilic fungi isolated from soil of the Abruzzo National Park,Italy

One hundred sixty one soil samples from the Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo were analyzed. The keratinophilic fungi present in the soil samples were isolated and classified with the hair-bait method. The most common was T. ajelloi (28.6% of the total samples) followed by Chrysosporium keratinophilum (14.3%), C. sp. (11.2%), C. asperatum and Trichophyton sp. (6.8%), T. terrestre (5.6%), C. pannorum and C. state of Ctenomyces serratus (3.7%), C. tropicum (3.1%), M. cookei (2.5%) and the C. state of Arthroderma tuberculatum (1.9%). Other species, not belonging to the dermatophytes, were also isolated. The absence of dermatophytes was correlated with low human and animal population density.Altitude and vegetation did not seem to influence their distribution.     

THE CONTAMINATION OF BIRDS' FEATHERS BY FUNGI

Fungi have regularly been recorded on feathers removed from birds. Cellulose-decomposing spores which are merely carried on the feathers were common on birds sampled in Britain, but were fewer than expected on the basis of random distribution on birds sampled in India. Hyaline-spored fungi were less common on Indian birds, and more abundant on British birds than expected. Keratinophilic fungi, which are related to the dermatophytes, were particularly associated with related groups of birds: thus Turdus spp. regularly yielded Arthroderma curreyi, and partridges were contaminated with Ctenomyces serratus. Chrysosporium spp. were widespread on birds in India and Britain. Where associations have been shown, feather fats from these birds stimulate, or do not depress the growth of the keratinophilic fungi. Otherwise, feather fats were inhibitory to the fungi. The temperature relationships of the fungi, showing no growth at 40°C, would explain the restriction of the keratinophilic fungi to the outer, contour feathers, and of dermatophytes mainly to the non-insulated parts of the birds' surface.     

The isolation of Keratinophilic fungi from soils in Israel. A preliminary report

One hundred and fourteen soil samples collected from various areas of Israel were screened for the presence of keratinophilic fungi. Five species were isolated from the 59 positive samples, viz: C. keratinophilum--22 strains, C. evolceanui--18, C. serratus Eidam--10, M. gypseum--T. terrestre--4. Most of the geophilic organisms were recovered from garden soil, road-side and sandy-soil specimens. The importance of these findings is briefly discussed.     

Taxonomic study of keratinophilic fungi isolated from soil and some mammals in France

In France, most of the researches have showed the distribution of dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi in the soil and in the coat of wild mammals. During these last years, we have also practiced numerous investigations about the distribution of such fungi. The isolated species are: Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton terrestre, Trichophyton ajelloï, Trichophyton simii, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum cookei, Microsporum nanum, Microsporum persicolor, Anixiopsis stercoraria, Chrysosporium keratinophilum, Chrysosporium tropicum, Chrysosporium state of Arthroderma curreyi, Chrysosporium state of Arthroderma cuniculi, Chrysosporium state of Arthroderma tuberculatum, Chrysosporium state of Arthroderma multifidum, Ctenomycès serratus, Chrysosporium parvum, Chrysosporium indicum, Chrysosporium georgii, Chrysosporium merdarium, Chrysosporium asperatum, Chrysosporium pannorum.A key to these species is proposed: it attempts to provide an aid in identifying geophilic dermatophytes and related fungi (belonging to the Chrysosporium genus).     

Mycoflora of birds' nests in nest-boxes

A mycoflora has been investigated in 57 nests of 8 free-living birds' species, placed in nest boxes, on 3 localities in Czechoslovakia. The nests have been shown to be densely inhabited by fungi: 476 isolates ofPhycomycetes, Ascomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti have been recorded, the mean number being 8.4 species in a nest. Keratinolytic fungi have been found in 92.8 % of nests, with the most commonly isolated speciesArthroderma ciferrii, Anixiopsis stercoraria, Chrysosporium keratinophilum, C. tropicum, Ctenomyces serratus, Arthroderma tuberculatum, A. quadrifidum andA. curreyi. From present studies results that birds' nests placed in holes or in boxes supposing they are lined with keratinous material could probably be the dominant habitat ofA. ciferrii (stat. con. =Trichophyton georgiae). Cellulolytic fungi have been found in 87.7 % of the nests, most often species of the generaFusarium, Chaetomium, Alternaria, Phoma andCladosporium. Further, fungi potentially zoopathogenic have been isolated (73.7 % of nests and 13.9 % of all isolates), e.g.,Absidia lichtheimii, Aspergillus amstelodami, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. nidulans, A. niger, Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, Microsporon cookei andTrichophyton ajelloi. In many cases have also been ascertained fungi causing sooty mildews of various plants (Alternaria alternata, Aureobasidium pullulans, Cladosporium spp.).As factors influencing both qualitative and quantitative composition of the mycoflora in the nests have been established: composition of lining material, its humidity and pH, birds' species, fledging, repeating nesting in a box, and locality.In keratinolytic fungi, the highest competitive saprophytic ability on a given substrate have revealedC. keratinophilum, A. stercoraria, A. ciferrii andC. tropicum, while the lowest oneA. quadrifidum andA. cuniculi.     

Keratinophilic fungi isolated from soils of Mumbai,India

Eighty-seven soil samples were collected from various areas of Mumbai and its vicinity to determine the prevalence of keratinophilic fungi. From the 55 positive samples (63.21%), a total of four genera with nine species were isolated viz. Chrysosporium indicum (28.73%),C. lobatum (2.29 %), C. sp.I (1.14%), C. sp. II (1.14%),C. tropicum (1.14%),C. zonatum (2.29%),Ctenomyces serratus (2.29%) Malbranchea aurantiaca (2.29%) and Microsporum gypseum complex (21.83%). This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Keratinolytic fungi in Egyptian soils

The frequency of occurrence of keratinolytic fungi in seventy soil samples collected from different sites in Upper Egypt and in the coastal area of the Mediterranean and baited with human and animal hair and pigeon feathers was determined.Twenty-one species in addition to an unidentified species, which belong to sixteen genera were collected.Chrysosporium indicum, C. tropicum, C. keratinophilum andMicrosporum gypseum were the most frequent fungal species recovered from baited soils.The eight soil samples collected from the salt marshes of the coastal Mediterranean area were completely free from any keratinolytic fungi, whereas the sixty-two soil samples collected from cultivated soils contributed a species ranging from one to four species.     

Keratinolytic Fungi in Egyptian Soils

The frequency of occurrence of keratinolytic fungi in seventy soil samples, collected from different sites in Upper Egypt and in the coastal area of the Mediterranean, was determined by baiting with human and animal hairs and pigeon feathers. Twenty-one species, in addition to an unidentified species, which belong to sixteen genera were collected. Chrysosporium indicum, C. tropicum, C. keratinophilum, and Microsporum gypseum were the most frequent fungal species recovered from the baited soils. The soil samples collected from the salt marshes of the coastal Mediterranean area were completely free from any keratinolytic fungi, whereas the soil samples collected from cultivated soils contributed species, ranging from one to four species.     

Some fungi of the cache la Poudre River,Colorado

Summary Samples of water, bottom sediment, bank soil, and upland soil from nine stations on the Cache la Poudre River, Colorado, from Poudre Lake (elevation 10,752 feet) in Rocky Mountain National Park to a point near its confluence with the South Platte River near Greeley, Colorado, on the Great Plains were examined for fungal populations. A total of 128 species of fungi were recovered on four types of bait, agar, and liquid media. While human, animal, and plant pathogenic fungi were present, species found were of wide-spread occurrence and no serious involvement was noted. If streams such as this continue to receive organic enrichment, increasing loads of potentially pathogenic fungi possibly may be found.     

内蒙古中西部草原主要植物的丛枝菌根及其结构类型研究

2002年6-9月,对内蒙古中西部草原建群植物及优势植物的丛枝菌根共生状况进行了调查。在观察的28科125种植物中,被丛枝菌根真菌侵染的植物有104种(占83．2％);在过去认为不能侵染的莎草科植物中发现卯穗苔草(Carex duriuscula)和黄囊苔草( C. korshinskyi)有侵染现象。在所调查的植物中,多年生草本和灌木类植物被丛枝菌根真菌侵染的比例较高,占被调查该类植物总数的90．4％;而一年生和二年生草本植物被侵染的比例仅为47．6％。本地区野生植物的丛枝菌根结构类型多数为Arum类型,占65．38％,尤其在百合科(Liliaceae)、菊科(Compositae)、豆科(Leguminosae)和蔷薇科(Rosaceae)植物中比例较高;而Paris类型仅有19．23％,多见于禾本科(Gramineae!)、唇形科(Labiatae)、桔梗科(Campanulaceae)和百合科。丛枝菌根的结构类型与植物的根系类型、生活型和菌根侵染率无关,而与植物所属的科属关系比较密切。     

Ecological studies on the microorganic population of usar soils

Summary Soils with pH varying from 7.1 to 11.0 were randomly selected for investigation of the microorganic population in relation to certain ecological factors. The number of microorganisms was highest at the upper horizon of soil. While no definite correlation was obtained between the average number of bacteria per gram of soil and the soil-pH, the fungi showed a progressive decrease in the number from 7.1 to 10.8, beyond which they were absent. The number of fungi increased during rains and that of the bacteria during winter. One hundred twenty-three fungi were isolated and their frequency percentage varied during different months of the year. Aspergilli were the dominant forms in alkaline soils. During the course of these investigations, one genus and six new species were discovered; twenty-two species of fungi isolated for the first time from Indian soils and five species from soil in general.A portion of the thesis submitted during July of 1962 in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India.     

Keratinophilic fungi from the vicinity of meteorite crater soils of Lonar (India)

Thirty-two soil samples were collected from six sites in the vicinity of Lonar lake, a meteorite crater and screened for presence of keratinophilic fungi using hair baiting techniques for isolation. Seventeen isolates were recovered and identified. The cultures were identified by recognition of their macro- and micromorphological features. Their identification was also confirmed by the BLAST search of sequences of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA region against the NCBI/Gene bank data and compared with deposited sequences for identification purpose. Seven species of four genera were isolated viz. Aphanoascus durus (9.38%), Aphanoascus punsolae (3.125%), Auxarthron kuehnii (3.125%), Chrysosporium indicum (25.00%), Chrysosporium tropicum (3.125%), Chrysosporium sp. (3.125%), Chrysosporium state of Ctenomyces serratus (6.25%).     

Incidence of keratinophilic fungi in the soil of primary schools and public parks of Madras city,India

The pattern of incidence of keratinophilic fungi inhabiting the soil of 30 primary schools and 15 public parks in the city of Madras was studied using hair baiting technique. A total number of 31 species belonging to 15 genera were recovered, 16 of which were common to both the school and public park soil. Dermatophytes and closely related species were represented by 9 species, of which the following were the most commonly found species in soil: Chrysosporium tropicum (62.2%), C. keratinophilum (48.8%), M. gypseum (48.8%), C. pannorum (40%), T. mentagrophytes (37.7%), T. terrestre (31.1%) and C. anam. A. cuniculi (24.4%). The fungi encountered have also been discussed in relation to their global distribution. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Variation in mycorrhizal growth response influences competitive interactions and mechanisms of plant species coexistence

Plant species vary in their growth response to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, with responses ranging from negative to positive. Differences in response to AM fungi may affect competition between plant species, influencing their ability to coexist. We hypothesized that positively responding species, whose growth is stimulated by AM fungi, will experience stronger intraspecific competition and weaker interspecific competition in soil containing AM fungi, while neutrally or negatively responding species should experience weaker intraspecific and stronger interspecific competition. We grew Plantago lanceolata, which responds positively to AM fungi, and Bromus inermis, which responds negatively to AM fungi, in an additive response surface competition experiment that varied the total density and relative frequency of each species. Plants were grown in sterilized background soil that had been inoculated with whole soil biota, which includes AM fungi, or a microbial wash, that contained other soil microbes but no AM fungi, or in sterilized soil that contained no biota. The positively responding P. lanceolata was more strongly limited by intraspecific than interspecific competition when AM fungi were present. By contrast, the presence of AM fungi decreased the strength of intraspecific competition experienced by the negatively responding B. inermis. Because AM fungi are almost always present in soil, strong intraspecific competition in positively responding species would prevent them from outcompeting species that respond neutrally or negatively to AM fungi. The potential for increased intraspecific competition to offset growth benefits of AM fungi could, therefore, be a stabilizing mechanism that promotes coexistence among plant species.     

New data on the cleistothecium of achorion quinckeanum

Summary From the same spots of soil where the author has succeeded demonstratingAchorion quinckeanum 30 years ago, he was able to discover among the cleistothecia ofCtenomyces trichophyticus by means of the TO-KA-VA hairbaiting method also such forms, which, though similar to them, were essentially different from them, as to the formal features of their peridial threads and their structure, further the spore, contents of their asci (12–24). The cultures originating from them turned out to beAchorion quinckeanum, however, according to actual tests, they proved to be apathogene on mice.     

Growth and reproduction of fungal feeding Collembola as affected by fungal species,melanin and mixed diets

Fungal feeding soil invertebrates feed on a wide spectrum of fungal species suggesting that mixed diets increase fitness. We investigated relationships between food preferences for seven saprophytic fungal species/forms and fitness parameters (mortality, growth, time to reproduction, reproduction, egg size) in two Collembola species, Folsomia candida and Protaphorura armata. The fungal species/forms studied included the wild type and a melanin-deficient form of Aspergillus fumigatus to investigate the role of melanin in collembolan nutrition. Also, three mixed diets consisting of a preferred fungal species (Cladosporium cladosporioides) and species of intermediate or low food quality were investigated. Both Collembola species preferred similar fungal species/forms as food. Food preference generally matched fitness parameters, i.e. growth and reproduction of Collembola was at a maximum when feeding on preferred fungi. This was not the case for A. fumigatus. The wild type and the melanin-deficient form ranked among the least preferred fungi. Growth and reproduction of Collembola were low when feeding on the wild type but high when feeding on the melanin-deficient form indicating that the Collembola misjudged the food quality of the latter in the preference tests. The results show for the first time that genes driving melanin syntheses (pksP) strongly affect the food quality of fungi for fungal feeding invertebrates. Feeding on mixed diets generally increased growth and reproduction of Collembola except when the diets included toxic species (Penicillium sp.). The results support the nutrient balance hypothesis and also show that the detection of toxic species in the diet is important. They indicate that the widespread generalist feeding mode of Collembola maximizes fitness if toxic fungal species are avoided. The fitness parameters growth, reproduction and time until onset of reproduction were correlated closely but egg volume, which also varied with fungal diet, correlated poorly with the other fitness parameters. Variation in egg size with fungal diet shows that the diet of Collembola may have transgenerational effects.