核糖体展示技术

组合化学在分子生物学中的应用,大大提高了所构建分子文库的容量,而高通量筛选技术对于大容量文库的筛选是至关重要的。核糖体展示技术克服了传统筛选技术库容量小和筛选效率低等缺陷。该技术完全在体外进行,其文库容量不受细胞转染效率的影响,库容量和筛选效率得到很大提高,可与其他技术相组合,在体外分子高效表达和定向进化方面具有广泛的应用前景。该文介绍核糖体展示技术的基本原理、技术特点以及最新研究进展。     

文库筛选与分子进化的核糖体展示新方法

利用适当的文库筛选技术快速、简便地从DNA文库、随机肽库、抗体库或其它蛋白文库中筛选生物活性物质是目前分子生物学研究的一个热点.核糖体展示是一种完全离体进行的功能蛋白筛选和进化鉴定的新技术,避免了传统的活体筛选技术的缺陷,使得文库容量增大、分子多样性加强.本文系统地评述了核糖体展示技术在制备ScFv单链抗体方面的应用,包括ScFv单链抗体模板的构建、体外转录与体外翻译、亲和筛选及筛选效率的测定以及分子多样性和体外进化研究,讨论了核糖体展示技术目前的发展动态、存在问题及发展趋势.     

核糖体展示技术的研究与应用现状

核糖体展示技术是20世纪90年代建立并发展起来的一种完全在体外进行的分子筛选与进化技术,避免了体内展示技术的缺陷,不受细胞转染与基因表达等因素影响,已经成功用于筛选与靶分子特异结合的高亲和力多肽、抗体和酶等.本文主要概述了核糖体展示技术的基本原理、具体步骤、技术改进及应用现状.     

利用核糖体展示技术筛选口蹄疫病毒 单链抗体基因

目的:利用核糖体展示技术筛选口蹄疫病毒特异性单链抗体基因。方法:在已构建好的核糖体展示文库的基础上,利用核糖体展示技术,经过5轮的体外转录、体外转译、亲和筛选和RT-PCR,将得到的序列进行测序分析。结果:筛选到FMDV scFv基因,且基因得到富集。结论:实验运用核糖体展示技术,以FMDV抗原和纯化的146S病毒粒子为靶标筛选到了FMDV scFv基因,将为scFv用于FMD的基础研究、免疫学研究以及为预防、治疗和诊断提供帮助,也为研制FMD的快速诊断技术奠定先前基础。     

利用核糖体展示文库初步筛选与伤寒杆菌Ⅳ型纤毛结合的细胞受体

伤寒杆菌病原毒力岛上的Ⅳ型纤毛与伤寒杆菌的致病性密切相关,但对Ⅳ型纤毛在人巨噬细胞、树突状细胞上的受体及其序列或结合的关键部位还一无所知。本研究拟用核糖体展示库筛选伤寒杆菌结合的细胞受体。体外人工合成引物和含36个随机序列的寡核苷酸,通过两轮PCR构建随机DNA库,随后在体外进行偶联的转录和翻译,得到含随机12肽的核糖体库。利用含随机12肽的核糖体库与体外重组表达的Ⅳ型纤毛结构蛋白(PilS蛋白)进行了初步筛选,为筛选到与伤寒杆菌毒力岛上Ⅳ型纤毛结构蛋白结合的细胞受体奠定了基础。     

核糖体展示单链抗体库技术及应用的研究进展

核糖体展示是一种完全离体进行的功能蛋白筛选和鉴定的新技术,避免了传统的体内筛选技术的缺陷,使得文库容量增大、分子多样性加强。它将正确折叠的蛋白及其mRNA同时结合在核糖体上,形成mRNA-核糖体-蛋白质三聚体,使目的蛋白的基因型和表型联系起来。近年来,核糖体展示技术在单链抗体(ScFv)库构建及应用方面取得了很大进展。现就这方面的研究进展作一综述。     

蛋白质体外表达与进化技术

蛋白质体外表达与进化技术包括核糖体展示技术和mRNA展示技术。与蛋白质体内表达系统相比,体外表达技术可产生较大容量的蛋白质文库（约10^12～10^13左右）,同时在回收编码蛋白质的信息时对文库进行了进化,增加了蛋白质文库的多样性,促进了抗体或配体类蛋白质的亲和成熟能力。该文介绍了蛋白质体外表达技术在新蛋白质（如抗体或配体等）表达筛选中的应用。     

噬菌体展示技术体内筛选的研究进展

噬菌体展示技术体内筛选是直接将噬菌体肽库注射到动物体内,筛选与活体内某些器官或组织有特异结合活性的小肽。噬菌体展示技术的体内筛选在血管靶向肽的筛选、肿瘤组织靶向肽的筛选、免疫反应的研究和相关疾病治疗、监测方面都有广泛的应用前景。     

核糖体展示技术在非编码核酸研究中的应用

非编码RNA(non-coding RNA)是一类内源性的不具有蛋白质编码功能的RNA分子,在细胞的生长增殖、发育、核内运输,甚至在肿瘤的发生中发挥着重要的作用。核糖体展示技术(ribosome profiling)是多聚核糖体分离和深度测序技术(deep sequencing)相结合的新兴组学技术,可以精确地测定正在被翻译的转录本并具有组学广度。对非编码RNA研究而言,这既是一个新的高度又是一门新的技术。系统阐述了核糖体展示技术的实验原理、目前研究取得的进展,以及在非编码RNA调控机理中的应用。     

噬菌体展示文库筛选技术的研究进展

噬菌体展示技术是将编码外源蛋白或多肽的基因片段定向插入到噬菌体的外壳蛋白基因区,使外源蛋白或多肽通过与噬菌体外壳蛋白融合而表达并展示于噬菌体表面,进而筛选表达特异蛋白或多肽的噬菌体,已发展成为生物学后基因组时代一个强有力的实验技术.噬菌体展示文库的筛选是其关键环节.为了提高筛选效率,许多研究者对传统的筛选技术进行了改进,如选择性感染噬菌体、迟延感染性噬菌体、以DNA为基础的筛选方法、亲合力捕获和反复筛选和封闭筛选法等,用于筛选的靶标也越来越具有多样性,使得这一技术有了更加广阔的发展前景.     

Ribosome display: cell-free protein display technology.

Ribosome display is a cell-free system for the in vitro selection of proteins and peptides from large libraries. It uses the principle of coupling individual nascent proteins (phenotypes) to their corresponding mRNA (genotypes), through the formation of stable protein-ribosome-mRNA (PRM) complexes. This permits the simultaneous isolation of a functional nascent protein, through affinity for a ligand, together with the encoding mRNA, which is then converted and amplified as DNA for further manipulation, including repeated cycles or protein expression. Ribosome display has a number of advantages over cell-based systems such as phage display; in particular, it can display very large libraries without the restriction of bacterial transformation. It is also suitable for generating toxic, proteolytically sensitive and unstable proteins, and allows the incorporation of modified amino acids at defined positions. In combination with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods, mutations can be introduced efficiently into the selected DNA pool in subsequent cycles, leading to continuous DNA diversification and protein selection (in vitro protein evolution). Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosome display systems have been developed and each has its own distinctive features. In this paper, ribosome display systems and their application in selection and evolution of proteins are reviewed.     

Ribosome display: next-generation display technologies for production of antibodies in vitro

Antibodies represent an important and growing class of biologic research reagents and biopharmaceutical products. They can be used as therapeutics in a variety of diseases. With the rapid expansion of proteomic studies and biomarker discovery, there is a need for the generation of highly specific binding reagents to study the vast number of proteins encoded by the genome. Display technologies provide powerful tools for obtaining antibodies. Aside from the preservation of natural antibody repertoires, they are capable of exploiting diversity by DNA recombination to create very large libraries for selection of novel molecules. In contrast to in vivo immunization processes, display technologies allow selection of antibodies under in vitro-defined selection condition(s), resulting in enrichment of antibodies with desired properties from large populations. In addition, in vitro selection enables the isolation of antibodies against difficult antigens including self-antigens, and this can be applied to the generation of human antibodies against human targets. Display technologies can also be combined with DNA mutagenesis for antibody evolution in vitro. Some methods are amenable to automation, permitting high-throughput generation of antibodies. Ribosome display is considered as representative of the next generation of display technologies since it overcomes the limitations of cell-based display methods by using a cell-free system, offering advantages of screening larger libraries and continuously expanding new diversity during selection. Production of display-derived antibodies can be achieved by choosing one of a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell-based expression systems. In the near future, cell-free protein synthesis may be developed as an alternative for large-scale generation of antibodies.     

Ribosome display selection of a metal-binding motif from an artificial peptide library

A new ribosome display system was applied for the in vitro selection of a metal-binding motif from an artificial peptide library. The display system consisted of an mRNA-associating protein, a ribosome, and mRNA. The protein part of this display system was designed to provide a random peptide library and to stabilize the ribosome display. The random peptide library was newly designed to isolate stable metal-binding motifs. We employed the system for in vitro selection and found several new proteins and peptides that bind Co(II)-immobilized resin and Co(II)-complex, respectively. This newly developed system can be conveniently applied to the in vitro selection of peptide aptamers.     

DNA展示系统介导的断裂蛋白质内含子体外定向进化方法的研究

蛋白质内含子对于外显子的选择性限制了它的应用范围。目前,已经建立的卡那霉素定向进化系统适用于微小蛋白质内含子,但不适用于断裂蛋白质内含子。为了研究适用于断裂蛋白质内含子的定向进化的方法,我们引入了DNA展示系统。在该系统中,生物素化基因在人工细胞中与其表达的融合蛋白（内含子C端-外显子-生物素结合蛋白）形成DNA 蛋白质连接体。只有能与后续加入的N端蛋白质内含子前体（Flag-内含子N端）发生剪接反应的DNA 蛋白质连接体,才能被加上旗帜标签（Flag）,从而被抗旗帜标签抗体纯化柱（Anti Flag antibody M2 agarose）筛选富集。为了验证该系统的可行性,实验构建了2个基因,即含有具剪接活性的蛋白质内含子的阳性基因IRC和含有不具剪接活性的蛋白质内含子的阴性基因IRCM。实验首先通过Western印迹和琼脂糖凝胶电泳证明,人工细胞中的体外转录翻译系统不仅可高表达500个氨基酸的蛋白质,而且表达的蛋白中内含子仍保持原有的剪接能力。生物素结合蛋白能结合95%的DNA,并且形成的DNA 蛋白质连接体可以被筛选富集,最终证明了该系统用于断裂蛋白质内含子定向进化筛选的可行性。随后,为了检测系统的富集效率,制备了人为的基因“突变库”,即将基因IRC和IRCM以摩尔比1:10的比例混合,经过2轮筛选后,阳性基因IRC可以被10倍富集,进一步证明了体外筛选方法的可行性。该方法为后续针对不同宿主进化出不同的断裂蛋白质内含子提供筛选方法支持,也为断裂蛋白质内含子的在生物技术和研究领域的应用奠定了基础。     

A Protocol for Phage Display and Affinity Selection Using Recombinant Protein Baits

Using recombinant phage as a scaffold to present various protein portions encoded by a directionally cloned cDNA library to immobilized bait molecules is an efficient means to discover interactions. The technique has largely been used to discover protein-protein interactions but the bait molecule to be challenged need not be restricted to proteins. The protocol presented here has been optimized to allow a modest number of baits to be screened in replicates to maximize the identification of independent clones presenting the same protein. This permits greater confidence that interacting proteins identified are legitimate interactors of the bait molecule. Monitoring the phage titer after each affinity selection round provides information on how the affinity selection is progressing as well as on the efficacy of negative controls. One means of titering the phage, and how and what to prepare in advance to allow this process to progress as efficiently as possible, is presented. Attributes of amplicons retrieved following isolation of independent plaque are highlighted that can be used to ascertain how well the affinity selection has progressed. Trouble shooting techniques to minimize false positives or to bypass persistently recovered phage are explained. Means of reducing viral contamination flare up are discussed.     

mRNA展示技术

mRNA展示技术是一种新兴的体外筛选多肽和蛋白质的有力工具.在筛选过程中,mRNA与其编码的多肽或蛋白质共价结合,形成mRNA-蛋白质融合体,能在大容量的多肽文库(1013～1015)中筛选具有特定生物学功能的多肽和蛋白质.目前,mRNA展示技术主要应用于各种靶分子的多肽和蛋白质适体的发现以及蛋白质相互作用机制的阐明和分析.由于其自身的巨大发展潜力,mRNA展示技术具有更为广阔的应用前景.     

In vitro system for high-throughput screening of random peptide libraries for antimicrobial peptides that recognize bacterial membranes.

Antibacterial peptides have been isolated from a wide range of species. Some of these peptides act on microbial membranes, disrupting their barrier function. With the increasing development of antibiotic resistance by bacteria, these antibacterial peptides, which have a new mode of action, have attracted interest as antibacterial agents. To date, however, few effective high-throughput approaches have been developed for designing and screening peptides that act selectively on microbial membranes. In vitro display techniques are powerful tools to select biologically functional peptides from peptide libraries. Here, we used the ribosome display system to form peptide-ribosome-mRNA complexes in vitro from nucleotides encoding a peptide library, as well as immobilized model membranes, to select specific sequences that recognize bacterial membranes. This combination of ribosome display and immobilized model membranes was effective as an in vitro high-throughput screening system and enabled us to identify motif sequences (ALR, KVL) that selectively recognized the bacterial membrane. Owing to host toxicity, it was not possible to enrich any sequence expected to show antimicrobial activity using another in vitro system, e.g. phage display. The synthetic peptides designed from these enriched motifs acted selectively on the bacterial model membrane and showed antibacterial activity. Moreover, the motif sequence conferred selectivity onto native peptides lacking selectivity, and decreased mammalian cell toxicity of native peptides without decreasing their antibacterial activity.     

运用 mRNA 体外展示技术筛选胸苷酸合成酶 RNA 亲和肽

以体外选择方法筛选不同功能的核酸、肽和蛋白质是近年的研究热点, mRNA 体外展示是一种新兴的高效多肽选择技术,其基本原理是通过含嘌呤霉素寡核苷酸的 Linker 使 mRNA 与它编码的肽或蛋白质共价结合,形成 mRNA- 蛋白质融合体,这一方法已用于多种功能肽的鉴定 . 以 mRNA 体外展示技术进行了由大容量多肽库中 (>1013) 筛选胸苷酸合成酶 (thymidylate synthase , TS) RNA 亲和肽的研究,通过精密的实验设计,建立了一套完整有效的筛选方法,并对实验条件进行了优化 . 已进行了 8 轮筛选,结果表明,以 mRNA 体外展示技术获得的多肽分子,可以与 TS mRNA 亲和 . 将测序结果与初始肽库进行比较,发现亲和肽中碱性氨基酸及芳香族氨基酸含量明显增加,说明其在与 RNA 结合中具有重要作用 . mRNA 展示技术作为一种大容量文库的体外筛选方法,将广泛应用于与固定化靶物质具高度亲和性及特异性的多肽和蛋白质的筛选 .