共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
M. R. Simón 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1999,98(2):310-314
Flag-leaf angle (FLAngle), flag-leaf area (FLarea) and flag-leaf area duration (FLADuration) are important traits in determining
yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Genetic studies on these traits are very few. The objective of this study was to determine the gene action controlling
those traits in four wheat crosses. Six generations were available for each cross: parents (P1 and P2), F1, F2 and backcrosses (BC(F1×P1) and BC(F1×P2)). The joint scaling test described by Mather and Jinks was used to test goodness of fit to eight genetic models. Models including
additivity, dominance and interallelic interactions best fitted the data for the three traits and the four crosses. Additive
effects were most prevalent for FLAngle. They were also significant for FLArea and FLADuration. Dominance and epistatic gene
action were also found, but the degree and direction was both trait- and genotype-specific. Heritabilities values were intermediate.
Genetic progress, although slow, can be expected when selecting for these traits; however, selection would be most effective
if delayed to later generations because of dominance and epistatic effects.
Received: 20 April 1998 / Accepted: 14 July 1998 相似文献
2.
H. S. Pooni P. S. Virk D. T. Coombs M. K. U. Chowdhury 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1994,89(7-8):1027-1031
The genetical control of F1 heterosis, observed in a cross of desirable Nicotiana tabacum varieties, was investigated by analysing the data of the basic generations, triple test cross-families and random samples of doubled haploids (DH) and single-seed descent (SSD) lines. Analyses of the first-degree statistics revealed a complex control underlying the genetic variation, including the presence of epistasis, linkage, maternal effects and their interactions, in addition to the additive and dominance effects of the genes segregating in the cross. These analyses identified gene dispersion, directional dominance, and duplicate epistasis, as the main causes of heterosis. The triple test-cross analysis also confirmed the presence of non-allelic interactions and indicated that the dominance ratio, although inflated by epistasis, is consistently partial for all the traits. The extent of transgression in the recombinant inbred lines finally established unequivocally that, as in numerous other crosses, gene dispersion and unidirectional, but partial, dominance are the true causes of heterosis in this cross too. 相似文献
3.
A. H. Price A. D. Tomos D. S. Virk 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1997,95(1-2):132-142
Root growth is an important component of the adaptation of rice to drought-prone environments. A hydroponic screen was used
to study root growth of 28 rice varieties. Both maximum root length and adventitious root thickness varied widely between
varieties. In general, japonica varieties had larger root systems than indica varieties. Two F2 populations involving the thick- and long-rooted upland japonica variety ‘Azucena’ and two poor-rooting varieties, namely the upland indica‘Bala’ and the Italian japonica‘Maratelli’, were made and screened in hydroponics. Generation means analysis revealed significant additive and dominance
main effects for the root length traits with a prevalence of dominance gene effects in both crosses. The dominance×dominance
type of non-allelic interactions were important for maximum root length from day 7 to day 28, root volume, root thickness
and root cell length in the cross ‘Bala’בAzucena’. The heritability (broad-sense) estimates varied from low to high for the
traits and displayed differences between populations. This suggested that recombinant lines with improved root traits can
be developed from the two crosses with selection methods that involve some form of progeny evaluation. In a companion paper,
we report the mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for root growth traits in the ‘Bala’בAzucena’ population using restriction
fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs).
Received: 5 May 1996 / Accepted: 14 February 1997 相似文献
4.
X. F. Yan S. Y. Xu Y. H. Xu J. Zhu 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1998,96(5):709-715
A genetic model is proposed for the analysis of embryo and endosperm effects as well as GE interaction effects. An investigation
of three malting quality traits in grains of seven parents and their F2s was undertaken in a half-diallel cross of barley (Hordeum distichum L.) over 2 years. The results indicated that the malt Kolbach index (KI), alpha-amylase activity (αAA) and wort soluble nitrogen
(Wort-N) are controlled by both embryo genetic effects and endosperm genetic effects. Variance of the endosperm additive effects
was obviously larger than that of the embryo additive effects. In the contribution of the embryo genetic effects to variation
in malt αAA and Wort-N, the dominance effects were considerably larger than the additive effects. The endosperm dominance
effects constituted a major part of the total genetic effect on the KI. Significant endosperm GE interactions were also detected
in the malt traits concerned. Endosperm general heritability (h
2
e
) tended to be larger than interaction heritability (h
2
oE
or h
2
eE
) for all the traits. Endosperm heterosis was observed to be significantly positive for αAA but negative for Wort-N in the
F2 seed generation. Prediction of main gene effects for seven parents showed that ‘Ganmu 2’ and ‘Supi1’ were suitable parental
varieties for malt αAA and Wort-N improvement. Our genetic model for malting quality traits and its application in breeding
are discussed.
Received: 5 August 1997 / Accepted: 11 September 1997 相似文献
5.
The role of dominance and epistasis in population divergence has been an issue of much debate ever since the neoDarwinian
synthesis. One of the best ways to dissect the several genetic components affecting the genetic architecture of populations
is line cross analysis. Here we present a study comparing generation means of several life history-traits in two closely related
Drosophila species: Drosophila subobscura, D. madeirensis as well as their F
1 and F
2 hybrids. This study aims to determine the relative contributions of additive and non-additive genetic parameters to the differentiation
of life-history traits between these two species. The results indicate that both negative dominance and epistatic effects
are very important in the differentiation of most traits. We end with considerations about the relevance of these findings
for the understanding of the role of non-additive effects in speciation. 相似文献
6.
Dr. S. Singh 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1981,59(4):247-249
Summary Two experiments, each including the same 30 homozygous varieties of spring wheat plus one separate tester variety, were conducted in order to detect epistasis and to test and estimate the additive and dominance components of genetic variation for five quantitative traits: final plant height, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, 100-kernel weight and grain yield per plant. Epistasis played a significant role in the control of 100-kernel weight and yield per plant. There was a gratifyingly good agreement between the two independent methods (2¯B1i — ¯f1i — ¯Pi and 2¯Bci — ¯F1i) used to test the presence of epistasis. In both experiments, there was a remarkably uniform high dominance ratio for most of the traits studied indicating that this test cross design is equally sensitive to both additive and dominance genetic variation. 相似文献
7.
Oliver Brendel Didier Le Thiec Caroline Scotti-Saintagne Catherine Bodénès Antoine Kremer Jean-Marc Guehl 《Tree Genetics & Genomes》2008,4(2):263-278
Genetic variation for intrinsic water use efficiency (W
i) and related traits was estimated in a full-sib family of Quercus robur L. over 3 years. The genetic linkage map available for this F1 family was used to locate quantitative trait loci (QTL) for
W
i, as estimated by leaf carbon stable isotope composition (δ
13C) or the ratio of net CO2 assimilation rate (A) to stomatal conductance to water vapour (g
w) and related leaf traits. Gas exchange measurements were used to standardize estimates of A and g
w and to model the sensitivity of g
w to leaf-to-air vapour pressure deficit (sgVPD). δ
13C varied by more than 3‰ among the siblings, which is equivalent to 40% variation of W
i. Most of the studied traits exhibited high clonal mean repeatabilities (>50%; proportion of clonal mean variability in global
variance). Repeatabilities for δ
13C, leaf mass per area (LMA) and leaf nitrogen content were higher than 70%. For δ
13C, ten QTLs were detected, one of which was detected repeatedly for all 3 years and consistently explained more than 20% of
measured variance. Four genomic regions were found in which co-localizing traits linked variation in W
i to variations in leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen content, LMA and sgVPD. A positive correlation using clonal means between δ
13C and A/g
w, as well as a co-localisation of QTL detected for both traits, can be seen as validation of the theoretical model linking
the genetic architecture of these two traits. 相似文献
8.
H. Tyson 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1989,77(2):260-270
Summary Mean seed weight data were obtained from the F1 and F2 of a six-by-six diallel cross with flax (Linum usita-tissimum L.). Pronounced reciprocal differences appeared in the F1, but had largely disappeared by the F2. The genetic control of mean seed weight was examined using two types of analysis of variance. The models underlying both analyses were fitted to the data by matrix methods supplying weighted least-squares estimates of the parameters in the models. Weights, the use of which dealt with the problem of variation in the reliability of means, were the reciprocals of the variances of individual cell (cross/self) means in the diallel data table. Elimination of redundant parameters supplied the minimum adequate models for each analysis type. Dominance was apparently masked by the large transient maternal effects in the F1, but surfaced in the F2, where dominance was towards larger mean seed weight. This may be coupled with findings elsewhere of possible advantages for larger seed weights to speculate on a role in preserving infrequent hybrid progeny among inbreeding (flax) species. Maternal effects producing larger seed size, plus dominance with the same result might be valuable, in conjunction with growth and competitive advantages conferred by larger seed, in preventing early elimination of rare hybrids. 相似文献
9.
Y. Li X. Zhang Ch. Ma J. Shen Q. Chen T. Wang T. Fu J. Tu 《Russian Journal of Genetics》2012,48(10):1001-1008
Aiming to explore the basis of heterosis in rapeseed, QTLs for yield and three yield component traits were mapped and the digenic interactions were detected in an F2 population derived from a cross between two elite rapeseed lines, SI-1300 and Eagle, in this study. Twenty-eight QTLs were detected for the four yield traits, with only two of them detected simultaneously in the Wuhan and Jingmen environments. Additive, partial dominance, dominance, and overdominance effects were all identified for the investigated traits. Dominance (including partial dominance) was shown by 55% of the QTLs, which suggests that dominance is a major genetic basis of heterosis in rapeseed. At the P ?? 0.01 level with 1000 random permutations, 108 and 104 significant digenic interactions were detected in Wuhan and Jingmen, respectively, for the four yield-related traits using all possible locus pairs of molecular markers. Digenic interactions, including additive by additive, additive by dominance, and dominance by dominance, were frequent and widespread in this population. In most cases (78.3%), the interactions occurred among marker loci for which significant effects were not detected by single-locus analysis. Some QTLs (57.1%) detected by single-locus analysis were involved in epistatic interactions. It was concluded that epistasis, along with dominance (including partial dominance), is responsible for the expression of heterosis in rapeseed. 相似文献
10.
G. T. Howe P. Saruul J. Davis T. H. H. Chen 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2000,101(4):632-642
We studied the quantitative genetics of bud phenology, fall frost damage, and winter survival in an F2 family (no. 822) of Populus hybrids derived from a cross between two full-sub F1 hybrids (P. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray×P. deltoides Bartr.). Field traits studied included the timing of bud set (BSF) in Minnesota and Oregon, the timing of bud flush (BFF) in Oregon, as well as fall frost damage (FDF) and winter survival (WSF) in Minnesota. We conclude that Family 822 has substantial genetic variability for all field traits, BSF and BFF are under moderate to strong genetic control (H
2
i
=0.48–0.80), FDF and WSF are under low to moderate genetic control (H
2
i
=0.27–0.40), and late bud set is associated with increased frost damage and decreased winter survival. In a warm greenhouse,
we measured the timing of bud set and the number of new leaves on trees growing under either an 8-h photoperiod (BSSD and NLSD) or a natural photoperiod (NP) from August to December (BSNP and NLNP). We found that BSSD, NLSD, and NLNP are under moderate genetic control (H
2
i
=0.53–0.70), but the heritability of BSNP could not be determined because few trees set bud in the warm greenhouse under the NP. By comparing results from the greenhouse
experiments with results from the field, we conclude that the genetic correlation between BSSD and BSF (0.53–0.60) is relatively modest and that NPs in the fall are relatively ineffective at promoting bud set under warm greenhouse
temperatures, although bud set readily occurred in the field. Although, low levels of light pollution in the greenhouse might
have affected BSNP, results from both greenhouse and field experiments suggest that genetic differences in photoperiodic responses play a modest
role in explaining genetic differences in the timing of bud set under natural field conditions. Therefore, genetic differences
in responses to other environmental factors, such as temperature, deserve greater attention.
Received: 11 November 1999 / Accepted: 24 November 1999 相似文献
11.
A genetic approach to the understanding of tree architecture is to cross trees of contrasting features and to study their
segregating F2 progenies. For this purpose, members of a 3-generation pedigree, combining Populus trichocarpa, P. deltoides, and their F1 and F2 offspring, were grown side by side in a clonally replicated plantation. At 2 and 3 years of growth, tree architecture was
analyzed at the stem, branch, and leaf levels. In all generations, proleptic branches were more numerous, longer, and had
more and larger leaves than sylleptics initiated in the same year. The analysis of variance revealed significant genotypic
effects on growth, branch and leaf biometrics in the F2 family, with broad-sense heritabilities (H2) ranging from 0.50 to 0.80 for most traits. For branch and leaf traits, the H2 values were found to vary among branch types and crown positions. In year 2, the degree of genetic control was stronger for
sylleptics than proleptics and for upper than lower crown positions. These patterns were followed in year 3, except that H2 values were more a function of position within crown, as a consequence of increased competition among trees. The genetic
correlations between branch/leaf morphology and stem growth were also a function of branch type and crown position. Generally,
traits on proleptics or at upper positions were more tightly correlated with height growth, whereas those on sylleptics or
at lower positions, with basal area growth. By year 3, proleptic traits showed increased genetic correlations with both height
and radial growth. The implications of these results for the construction of ideotypes are discussed.
Received: 1 December 1995 相似文献
12.
The objective of this study was to elucidate the genetic relationship between the specific leaf area (SLA) and the photosynthetic
performance of maize (Zea mays L.) as dependent on growth temperature. Three sets of genotypes: (i) 19 S5 inbred lines, divergently selected for high or low operating efficiency of photosystem II (ΦPSII) at low temperature, (ii) a population of 226 F2:3 families from the cross of ETH-DL3 × ETH-DH7, and (iii) a population of 168 F2:4 families from the cross of Lo964 × Lo1016 were tested at low (15/13 °C day/night) or at optimal (25/22 °C day/night) temperature.
The latter cross was originally developed to study QTLs for root traits. At 15/13 °C the groups of S5 inbred lines selected for high or low ΦPSII differed significantly for all the measured traits, while at optimal temperature the groups differed only with regard to
leaf greenness (SPAD). At low temperature, the SLA of these inbred lines was negatively correlated with ΦPSII (r = − 0.56, p < 0.05) and SPAD (r = − 0.80, p < 0.001). This negative relationship was confirmed by mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) in the two mapping populations.
A co-location of three QTLs for SLA with QTLs for photosynthesis-related traits was detected in both populations at 15/13 °C,
while co-location was not detected at 25/22 °C. The co-selection of SLA and ΦPSII in the inbred lines and the co-location of QTL for SLA, SPAD, and ΦPSII at 15/13 °C in the QTL populations strongly supports pleiotropy. There was no evidence that selecting for high ΦPSII at low temperature leads to a constitutively altered SLA. 相似文献
13.
A. Gibori J. Hillel A. Cahaner A. Ashri 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1978,53(4):169-179
Summary Four quantitative traits were studied by analysing F2 data derived from a 9 × 9 diallel cross utilizing widely divergent, inbred, erect cultivars of peanuts, A. hypogaea. Bidirectional dominance was found in the traits total pod yield per plant and number of days from planting to first flower; in pod size, the alleles giving small pods were consistently dominant and for high tops' weight, dominance and overdominance were found. The high heritability of pod yield/plant (0.79) indicates that breeding for higher yield/plant can succeed if large F2 populations are grown and rigorous visual selection combined with progeny testing are employed. The genetic correlations of pod yield/plant with other traits were low. Breeding for plants with large (jumbo) pods can be aided by the fact that they are homozygous recessive, or nearly so. Simultaneous breeding for high yields and large pods is possible: there was a positive (but low) genetic correlation between the two (0.16). A modification by which less biased estimates of the number of effective factors can be obtained and a possible relationship between bidirectional dominance and genic interaction were proposed. 相似文献
14.
J. Seifert 《Folia microbiologica》1973,18(5):386-389
Proceeding from three previously derived expressions for the intensity of nitrification in soil as a function of time (logΣN=K.logt+q), as a function of incubation moisture (logΣN=A.pF
i+B), as a function of initial moisture (logΣN=C.pF
v+D), it was shown that the nitrification intensity as a function of time and of moisture can be expressed by the bilinear function
log ΣN=a.pF
i.logT+b.pF
i+c.logt+d; as a function of time and of initial moisture by the bilinear function logΣ=N=a.pF
v.logt+b.pF
v+c.logt+d; as a function of initial and incubation moisture by the bilinear function log ΣN=a.pF
ipF
v+b.pF
i+c.pF
v+d. The intensity of nitrification as a function of time, incubation moisture and initial moisture may be expressed by the multilinear
function log ΣN=a.pF
i.pF
v.logt+b.pF
i.pF
v+c.pF
i.logt+d.pF
v.logt+e .pF
i+f.pF
v=g.logt+h. This function is valid for all the incubation moistures lying between pF
i 3.0 and 4.0 and for all initial moistures between 3.5 and 5.9 provided that the incubation temperature remains constant. 相似文献
15.
QTL analysis of leaf morphology in tetraploid Gossypium (cotton) 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
C. Jiang R. J. Wright S. S. Woo T. A. DelMonte A. H. Paterson 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2000,100(3-4):409-418
Molecular markers were used to map and characterize quantitative trait loci (QTLs) determining cotton leaf morphology and
other traits, in 180 F2 plants from an interspecific cross between a Gossypium hirsutum genotype carrying four morphological mutants, and a wild-type Gossypium barbadense. The prominent effects of a single region of chromosome 15, presumably the classical ”Okra-leaf” locus, were modified by
QTLs on several other chromosomes affecting leaf size and shape. For most traits, each parent contained some alleles with
positive effects and others with negative effects, suggesting a large potential for adapting leaf size and shape to the needs
of particular production regimes. Twenty one QTLs/loci were found for the morphological traits at LOD≥3.0 and P≤0.001, among which 14 (63.6%) mapped to D-subgenome chromosomes. Forty one more possible QTLs/loci were suggested with 2.0≤LOD<3.0
and 0.001<P≤0.01. Among all of the 62 possible QTLs (found at LOD≥2.0 and P≤0.01) for the 14 morphological traits in this study, 38 (61.3%) mapped to D-subgenome chromosomes. This reinforces the findings
of several other studies in suggesting that the D-subgenome of tetraploid cotton has been subject to a relatively greater
rate of evolution than the A-subgenome, subsequent to polyploid formation.
Received: 26 April 1999 / Accepted: 30 July 1999 相似文献
16.
The inheritance of frost hardiness and cold acclimation potential traits was studied in three segregating populations derived
from a cross betweenSolanum commersonii Dun. PI 243503 (cmm) andSolanum cardiophyllum Lindl., PI 184762 (cph), two parental genotypes with contrasting frost hardiness and cold acclimation potential. The levels of frost hardiness and
cold acclimation potential were expressed as the LT50, the temperature at which 50% of the cells in leaf discs were killed, as measured by the ion leakage method, following a
controlled freeze test There was considerable variation in both frost hardiness and cold acclimation potential in all three
segregating populations (F1 F1 xcmm, and F1 xcph). Frost hardiness and cold acclimation potential were not correlated, suggesting that these two traits are under independent
genetic control. The analysis of generation means indicated that the variation for both traits could be best explained by
an additive-dominance model, with additive gene effects the most important Broad-sense heritability was 0.73 and 0.74 in the
F1 population, for frost hardiness and cold acclimation potential, respectively, and was 0.85 for either trait in the F1 xcmm population, indicating that these two traits are highly inheritable. Our results suggest that it should be possible to incorporate
the frost hardiness and cold acclimation traits from S.commersonii into cultivated potato species. 相似文献
17.
A. Börner V. Korzun A. V. Voylokov W. E. Weber 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1999,98(6-7):1087-1090
Progenies of an F2 mapping population were analyzed for quantitative traits to detect QTLs by using marker information from F2 plants for chromosome 5R. The mapping population was segregating for the major dwarfing gene Ddw1 and the gene Hp1 for hairy peduncle. The only QTL determining plant height was located between HP1 and Ddw1 on the distal part of chromosome 5RL. At the same position a QTL for peduncle length was found, and this trait was closely
related to plant height (r=0.895). Since Hp1 and Ddw1 are dominant marker loci, no dominance effect could be estimated. The QTLs for spike length and the number of florets were
located near the centromere on 5RL. These two traits were correlated with r=0.824 and showed partial dominance, but these traits were not correlated to plant height and peduncle length. Homoeologous
relationships between the QTLs mapped for the first time in rye and those mapped in other Triticeae members are discussed.
Received: 8 June 1998 / Accepted: 8 October 1998 相似文献
18.
C. Egea-Gilabert G. Bilotti M. E. Requena M. Ezziyyani J. M. Vivo-Molina M. E. Candela 《Biologia Plantarum》2008,52(1):105-109
Inheritance of 10 morphological and quantitative traits related to plant and fruit development and resistance to the pathogen
Phytophthora capsici was studied in an intraspecific cross between a non-pungent, susceptible Capsicum annuum parent (cv. Americano) and a wild, pungent and resistant line (Serrano Criollo de Morelos-334). Data were obtained from the
segregation of 166 F2 plants and 50 F3 plants in four years. Three of the traits analyzed (necrosis length, leaf width and leaf length) exhibited a transgressive
segregation. A multiple linear regression analysis was applied in order to establish a relationship between necrosis length
and some of the morphological traits measured such as length and width of leaf, length, diameter and mass of fruit, capsaicin
content in fruits, and presence of hair on leaves and stems. The results identified a linear dependence between necrosis length
(as an inverse measurement of resistance) and leaf width, fruit diameter and hair presence in the stem. Pungency was not related
with resistance. 相似文献
19.
Jixiang Wu Jack C. McCarty Johnie N. Jenkins 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2010,120(7):1473-1483
Seed from upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., provides a desirable and important nutrition profile. In this study, several seed traits (protein content, oil content,
seed hull fiber content, seed index, seed volume, embryo percentage) for F3 hybrids of 13 cotton chromosome substitution lines crossed with five elite cultivars over four environments were evaluated.
Oil and protein were expressed both as percentage of total seed weight and as an index which is the grams of product/100 seeds.
An additive and dominance (AD) genetic model with cytoplasmic effects was designed, assessed by simulations, and employed
to analyze these seed traits. Simulated results showed that this model was sufficient for analyzing the data structure with
F3 and parents in multiple environments without replications. Significant cytoplasmic effects were detected for seed oil content,
oil index, seed index, seed volume, and seed embryo percentage. Additive effects were significant for protein content, fiber
content, protein index, oil index, fiber index, seed index, seed volume, and embryo percentage. Dominance effects were significant
for oil content, oil index, seed index, and seed volume. Cytoplasmic and additive effects for parents and dominance effects
in homozygous and heterozygous forms were predicted. Favorable genetic effects were predicted in this study and the results
provided evidence that these seed traits can be genetically improved. In addition, chromosome associations with AD effects
were detected and discussed in this study. 相似文献
20.
In the present study, developmental stability of leaf traits was examined in three natural populations of Plantago major L. (ssp. major), representing two polluted environments (Karaburma and Zemun) and an unpolluted area (Crni Lug). Developmental stability was assessed as fluctuating asymmetry (FA). The magnitude of FA is believed to reflect differences in the ability of individuals to buffer their development in natural populations. We hypothesized that there are differences within characters and among characters in response to environmental conditions. Significant patterns of asymmetry correlations and asymmetry changes were detected both within characters and between characters. The manova results revealed a significant effect of individual and a significant individual × environment interaction on actual asymmetry (logLi ? logRi) and on the amount of asymmetry |(logLi ? logRi)| for leaf width and vein distances within a leaf. Over time, statistically significant and positive correlations of the FA values were detected for each trait separately per sample (population). For both leaf traits, there were differences for (logLi ? logRi) and |(logLi ? logRi)| asymmetry values among individuals within samples in response to yearly variations. Statistically significant and negative correlations for (logLi ? logRi) versus |(logLi ? logRi)| asymmetries were detected for both leaf traits. In summary, our results highlight the importance of differences in the ability of individuals to buffer their development under different environmental conditions and point to the concept that developmental stability is character specific. 相似文献