外源24-表油菜素内酯对盐胁迫下茄子种子萌发和幼苗生理特性的影响

研究了150mmol·L^-1NaCI胁迫下,外源24-表油菜素内酯（EBR）对茄子种子萌发、幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明,0．05mg·L^-1外源EBR显著缓解150mmol·L^-1NaCI胁迫伤害,使茄子种子发芽率提高了8．23％,发芽势提高15．91％,发芽指数提高了17．23％,活力指数提高了44．29％;幼苗株高、根长和植株鲜重分别提高了56．67％、23．83％和56．68％;抗氧化酶（SOD、POD、CAT和APX）活性分别增加了13．75％、24．00％、28．64％和21．46％,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量分别提高30．96％和23．66％;MDA含量、Ｏ产生速率分别降低了29．58％和14．80％。表明0．05mg·L^-1外源EBR能显著促进盐胁迫下茄子种子萌发和幼苗生长,明显缓解叶片氧化损伤,增强茄子的耐盐能力。     

温度对铁皮石斛生长及生理特性的影响

通过不同温度下的控制实验,研究了铁皮石斛光合作用与生长对温度的响应,以期为铁皮石斛的栽培提供理论依据。温度对铁皮石斛的光合速率（Pn）有明显影响,30℃处理的植株具有最高的饱和光合速率（Pmax）,其较高的光合速率与RuBP电子传递速率与羧化速率间相对平衡有关。温度对铁皮石斛茎的生长及多糖含量有明显影响,20℃处理的石斛多糖含量显著性的高于其他两个处理,而茎长、茎节数、茎鲜重等则是在30℃下最高。结果表明,30℃的温度对铁皮石斛的光合作用较为适宜,但在20℃条件下植株具有更高的多糖含量。     

番茄LeHsp110/ClpB基因的分子克隆及其对植物耐热性的影响

HSP100ClpB是Clp蛋白家族的一员,具有分子伴侣功能,与细胞“获得耐热性(acquiredthermotolerance)”相关。从番茄cDNA文库中筛选到长度达3144bp的cDNA,依据最长的开放读码框推导出的多肽含980个氨基酸残基,分子进化分析结果表明该蛋白属于HSP100ClpB家族,因其计算分子量为110kD,所以命名为LeHSP110ClpB。实验证明,LeHsp110ClpB在番茄叶片中没有组成型表达,为热诱导型基因,其编码蛋白定位于叶绿体基质。利用农杆菌介导法,将CaMV35S驱动的反义LeHsp110ClpBcDNA片段导入番茄,高温下转反义基因的番茄株系中LeHsp110ClpBmRNA水平明显低于对照,转基因株系的PSⅡ对高温胁迫更加敏感,说明HSP110ClpB在植物耐热性方面起重要作用。     

Studies on heteromorphic self-incompatibility systems: Physiological aspects of the incompatibility system of Primula obconica

Summary In Primula obconica, a species with a heteromorphic self-incompatibility system, the distinction between compatible and incompatible pollen tubes takes place on the stigma surface in thrum flowers, self tubes growing randomly over the papillar cells. No differences were seen between self and cross tube behaviour on the pin stigma surface, but self tubes were inhibited within the stigmatic tissue with differences in tube length evident after 24 h. The stigma surface bears a proteinaceous pellicle and binds the lectin Concanavalin A. Removal of the stigma removes the incompatibility barrier in mature gynoecia. Bud pollination shows that pollen tubes cannot grow in a normal manner on immature stigmas; the random growth of tubes over the stigma surface resembles that of mature thrum selfs. Fewer compatible tubes reach the style base of young gynoecia and smaller numbers of seeds are set than in mature flowers. Pin and thrum pollen grains germinate and grow in aqueous media, thrum tubes growing longer than pin. The presence of H₃BO₄ and CaCl₂ in the growth medium promotes tube elongation and lengths equivalent to compatible styles can be obtained. The pollen grains have proteinaceous materials in their walls which diffuse out on moistening. Prolonged washing in aqueous media removes these materials but the incompatibility reaction remains unchanged. Thus the incompatibility reaction is between pollen tubes and stigmatic tissue and differs from the homomorphic, sporophytic system where pollen wall proteins elicit the incompatibility response.     

高温胁迫下2，4-表油菜素内酯对甜瓜幼苗生理及光合特性的影响

研究了高温胁迫下不同浓度2,4-表油菜素内酯（EBR）处理对甜瓜幼苗生长、叶片抗氧化酶活性和光合作用的影响。结果显示0．5～1．5mg·L-1 EBR处理能有效缓解甜瓜幼苗高温胁迫下受到的伤害,显著促进了幼苗生长,提高了叶片抗氧化酶活性、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量、净光合速率（Pn）和气孔导度（G5）;降低了丙二醛（MDA）含量,胞间CO2浓度（Ci）和蒸腾速率（Tr）。研究结果表明,EBR缓解甜瓜幼苗高温胁迫具有剂量效应,以1．0mg·L-1 EBR的效果较好,有利于甜瓜幼苗在高温胁迫下抗氧化酶活性的维持和对光能的捕获与转换,促进生长。     

Effects of simulated microgravity on male gametophyte of Prunus, Pyrus, and Brassica species

Summary. In this study we evaluated the effect of simulated microgravity on pollen germination of both herbaceous and woody species in order to investigate the possibility of applying gametophytic selection for plant growth in the space environment. The behaviour of gametophytes exposed to the stress of clinostat rotation could be used to screen the degree of tolerance of the sporophyte to simulated microgravity. The use of male gametophyte selection overcomes the problems generally encountered by sporophytic selection in space especially for woody plants: the large size of plants and their long juvenile phase. In this experiment, pollen collected from just bloomed flowers of Prunus persica, P. avium, P. domestica, Pyrus communis, and Brassica rapa was subjected to tests assessing its viability by techniques such as fluorochromatic reaction. Once pollen viability was ascertained by fluorescence microscopy, pollen was placed on the growth medium in petri dishes both at 1 g and on the clinostat. After incubating for 1 day at room temperature, pollen was observed under a light microscope in order to detect parameters such as the percentage of germination and the growth direction. Then histochemical analyses were performed in order to verify the presence and distribution of nuclei, cytoplasm, and storage substances. Moreover, the presence, size, and morphology of callose plugs were observed. Results showed that the response of gametophytes to simulated microgravity is dependent on the species, some showing altered metabolism, others being unaffected. Correspondence and reprints: Laboratorio di Botanica ed Ecologia Riproduttiva, Dipartimento di Arboricoltura, Botanica e Patologia Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, I 80055 Portici (Naples), Italy.     

外源24-表油菜素内酯对高温胁迫下茄子幼苗生长和抗氧化系统的影响

本文研究了高温胁迫下外源24-表油菜素内酯（EBR）对茄子幼苗生长和抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,外源EBR处理显著促进了高温胁迫下茄子幼苗生长,提高了SOD、POD、CAT和APXS活性,AsA和GSH含量及可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量,降低了MDA、O2^-及H2O含量。表明,外源EBR处理通过促进高温胁迫下茄子幼苗抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂含量及渗透调节物质的提高,降低ROS水平,缓解高温胁迫对茄子幼苗生长的抑制作用,增强植株抗高温胁迫的能力。     

24-表油菜素内酯对干旱胁迫下辣椒叶片快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线的影响

以辣椒品种“超辣九号”为试材,采用15%的PEG6000模拟干旱,研究了0.1μmol·L^-1外源24-表油菜素内酯(EBR)处理对干旱胁迫下辣椒叶片快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线(OJIP)的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫降低了辣椒叶片的光化学效率和光合性能,导致干旱光抑制的发生。干旱胁迫既损伤了辣椒叶片PSⅡ供体侧放氧复合体(OEC),同时也对PSⅡ反应中心和受体侧造成伤害,阻碍了光合电子传递;干旱胁迫还导致单位叶面积有活性反应中心数目(RC/CS)的下降,并降低了单位叶面积吸收的光能(ABS/CS)、捕获的光能(TRo/CS)和进行电子传递的能量(ETo/CS),同时诱导了单位叶面积热耗散(DIo/CS)的增加。这说明辣椒遭受干旱胁迫后启动了相应的防御机制,一方面通过PSⅡ的可逆失活减少光能吸收与传递,另一方面通过促进热耗散减少过剩激发能的积累。EBR处理改善了干旱胁迫下辣椒叶片PSⅡ受体侧的电子传递,缓解了单位叶面积有活性反应中心数目的减少,优化了光合电子传递的进行,并维持相对较高的热耗散能力,从而减轻了干旱光抑制程度,对干旱胁迫下辣椒叶片光合机构和光合性能起到保护作用。     

24-表油菜素内酯对低氧胁迫下黄瓜根系抗氧化系统及无氧呼吸酶活性的影响

用营养液水培,研究了根际低氧胁迫下24-表油菜素内酯(EBR)对2个抗低氧能力不同的黄瓜品种根系中抗氧化系统及无氧呼吸酶活性的影响。结果表明,在低氧胁迫下,EBR处理显著提高了低氧胁迫下2品种黄瓜幼苗根系SOD、POD及ADH活性,降低了O2-·、H2O2和MDA含量、LDH活性及‘中农八号’根系PDC活性,而对‘绿霸春四号’根系PDC及2个品种CAT活性无明显影响,表明外源EBR处理通过促进低氧胁迫下根系中抗氧化酶和ADH活性的提高,降低LDH活性及ROS含量,增强植株抗低氧胁迫的能力。     

Effects of high humidity and temperature stress on pollen membrane integrity and pollen vigour in Nicotiana tabacum

Summary The prolonged exposure of pollen Nicotiana tabacum to high humidity at both room temperature and 38° C did not affect membrane integrity as revealed by the fluorochromatic reaction (FCR) test, but did affect pollen vigour. At room temperature germination was not affected, although tube growth was reduced; at 38° C, there was both a reduction in tube growth and delayed germination. When the pollen was subjected to 1 h hydration followed by 1 h desiccation (up to a maximum of four cycles) at room temperature, a reduction in the FCR, germination and tube length after each desiccation treatment was observed. Subsequent hydration fully restored the FCR, but only partially restored germination and tube growth. At 38° C, however, FCR, germination, and tube growth were drastically reduced. The implications of these results on the relationship between FCR and germinability, the responses of pollen exposed to humidity and temperature stress in the field, and on pollen storage are discussed.     

Exogenous 24-Epibrassinolide Alleviates Effects of Salt Stress on Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis in Robinia pseudoacacia L. Seedlings

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation - The brassinosteroids (BRs) constitute a recently defined class of plant hormone that can enhance the resistance of plants to multiple stresses. However, the...     

Effect of jasmonic acid, ACC and ethephon on pollen germination in strawberry

The effects of jasmonic acid (JA), I-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid(ACC) and 2-cholorethyl phosphonic acid (ethephon) on pollen germination wereinvestigated in strawberry cv. Tufts. ACC and ethephon stimulated pollengermination while JA was inhibitory. Pollen germination was decreased by 0.5mM JA from 42.5 to 5.8% compared with the control after4 h of incubation. On the other hand, ACC and ethephon (0.5mM) increased the pollen germination percentage to 55.6 and 60.7%,respectively. In addition, both ethephon and ACC relieved the inhibition ofpollen germination by JA.     

磁化水对小麦种子萌发、幼苗生长和生理特性的生物学效应

为研究磁化水对作物的生物学效应,本文详细分析了磁化水处理对小麦种子萌发、幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。研究结果显示：磁化水处理小麦的种子发芽参数与对照相比无显著差异;磁化水处理对小麦的株高、根长、地上部和根部鲜重等生长参数也无显著影响;同样,磁化水处理在叶片色素含量、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量、含水量、细胞汁液渗透势等重要生理特征参数方面也未显示出显著差异。此外,磁化水并未显著影响小麦叶片的光合作用。综上所述,磁化水处理对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长无明显的生物学效应。     

Quantification of the Effects of Salt Stress and Physiological State on Thermotolerance of Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987 and ATCC 14579

The food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus can acquire enhanced thermal resistance through multiple mechanisms. Two Bacillus cereus strains, ATCC 10987 and ATCC 14579, were used to quantify the effects of salt stress and physiological state on thermotolerance. Cultures were exposed to increasing concentrations of sodium chloride for 30 min, after which their thermotolerance was assessed at 50°C. Linear and nonlinear microbial survival models, which cover a wide range of known inactivation curvatures for vegetative cells, were fitted to the inactivation data and evaluated. Based on statistical indices and model characteristics, biphasic models with a shoulder were selected and used for quantification. Each model parameter reflected a survival characteristic, and both models were flexible, allowing a reduction of parameters when certain phenomena were not present. Both strains showed enhanced thermotolerance after preexposure to (non)lethal salt stress conditions in the exponential phase. The maximum adaptive stress response due to salt preexposure demonstrated for exponential-phase cells was comparable to the effect of physiological state on thermotolerance in both strains. However, the adaptive salt stress response was less pronounced for transition- and stationary-phase cells. The distinct tailing of strain ATCC 10987 was attributed to the presence of a subpopulation of spores. The existence of a stable heat-resistant subpopulation of vegetative cells could not be demonstrated for either of the strains. Quantification of the adaptive stress response might be instrumental in understanding adaptation mechanisms and will allow the food industry to develop more accurate and reliable stress-integrated predictive modeling to optimize minimal processing conditions.     

γ-氨基丁酸浸种对番茄种子及幼苗耐盐性调节的生理机制

以番茄‘金棚一号’为材料,研究了外源γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)浸种处理对NaCl胁迫下种子萌发及幼苗生长和生理代谢的影响。结果显示:(1)NaCl胁迫显著抑制了番茄种子的萌发和胚根生长,同时导致番茄幼苗体内活性氧(O2.-、H2O2)大量积累,膜脂过氧化程度加重,幼苗叶片光合系统Ⅱ活性显著降低,幼苗的生长受到严重抑制。(2)外源GABA浸种能够显著提高盐胁迫下番茄种子的萌发和胚根的生长,并以10.00mmol.L-1 GABA浸种处理效果最好。(3)外源GABA浸种处理显著提高了NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗根系和叶片抗氧化酶(SOD、POD和CAT)活性,降低了活性氧(O2.-、H2O2)的产生和膜脂过氧化程度,通过维持较高的光合系统Ⅱ活性,促进了幼苗的生长及生物量积累,但GABA的缓解效应存在较大的浓度差异,其中以10.00mmol.L-1 GABA处理效果较好。研究表明,10.00mmol.L-1 GABA浸种处理能够通过促进番茄种子萌发和幼苗生长来缓解盐胁迫的伤害。     

低能离子注入对小麦种子发芽及幼苗生理生化的影响

采用能量为25keV的N 不同剂量(2×1016 N /cm2、4×1016 N /cm2、6×1016 N /cm2、8×1016 N /cm2、12×1016 N /cm2)注入新疆小麦种子,研究了N 离子束注入新疆春小麦种子后对小麦种子的发芽率、幼苗体内的丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、叶绿素、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的影响。实验结果表明:以2×1016 N /cm2 剂量处理小麦较合适,可提高小麦种子的活力,促进种子萌发和幼苗生长。2×1016 N /cm2、4×1016 N /cm2 剂量处理对新春2号、新春11号幼苗生长有利,在这两种剂量处理下新春2号三种保护酶较新春11号敏感。     

Effect of 24-Epibrassinolide on Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Photosynthetic CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Assimilation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vicia faba</Emphasis> Plants Treated with the Photosynthesis-Inhibiting Herbicide Terbutryn

Simultaneous measurements of chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence and CO₂ assimilation (A) in Vicia faba leaves were taken during the first weeks of growth to evaluate the protective effect of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) against damage caused by the application of the herbicide terbutryn (Terb) at pre-emergence. V. faba seeds were incubated for 24 h in EBR solutions (2 × 10⁻⁶ or 2 × 10⁻⁵ mM) and immediately sown. Terb was applied at recommended doses (1.47 or 1.96 kg ha⁻¹) at pre-emergence. The highest dose of Terb strongly decreased CO₂ assimilation, the maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry in the dark-adapted state (F _V/F _M), the nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ), and the effective quantum yield (ΔF/F′_M) during the first 3–4 weeks after plant emergence. Moreover, Terb increased the basal quantum yield of nonphotochemical processes (F ₀/F _M)_, the degree of reaction center closure (1 − q _p), and the fraction of light absorbed in PSII antennae that was dissipated via thermal energy dissipation in the antennae (1 − F′_V/F′_M). The herbicide also significantly reduced plant growth at the end of the experiment as well as plant length, dry weight, and number of leaves. The application of EBR to V. faba seeds before sowing strongly diminished the effect of Terb on fluorescence parameters and CO₂ assimilation, which recovered 13 days after plant emergence and showed values similar to those of control plants. The protective effect of EBR on CO₂ assimilation was detected at a photosynthetic photon flux density (PFD) of 650 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and the effect on ΔF/F′_M and photosynthetic electron transport (J) was detected under actinic lightings up to 1750 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. The highest dose of EBR also counteracted the decrease in plant growth caused by Terb, and plants registered the same growth values as controls.     

Effects of structural analogs of brassinosteroids on the recovery of growth inhibition by a specific brassinosteriod biosynthesis inhibitor

A brassinosteroid inhibitor (Brz2001) was used to block the growth of roots, hypocotyls, and epicotyls of soybean seedlings, producing a dwarf phenotype. The application of 24-epibrassinolide completely reversed the inhibitory effects of Brz2001. Two other growth-promoting brassinosteroid analogs, MH5 and BB6, partially overcame the Brz2001-induced growth defects. The growth inhibition of Brz2001-treated seedlings was more effectively reversed by MH5 than by BB6, which may be due to the structural differences between the two compounds. These results indicate that the studied analogs may show brassinosteroid-like activity and therefore may have some practical use instead of brassinolide or its analogues.     

重金属镉对拟南芥DNA甲基化的影响

将拟南芥种子点种于添加有不同浓度CdCl2的培养基中处理2周,移苗时CdCl2的胁迫即解除。低浓度CdCl2促进拟南芥种子的萌发。CdCl2为0．5mg·L^-1时萌发率最高（为97．21％）。随着CdCl2浓度的继续增加,种子萌发率即逐渐下降。幼苗期和抽薹期分别提取叶DNA,采用甲基敏感扩增多态性（MSAP）技术分析其基因组DNA甲基化的结果显示,总的来说,随着CdCl2浓度的增加,甲基化程度增高。