大泷六线鱼仔稚鱼头部骨骼发育观察

采用软骨-硬骨双染色方法,对大泷六线鱼仔稚鱼头部骨骼的发育过程进行详细观察与分析.结果显示:大泷六线鱼初孵仔鱼头部已存在迈克尔氏软骨、腭方骨、舌棒骨和第一基舌软骨等骨骼元件;当仔鱼4 DPH时,第二基鳃软骨出现在第一基鳃软骨后端,缘带向后延伸,且软骨桥出现,将头盖骨分为前卤和后卤;9 DPH时,3对鳃下骨,第五对角腮骨...     

CELL KINETICS OF GROWTH CARTILAGE IN THE RAT TIBIA II. MEASUREMENTS DURING AGEING

A number of cell kinetic techniques using labelled thymidine and autoradiography have been applied to study growth cartilage in the rat tibia during ageing. No change in the duration of the synthesis phase was found from 4 to 13 weeks of age but there was a reduction in cell proliferation rate during this period. Measurements of labelling index, proliferation zone size and height of hypertrophic cells were used to calculate the growth rate of the bone from 7 days to 1 year. The results agreed well with radiographic measurements of bone growth.     

Proliferation controls in a linear growth system: theoretical studies of cell division in the cartilage growth plate

The columnar arrangement of dividing cells in the epiphyseal cartilage plates of growing bones provides a model of a linear proliferation system. One factor which determines the rate of cell production, and hence the rate of growth, is the size of the proliferating population. In this one dimensional system this size is equal to the length of the proliferation zone. Two possible mechanisms for a differentiation control that sets a limit to the length of this zone have been tested in computer simulations. While a diffusion gradient control is consistent with cell kinetic measurements a division limit based on an inheritable growth substance is shown to require further development before the model fits experimental data.Cell division in the columns produces linear clones of cells. If the final length of a bone is set by a limit on the number of divisions that the cartilage stem cells can make, then the number of cells per clone is crucial in determining overall bone growth. The parameters that affect linear clone size have been investigated in computer simulations. Clone size depends largely on the relative division rate of stem cells to proliferation zone cells — but the data on stem cell division rates are generally unreliable.The analysis could be applied to other linear proliferating systems.     

狗骨髓长期培养的贴壁层细胞及条件培养液对粒系祖细胞的影响

本文报告狗骨髓长期培养的初步研究结果。采用马血清与狗血清混合加入培养体系中,可建立起比较稳定的贴壁细胞层,可以维持19周以上。但是,这种贴壁层不能有效地维持造血干细胞的增殖与分化,上清液中血细胞与GM-CFU_C的数目,在第二次接种骨髓后2—3周即迅速下降。狗骨髓培养的条件液中存在着抑制GM-CFU_C生长的物质,但它对小鼠骨髓GM-CFU_C和CFU-S无影响。如以贴壁细胞作为底层,用双层琼脂平皿培养法与正常狗骨髓共同培养,发现贴壁细胞不仅没有抑制反而有加强CSF刺激GM-CFU_C生长的作用。因此对狗骨髓长期培养体系不能长期支持造血干细胞生长和繁殖的可能原因尚须作进一步探索。     

A growth mixture theory for cartilage with application to growth-related experiments on cartilage explants

In this paper, we present a growth mixture model for cartilage. The main features of this model are illustrated in a simple equilibrium boundary-value problem that is chosen to illustrate how a mechanical theory of cartilage growth may be applied to growth-related experiments on cartilage explants. The cartilage growth mixture model describes the independent growth of the proteoglycan and collagen constituents due to volumetric mass deposition, which leads to the remodeling of the composition and the mechanical properties of the solid matrix. The model developed here also describes how the material constants of the collagen constituent depend on a scalar parameter that may change over time (e.g., crosslink density); this leads to a remodeling of the structural and mechanical properties of the collagen constituent. The equilibrium boundary-value problem that describes the changes observed in cartilage explants harvested at different stages of a growth or a degenerative process is formulated. This boundary-value problem is solved using existing experimental data for developing bovine cartilage explants harvested at three developmental stages. The solution of the boundary-value problem in conjunction with existing experimental data suggest the types of experimental studies that need to be conducted in the future to determine model parameters and to further refine the model.     

The epiphyseal cartilage and growth of long bones in Rana catesbeiana.

The structure of the epiphyseal cartilage of the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana and its role in the growth of long bones were examined. The epiphyseal cartilage was inserted into the end of a tubular bone shaft, defining three regions: articular cartilage, lateral articular cartilage and growth cartilage. Joining the lateral cartilage to the bone was a fibrous layer of periosteum, rich in blood vessels. Osteoblasts with alkaline phosphatase activity were found on the surface of the periosteal bone, which presented a fibrous non-mineralised tip. The growth cartilage was inside the bone. The proliferative chondrocytes presented perpendicular separation of daughter cells and there was no columnar arrangement of the cells. Furthermore, chondrocyte hypertrophy was not associated with either calcification or endochondral ossification, in apparent contrast to the avian and mammalian models. Finally, there was no reinforcement system capable of directing cell volume increase into longitudinal growth. Since bone extension depends on the intramembranous ossification of the periosteum, the growth cartilage is inside and not at the end of the bone and the cells in the growth cartilage show no columnar arrangement and separate in a direction perpendicular to the long bone axis, we conclude that the growth cartilage mainly contributes to the radial expansion of the bone.     

The turnover of mineralized growth plate cartilage into bone may be regulated by osteocytes

During endochondral ossification, growth plate cartilage is replaced with bone. Mineralized cartilage matrix is resorbed by osteoclasts, and new bone tissue is formed by osteoblasts. As mineralized cartilage does not contain any cells, it is unclear how this process is regulated. We hypothesize that, in analogy with bone remodeling, osteoclast and osteoblast activity are regulated by osteocytes, in response to mechanical loading. Since the cartilage does not contain osteocytes, this means that cartilage turnover during endochondral ossification would be regulated by the adjacent bone tissue. We investigated this hypothesis with an established computational bone adaptation model. In this model, osteocytes stimulate osteoblastic bone formation in response to the mechanical bone tissue loading. Osteoclasts resorb bone near randomly occurring microcracks that are assumed to block osteocyte signals. We used finite element modeling to evaluate our hypothesis in a 2D-domain representing part of the growth plate and adjacent bone. Cartilage was added at a constant physiological rate to simulate growth. Simulations showed that osteocyte signals from neighboring bone were sufficient for successful cartilage turnover, since equilibrium between cartilage remodeling and growth was obtained. Furthermore, there was good agreement between simulated bone structures and rat tibia histology, and the development of the trabecular architecture resembled that of infant long bones. Additionally, prohibiting osteoclast invasion resulted in thickened mineralized cartilage, similar to observations in a knock-out mouse model. We therefore conclude that it is well possible that osteocytes regulate the turnover of mineralized growth plate cartilage.     

Regional Variations in Growth Plate Chondrocyte Deformation as Predicted By Three-Dimensional Multi-Scale Simulations

The physis, or growth plate, is a complex disc-shaped cartilage structure that is responsible for longitudinal bone growth. In this study, a multi-scale computational approach was undertaken to better understand how physiological loads are experienced by chondrocytes embedded inside chondrons when subjected to moderate strain under instantaneous compressive loading of the growth plate. Models of representative samples of compressed bone/growth-plate/bone from a 0.67 mm thick 4-month old bovine proximal tibial physis were subjected to a prescribed displacement equal to 20% of the growth plate thickness. At the macroscale level, the applied compressive deformation resulted in an overall compressive strain across the proliferative-hypertrophic zone of 17%. The microscale model predicted that chondrocytes sustained compressive height strains of 12% and 6% in the proliferative and hypertrophic zones, respectively, in the interior regions of the plate. This pattern was reversed within the outer 300 μm region at the free surface where cells were compressed by 10% in the proliferative and 26% in the hypertrophic zones, in agreement with experimental observations. This work provides a new approach to study growth plate behavior under compression and illustrates the need for combining computational and experimental methods to better understand the chondrocyte mechanics in the growth plate cartilage. While the current model is relevant to fast dynamic events, such as heel strike in walking, we believe this approach provides new insight into the mechanical factors that regulate bone growth at the cell level and provides a basis for developing models to help interpret experimental results at varying time scales.     

THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN MUSTARD ON THE HAEMOPOIETIC STEM CELLS OF THE BONE MARROW IN THE RAT

The sensitivity of haemopoietic stem cells to the action of nitrogen mustard has been investigated by transfusion of bone marrow from treated donor rats to recipients whose own haemopoiesis had been reduced to low levels by whole body X-irradiation. By measurement of the resultant erythropoiesis in the recipients with radioactive iron, a comparison of the repopulating ability of nitrogen mustard treated bone marrow with that of normal bone marrow could be made. It was found that although a dose of 0.9 mg/kg body weight reduces bone marrow cellularity to less than 10% of normal, repopulating ability is not decreased to much less than half the normal level. This is in contrast to the effects of X-radiation, which has a more marked effect on the stem cell population than on the differentiated marrow cells. Possible reasons for this difference are discussed. It could be that the proliferative or metabolic state of the cell plays a role, or that some repair mechanism is operative in the stem cells which does not exist in the differentiated cells.     

刈割频度对普通野生稻实验种群的影响

本文通过考察普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon)实验种群对不同频度刈割的反应,揭示刈割对该种群的密度、株高、生物量、单枝生物量和有性生殖份额等有明显的抑制作用,对累积株高增长和光合系统份额则有一定的促进作用。刈割频度越大,作用越大。但对后两者的促进是以消耗地下部分的物质和能量为前提的,超过一定频度的刈割不仅可使其有性生殖份额降至零,还可导致种群消亡。提示过频破坏普遍野生稻地上部分是该种部分种群发生地方性绝灭的重要原因之一。     

Inhibition of induced endochondral bone development in caffeine-treated rats

We have addressed questions raised by the observation in fetal rats of delayed ossification induced by caffeine at maternal doses above 80 mg/kg body weight per day. The effect of caffeine on endochondral bone development and mineralization has been studied in an experimental model system of bone formation which involves implantation of demineralized bone particles (DBP) in subcutaneous pockets of young growing rats. Caffeine's effects on cellular events associated with endochondral ossification were examined directly by quantitating cellular mRNA levels of chondrocyte and osteoblast growth and differentiation markers in DBP implants from caffeine-treated rats harvested at specific stages of development (day 7 through day 15). Oral caffeine administration to rats implanted with DBP resulted in a dose dependent inhibition of the formation of cartilage tissue in the implants. Histologic examination of the implants revealed a decrease in the number of cells which were transformed to chondrocytes compared to control implants. Those cartilaginous areas that did form, however, proceeded through the normal sequelae of calcified cartilage and bone formation. At the 100 mg/kg dose, cellular levels of mRNA for histone, collagen type II, and TGFβ were all reduced by greater than 40% of control implants consistent with the histological findings. Alkaline phosphatase activity in the implants and mRNA levels for proteins reflecting the hypertrophic chondrocyte and bone phenotype, collagen type I and osteocalcin were markedly decreased compared to controls. Lower doses of 50 and 12.5 mg/kg caffeine also resulted in decreased cellular proliferation and transformation to cartilage histologically and reflected by significant inhibition of type II collagen mRNA levels (day 7). The effects of caffeine on gene expression observed in vivo during the period of bone formation (day 11 to day 15) in the DBP model were similar to the inhibited expression of H4, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and osteopontin found in fetal rat calvarial derived osteoblast cultures following 24 hour exposure of the cultures to 0.4 mM caffeine. Thus the observed delayed mineralization in the fetal skeleton associated with caffeine appears to be related to an inhibition of endochondral bone formation at the early stages of proliferation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells to cartilage specific cells as well as at later stages of bone formation.     

基于遥感信息的作物模型重新初始化/参数化方法研究初探

作物模型与遥感信息的结合有助于利用遥感监测的大范围植被信息解决作物模型区域应用时模型初始状态和参数值难以确定的问题。该文借助叶面积指数(LAI)将经过华北冬小麦(Triticum aestivium)适应性调整的WOFOST模型与经参数调整检验的SAIL-PROSPECT模型相嵌套,利用嵌套模型模拟作物冠层的土壤调整植被指数(SAVI),在代表点上借助FSEOPT优化程序使模拟SAVI_s与MODIS遥感数据合成SAVI_m的差异达到最小,从而对WOFOST模型重新初始化。结果表明,借助于遥感信息,出苗期的重新初始化使模拟成熟期与按实际出苗期模拟的结果相差在2天以内,模拟的LAI和总干重的误差比按实际出苗期模拟结果的误差降低3~8个百分点;返青期生物量的重新初始化使模拟LAI和地上总干重在关键发育时刻的误差降至16%以内,模拟LAI和贮存器官重在整个生育期内都更加接近实测值;对返青期生物量的动态调整显示返青到抽穗期间较少次数的遥感数据即能有效地提高作物模型的模拟效果。与国外同类研究相比,该文在作物模型本地化、重新初始化变量和优化比较对象的选择上都有所不同,而利用遥感数据动态调整作物模型初始状态或参数值更具有新意。该文对区域尺度上利用遥感信息优化作物模型的研究具有基础性、探讨性意义。     

Impact orientation can significantly affect the outcome of a blunt impact to the rabbit patellofemoral joint

This laboratory has developed a subfracture, joint trauma model in rabbits. Using a dropped impact mass directed onto a slightly abducted joint, chronic softening of retropatellar cartilage and thickening of underlying subchondral bone are documented in studies to 1 year post-insult. It has been hypothesized that these tissue changes are initiated by stresses developed during impact loading. A previous analytical study by this laboratory suggests that tensile strains in retropatellar cartilage can be significantly lowered, without significantly changing the intensity of stresses in the underlying subchondral bone, by reorientation of patellar impact more centrally on the joint. In the current study comparative experiments were performed on groups of animals after either an impact directed on the slightly abducted limb or a more central impact. One-year post-trauma in animals subjected to the central-oriented impact no degradation of the shear modulus for the retropatellar cartilage was documented, but the thickness of the underlying subchondral bone was significantly increased. In contrast, alterations in cartilage and underlying bone following impact on the slightly abducted limb were consistent with previous studies. The current experimental investigation showed the sensitivity of post-trauma alterations in joint tissues to slight changes in the orientation of impact load on the joint. Interestingly, for this trauma model thickening of the underlying subchondral plate occurred without mechanical degradation of the overlying articular cartilage. This supports the current laboratory hypothesis that alterations in the subchondral bone and overlying cartilage occur independently in this animal model.     

中国鲨类脑颅的研究

本文解剖观察了我国有代表性的鲨类脑颅共32种,分隶于8目14科24属。研究结果认为鲨类的脑颅共可分为9个式型和12个亚型。现存虎鲨目、须鲨目的鲸鲨科和扁鲨目吻软骨缺如,六鳃鲨目、须鲨目、角鲨目和锯鲨目均具一吻软骨,它们是一些古老和一些特化的类群。现存大多数种类均具3根吻软骨。在各不同分类阶元常有其不同的形态特征,可作为分类依据之一,亦可显示其亲缘关系。     

土壤水分与冬小麦根、冠功能均衡关系的模拟研究

利用已建立并经充分验证过的根,冠系统模拟模型,研究了不同土壤水分条件下根、冠之间消长关系,给出了不同１ｍ土体贮水量波动情况下根冠比动态变化模拟结果,并提供了有关试验数据作为佐证,其中有些结论为常规试验不易得到的全新认识,有些结果支持并证实了以往有关结论,均为水分对作物生长实施调控提供了重要依据。     

The fate of mechanically induced cartilage in an unloaded environment.

According to mechanobiologic theories, persistent intermittent mechanical stimulation is required to maintain differentiated cartilage. In a rat model for bone repair, we studied the fate of mechanically induced cartilage after unloading. In three groups of rats, regenerating mesenchymal tissue was submitted to different loading conditions in bone chambers. Two groups were immediately killed after loading periods of 3 or 6 weeks (the 3-group and the 6-group). The third group was loaded for 3 weeks and then kept unloaded for another 3 weeks (the (3 + 3)-group). Cartilage was found in all loaded groups. Without loading, cartilage does not appear in this model. In the 3-group there was no clear ongoing endochondral ossification, the 6-group showed ossification in 2 out of 5 cartilage containing specimens, and in the (3 + 3)-group all cartilage was undergoing ossification. These results suggest a tendency of the cartilage to be maintained also under unloaded conditions until it is reached by bone that can replace it through endochondral ossification.Additional measurements showed less amount of new bone in the loaded specimens. In most of the loaded specimens in the 3-group, necrotic bone fragments were seen embedded in the fibrous tissue layer close to the loading piston, indicating that bone tissue had been resorbed due to the hydrostatic compressive load. In some specimens, a continuous cartilage layer covered the end of the specimen and seemed to protect the underlying bone from pressure-induced resorption. We suggest that one of the functions of the cartilage forming in the compressive loaded parts of a bone callus is to protect the surrounding bone callus from pressure-induced fluid flow leading to resorption.     

记一新的无颌类化石兼论多鳃鱼类的分类地位

本文记述了云南宜良早泥盆世一新的无颌类化石,高棘四营鱼,新属、新种 (Siyingiu altuspinosa gen.et sp.nov)。在讨论中主要涉及鼻垂体凹的构造和多鳃鱼类的分类地位。笔者认为,多鳃鱼类和盔甲鱼类的鼻垂体孔位于鼻垂体凹的软骨成分中,它没有吸水的功能,只具感觉的功能。多鳃鱼目不应置于鳍甲鱼纲,而应放在头甲鱼纲的盔甲鱼亚纲中。在盔甲鱼亚纲中,南盘鱼不是接近于盔甲鱼目而是接近于多鳃鱼目。