基于分形网络演化算法和混合光谱分解的兰州市中心城区热岛的时空格局

利用1993年、2001年和2011年的Landsat TM/ETM+热红外遥感影像反演兰州市中心城区地表真实温度,采用面向对象的分形网络演化算法对地温图进行分割,获取热场基元,通过G*指数的空间聚集分析提取热岛范围,在景观级别上选取景观指数,从数量、形状和结构3个方面表征城市热岛空间格局变化,借助混合像元分解技术提取不透水面和植被盖度,探讨城市不透水面和绿地格局与城市热岛的相关性.结果表明:近20年来,兰州中心城区热岛效应大大增强,热岛比例指数提高了1.4倍,城市扩展和热岛增强具有时空一致性;热岛景观斑块数量和密度增加,形状指数和分离度增大,景观趋于破碎化,空间连接性降低;热岛景观等级以低温度等级斑块类型向高温度等级斑块类型转换为主;地表温度与植被盖度呈较显著线性负相关,与不透水面比例呈显著对数正相关.     

城市扩张过程中不透水面空间格局演变及其对地表温度的影响——以乌鲁木齐市为例

伴随着城市热岛问题的日益显现,关于不透水面与地表温度的关系研究成为热点。在遥感技术的支持下,以乌鲁木齐市主城区为研究对象,从不透水面出发,分别对不透水面类型、变化强度进行研究,探讨不透水面的时空变化特征。引入景观生态学理论,分析不透水面景观类型的空间格局及规律。以反演的地表温度为基础,分析了不透水面相关变量与地表温度的关系。结论如下:(1)研究区不透水面指数主要集中在0.3—0.7之间,占总面积的90%以上;(2) 2000年以来,15.89%的区域不透水面指数连年下降,分布在主城区,20.07%的区域不透水面指数连年上升,分布在城市的郊区,增长区域的幅度主要集中在10%以下;(3)不透水面的景观类型多样性减弱,以中、高覆盖区为主,其中高覆盖区的聚集指数最高,高达87.71,不透水面类型斑块形状由复杂向规则化推移;(4)研究区地表温度,增温明显,2000年地表温度均值25.94℃,2016年地表温度的平均值高达35.51℃;(5)不透水面对地表温度影响,存在阶段性、正负相关的交替性特征,整体表现为"M"形状;(6)不透水面类型面积百分比、不透水面类型景观指数对地表温度的影响相对复杂、差异明显,不能从单一的不透水面覆盖分析对地表温度的影响。     

城市不透水面与相关城市生态要素关系的定量分析

城市空间的快速扩展已使得原来以植被为主的自然景观逐渐被人工不透水建筑物所取代,并对区域乃至全球的生态系统造成了明显的影响.因此,准确了解城市不透水面及其与植被、水体、城市热环境的相关关系对于城市的科学规划和城市生态系统的修复具有重要的意义.以福州市为例,采用遥感空间信息技术,获得了城市不透水面、地表温度、植被和水体的信息,并对它们的关系进行了定量分析.发现了城市不透水面与地表温度之间的关系并不是一种简单的线性关系,而是一种很显著的指数函数关系,说明高不透水面比例地区的升温效应要明显高于低不透水面比例地区.多元统计分析表明不透水面是引发城市热岛的最重要因子.     

北京、天津和石家庄城市地表覆盖组分与结构特征对地表温度的影响

城市地表覆盖组分与结构特征直接影响城市地表温度和热岛强度,已成为当前城市规划与城市生态学研究的热点之一。本文以北京、天津和石家庄为研究区域,基于Landsat-8 OLI/TIRS遥感影像提取城市地表覆盖,反演城市地表温度,利用城乡梯度分析、多尺度分析及景观格局指数等方法,分析了城市地表覆盖组分与结构特征对地表温度的影响。结果表明:北京、天津和石家庄不透水地表面积分别为1103.86、610.33和326.75 km2,但北京市不透水地表比例最低,为46.70%;城市内裸土的地表温度最高,其次为不透水地表和植被,水体最低;沿城乡梯度方向上,地表温度与不透水地表比例呈显著正相关,与植被比例呈显著负相关,植被覆盖比例每上升10%,地表温度下降0.4～0.6℃;随着空间分析尺度的增大,城市不透水地表和植被比例与地表温度的相关系数呈现先增大后稳定的变化趋势;城市不透水地表、植被的斑块大小、形状以及聚集度对地表温度具有显著影响,聚集度的影响最大。城市绿地在城市热岛调节中发挥着重要作用,建议在城市中合理规划城市不透水地表与植被绿地比例和空间布局,提升城市生态系统服务和人居环境质量。     

城市地表热力景观格局时空演变——以长春市为例

城市热环境问题是城市气候和区域气候研究中的热点,其对城市空气质量和公共健康等有着深远影响,严重威胁城市的可持续发展。以长春市为例,基于3期Landsat ETM+影像数据(2006、2010和2014),应用覃志豪单窗算法和线性光谱混合模型获取长春市区夏季地表温度、长春市不透水面盖度和植被覆盖率,构建热力景观动态度指数,分析了2006—2014年长春市热力景观格局的时空变化特征,并探讨地表温度与不透水面盖度和植被覆盖率的关系。结果表明:研究区城市热环境整体呈恶化趋势,地表平均温度年均增长0.15℃;热力景观整体变化更为剧烈,2006—2010年热力景观综合动态度为45.39%,2010—2014年热力景观综合动态度为52.64%;城市地表高温等级热力斑块面积和数量都增大,并向郊区扩张,热力景观整体呈现破碎化;低温等级为长春市变化最为剧烈的地表温度等级,城市地表热力性质复杂化。此外,统计分析表明:长春市的不透水面每增加1%,地表温度上升0.06—0.07℃;植被覆盖率每增加1%,地表温度下降0.07—0.08℃,植被对地表温度的影响力大于不透水面。     

气溶胶光学厚度和不透水地表覆盖度对城市热岛强度的影响——以关中地区为例

城市热岛效应（UHI）是人们最为关注的城市生态环境热点问题之一,城市热岛及其影响因子的研究对生态城市建设具有重要意义。利用城市热岛足迹（UHI FP）、局部G^*指数、Pearson相关系数以及气溶胶定量归因分析法研究了气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）和不透水地表覆盖度（ISP）对城市热岛的影响。研究结果表明：在2000-2018年间,关中地区西安及咸阳（西咸）城区的白天/夜晚城市热岛足迹均有显著增加,城市热岛效应逐年增强。西咸白天/夜晚城市热岛足迹范围比宝鸡市大,城市热岛现象更为明显。西咸城区夜晚热岛足迹范围内被地表温度（LST）高值所占据,夜晚城市热岛效应比白天更明显。宝鸡市虽然热岛足迹范围增减幅度不大,但足迹内白天/夜晚LST次热区面积逐渐增大,城市热岛效应日趋增强。西咸、宝鸡市城区的夜晚城市热岛强度（ΔT）与不透水地表覆盖度呈显著正相关关系,与城乡气溶胶光学厚度之差（ΔAOD）呈明显负相关性。西咸城乡ΔAOD为负,对城市热岛强度的平均贡献度为（0.41±0.14）℃;宝鸡市城乡ΔAOD为正,其平均贡献度为（-0.26±0.25）℃。综上所述,城市不透水地表面积的扩张会使城市热岛效应进一步加剧,西咸与宝鸡市城区气溶胶浓度的增加会抑制城市热岛的形成,但综合其他因子的影响作用,西咸与宝鸡市城市热岛强度仍在逐年增加。     

基于MODIS数据的重庆市城市热岛效应时空分析

随着全球城市化的加速发展,城市热岛现象愈发突出。在重庆市城市化进程中遭遇特大高温灾害的背景下,基于MODIS数据和气象数据,得到重庆市热场强度和强度指数时间序列数据。采用定性和定量分析手段,分析重庆市城市热岛效应的时空变化特征,揭示地表温度与下垫面之间的关系。结果表明:重庆市1951—2016年的年平均气温呈显著上升趋势(P0.01);重庆市主城区2001—2016年城市热岛面积和强度呈显著增大趋势;城市热岛与环境要素关系密切,归一化植被指数与地表温度呈显著负相关,这说明植被对热场具有调节作用,地表温度与平均气温呈正相关,说明地表对大气具有加热的作用;城市用地、水体、裸地或无植被区域的平均地表温度高于其他下垫面。本研究结果可为重庆市城市规划和生态城市建设提供依据。     

城市热岛“源-汇”景观识别及降温效率

快速城市化背景下,不同景观降温效率的差异是深入理解景观格局对城市热岛效应影响机理的基础。现有城市热岛研究多以土地利用或土地覆被替代热岛效应的源与汇,往往忽略景观的热特征与相邻景观的热关系,造成信息偏差。需要从景观热特征的视角,探讨面向城市热岛效应的景观分类方法,并分析不同特征景观的降温效率差异。基于"源-汇"景观理论,以深圳市西部为研究区,构建面向城市热岛的景观分类方法,通过2010年TM遥感影像提取NDVI、NDMI及ISA等地表特征及地表温度特性,叠加划分16类城市景观,分析不同地表特征的景观等距离梯度下的温度变化关系,识别城市热岛的"源-汇"景观。在此基础上,分析"源-汇"景观的结构特征,构建以面积和温度为影响因素的景观降温效率指数,结合景观格局指数,分析不同面积与形状的"汇"景观降温效率。结果表明,在16类景观中,5类景观被识别为城市热岛汇景观,面积约533 km²,占研究区总面积的45.5%。降温效率结果表明,"汇"景观的降温效率为1.54,其中绿色空间及阴影景观的降温效率贡献率较高。通过面积与形状的景观格局分析发现,降温效果随两个指数的增加,均呈先升后...     

基于城市地表参数变化的城市热岛效应分析

以不透水面、植被、水体为代表的地表参数的变化决定了城市的热环境质量.针对福州从一个非"火炉"城市一跃成为中国新三大"火炉"之首,对福州市1976-2006年间的地表参数变化及其对城市热环境的影响进行研究.通过Landsat卫星影像反演了福州市1976、1986、1996、2006年的不透水面、植被、水体、地面温度等主要地表参数,并对其进行空间叠加分析和相关关系的定量分析.研究发现:不透水面对地面温度的影响可接近或超过植被和水体之和,查明了福州城市主要地表参数在这30a里发生的变化及其对城市热环境的影响.总的看来,城市地表不透水面斑块的增加和集聚、植被和水体面积的减少和破碎,以及通风不畅,是造成福州成为"火炉"城市的主要因素.     

城市热岛的生态环境效应

城市热岛效应(Urbanheatislandeffect,简称UHI)是一种由于城市建筑及人类活动导致热量在城区空间范围内聚集的现象,是城市气候最显著的特征之一。热岛引起地表温度的提高,必将强烈地影响着城市生态系统的物流、能流,改变城市生态系统结构和功能,产生一系列生态环境效应,影响着城市气候、城市水文、城市土壤理化性质、城市大气环境、城市生物习性、城市物质循环、城市能量代谢以及城市居民健康等。提高能量利用效率、优化城市格局、建设绿色屋顶、采用高反射率地表材料以及增加城市绿地均可有效地控制城市热岛效应。利用遥感手段和数值模型技术,开展多尺度的城市热岛生态环境效应研究,为改善城市生态环境、实现城市可持续发展提供理论依据。     

Induced thermotolerance under nonisothermal treatments of a heat sensitive and a resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus in media of different pH

AIMS: The aim was to assess the induced thermotolerance under nonisothermal treatments of two strains of Staphylococcus aureus in media of different pH. METHODS AND RESULTS: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 was more heat resistant than S. aureus ATCC 13565 at any pH investigated under isothermal conditions. At pH 7.4, the D58 value of the resistant strain was approx. 30 times greater. Both strains showed a higher heat resistance at pH 4.0 than at pH 7.4. In contrast, under nonisothermal treatments (0.5-2 degrees C min(-1)), both strains were more heat resistant when treated at pH 7.4 than at pH 4.0 due to heat adaptation at the higher pH. At the slowest heating up rate tested at pH 7.4, the initially heat-sensitive strain nearly reached the thermotolerance of the heat-resistant strain. CONCLUSIONS: The induced thermotolerance under nonisothermal treatments depended on the treatment medium pH and the microbial strain tested. The induced thermotolerance in a sensitive strain can be greater than in a heat-resistant strain, showing similar resistance under nonisothermal conditions. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This work shows data of interest about mechanisms of microbial resistance and adaptation to heat. Moreover, it contributes to the development of more adequate combined processes for food preservation.     

Day-night variation of thermoregulatory responses to intraperitoneal electric heating in rats

1. 1.Hypothalamic temperature (T_hy), nonevaporative heat loss (R + C + K), evaporative heat loss (E), thermal conductance (k), metabolic heat production (M) and heat storage (S) of rats were simultaneously measured by direct and indirect calorimetry during internal heat loading (2 W per rat) with an intraperitoneal electric heater.

2. 2.The tests were made twice a day; once during the day (1000–1200 h) and once at night (2200–2400 h) at an ambient temperature of 24°C.

3. 3.The resting values of T_hy, colonic temperature, (R + C + K), E, M and heart rate, and the T_hy threshold for tail skin vasodilation (T_th) during internal heat load were significantly higher at night than during the day.

4. 4.The slopes showing the relationshiop between (R + C + K), k or M and T_hy were significantly steeper during the day than at night after T_hy exceeded T_th.

5. 5.The slopes showing the relationship between E or S and T_hy were not different during the day and at night.

6. 6.These results indicate that the responses of nonevaporative heat loss and heat production to internal heat load vary with the time of day in rats.

Thermotolerance in Fungi: The Role of Heat Shock Proteins and Trehalose

The parallel synthesis of heat shock proteins and trehalose in response to heat shock did not allow the role of these compounds in the acquisition of thermotolerance by fungal cells to be established for a long time. This review analyses experimental data obtained with the use of mutant fungal strains and shows differences in the thermoprotective functions of trehalose and heat shock proteins in relation to cell membranes and macromolecules. The main emphasis has been placed on data demonstrating the thermoprotective role of trehalose in fungi, the present-day understanding of its biological functions, and mechanisms of trehalose interaction with subcellular structures and cell macromolecules.__________Translated from Mikrobiologiya, Vol. 74, No. 3, 2005, pp. 293–304. p ]Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Tereshina.     

Small heat shock proteins and adaptation of various Drosophila species to hyperthermia

The dynamics and the level of accumulation of small heat shock proteins (sHSP group 21–27) after a heat exposure were studied in three Drosophila species differing in thermotolerance. The southern species Drosophila virilis, having the highest thermotolerance, surpassed thermosensitive D. lummei and D. melanogaster in the level of sHSPs throughout the temperature range tested. The results suggest an important role of sHSPs in the molecular mechanisms of adaptation to adverse environmental conditions, particularly to hyperthermia.     

A Review of Thermotherapy to Free Plant Materials from Pathogens,Especially Seeds from Bacteria

Treating planting materials with heat is a one-century-old method of disease control that has proved to be efficient against various pathogenic microorganisms. Thermotherapy, simple in principle, consists in heat treatment of plant parts at temperature/time regimes that kill the conserved pathogen and that are only slightly injurious to the host. Heat is applied mainly by water, air, or vapor.

A large variety of plant parts can be heat treated: Whole tree, scions, vitroplants, seedlings, stalks, cuttings, sprouts, cut flowers, seeds, bulbs, tubers, corms, or fruit and vegetables in storage. The target pathogenic microorganisms are mainly fungi, viruses, and bacteria. Many studies show the success of reducing diseases by heat. Thermotherapy also is the main means, associated with meristem and tip culture, of producing virus-free explants from infected mother-plants.

Most bacterial diseases of annual plants are seed-borne. Seed-transmission provides numerous foci of primary infection in the field and only a relatively small amount of infested seeds is sufficient to promote serious disease outbreaks. To disinfect seeds, authors mainly use hot water and hot air treatments. Satisfactory control has been obtained for several bacterial diseases (on tomato, tobacco, rice, barley, cucumber, Crucifers, pumpkin, guar, and cotton), mostly caused by the genera Xanthomonas and Pseudomonas. Thermotherapy is more difficult to use with large seeds of legumes, such as pea, bean, or soybean, because a significant decrease of germination is often obtained before the bacteria have been totally killed. The success of thermotherapy may be improved by combination with chemicals at the seed stage, by sprays during plant growth, or by replacing water with nonaqueous fluids.

When no efficient chemicals are known to control a disease, treating seeds by heat may be of great interest. However, the method requires studies to determine the most appropriate kind of heat for a particular plant part, and the optimal combination of time and temperature of exposure to use for the best efficiency with the least damage to the host.     

橄榄星孢小单孢菌M—41孢子的耐热性和热活化效应的初步研究

温度在50℃－80℃时,于20min内,对由新鲜斜面制备的橄榄星孢小单孢菌M－41的孢子悬浮液做耐热试验,结果表明,温度低于60℃时,对该菌株的孢子生长培养无影响,如超过此温度,则存活孢子数量减少。与此同时,研究了孢子的热处理效应,发现经4℃贮存1个月后的菌株斜面的孢子,在平板培养中可形成的菌落数仅为原孢子总数的1／10,此时大部分斜面孢子处于休眠状态,但当这孢子在50℃经15min和60℃经5min加热处理后,在平板上可形成的菌落数则分别增加6倍、4倍,表明这些处于活的非可培养状态的休眠孢子,可应用热活化处理去激活孢子发芽生长。     

Isolation of yeasts from palm tissues damaged by the red palm weevil and their possible effect on the weevil overwintering

Rhynchophorus ferrugineus is a tropical pest of palms that has recently invaded Japan, where winter temperatures fall below 0°C. Because activities of the weevil at temperatures <13°C are extremely limited, it appears difficult for them to overwinter in Japan. However, the temperature of palm tissues damaged by this weevil has been observed to be higher than air temperature. Here, we looked for the cause of this temperature increase. First, we measured the temperature of damaged palm tissues and showed it to be between 30°C and 40°C, even in winter. Next, we isolated yeasts from the body of weevils and infested palm tissues and obtained 36 yeast strains, mostly Candida tropicalis and C. ethanolica. Then, we analyzed the soluble sugar composition in palm tissues and found that it included glucose, sucrose, and fructose. Because at least C. tropicalis can ferment some of these sugars, the temperature increase may be attributed to fermentation of microbes, including yeasts.