Pertussis toxin enhances the beta-adrenergic and blocks the alpha 2-adrenergic regulation of renin secretion in renal cortical slices

The adrenergic regulation of renin secretion was studied in renal cortical slices from control and pertussis toxin-treated rats. Pertussis toxin was used to study the role of adenylate cyclase in the control of renin release. It was observed that isoproterenol and epinephrine stimulated renin secretion and that clonidine decreased both basal and isoproterenol-stimulated renin secretion in the control group. Pertussis toxin: a) increased significantly basal renin secretion, b) displaced to the left the concentration-response curve for isoproterenol and epinephrine and magnified the response to epinephrine and c) abolished the inhibitory effect of clonidine on renin secretion. This work confirms our previous results obtained in vivo and suggests a direct effect of pertussis toxin on the cells that secrete renin.     

Effect of pertussis toxin on hormonal responsiveness of rat hepatocytes

The ureogenic action of epinephrine in hepatocytes from normal adult rats is mediated through activation of alpha 1-adrenoceptors. beta-Adrenoceptors in addition to alpha 1-adrenoceptors, became involved in mediating this effect in cells from animals treated with pertussis toxin. The accumulation of cyclic-AMP in response to epinephrine or isoproterenol was markedly increased in hepatocytes from pertussis-treated rats as compared to that observed in control cells. The accumulation of cyclic-AMP due to glucagon was also increased. It is suggested that pertussis toxin may release a constraint on adenylate cyclase activity by blocking the inhibitory coupling mechanism (Ni) or some other entity involved in the regulation of the activity of this enzyme.     

Effect of pertussis toxin on the heart muscarinic-cholinergic receptors and their function

Administration of pertussis toxin to rats induced a significant increase in heart rate that was evident as soon as 24 hours after the administration of the toxin and that persisted for at least 15 days. Electrical stimulation of the vagus decreased dramatically the heart rate of control animals but was unable to do it so in rats treated with pertussis toxin. In cardiac membranes muscarinic agonists decreased adenylate cyclase activity (approximately equal to 20-25%); no effect was observed in membranes obtained from toxin-treated animals. Agonist displacement of antagonist binding [( 3H] Quinuclidinyl benzilate) indicated that treatment with pertussis toxin decreased the proportion of receptors in the high affinity state for agonists. All these data suggest that blockade of the parasympathetic tone plays a key role in the induction of tachycardia by pertussis toxin.     

Pertussis toxin stimulates cholecystokinin-induced cyclic AMP formation but is without effect on secretagogue-induced calcium mobilization in exocrine pancreas

The role of a pertussis toxin sensitive GTP-binding protein in mediating between cholecystokinin receptors and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase as well as in preventing cholecystokinin from increasing cellular cyclic AMP has been investigated using dispersed acini from rabbit pancreas. Pertussis toxin pretreatment (500 ng/ml, 2 h) did not affect cholecystokinin(octapeptide) (CCK-8)-induced increases in cytosolic free Ca2+ as judged from changes in fluorescence obtained from quin2-loaded acini. Although pretreatment with pertussis toxin was also without effect on resting acinar cell cyclic AMP levels, adenylate cyclase activity was increased, since inhibition of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity by isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) resulted in an additional increase in cyclic AMP levels in toxin-treated acini, indicating that acinar cell adenylate cyclase activity is under some tonic inhibitory control by the pertussis toxin-sensitive inhibitory GTP-binding protein (Gi) of the adenylate cyclase system. CCK-8 gave an increase in cyclic AMP levels in both control (1.6-fold) and toxin-treated (2.3-fold) acini, leading to cyclic AMP levels in the toxin-treated acini 2-times as high as those in control acini. In the presence of IBMX, the cyclic AMP response to CCK-8 was again markedly enhanced in acini pretreated with the toxin (3.2- vs. 1.8-fold), resulting in cAMP levels in the toxin-treated acini 3.7-times those in the absence of IBMX, 2.5-times those in control acini in the presence of IBMX and 7.0-times those in control acini in the absence of IBMX. Neither the pretreatment with pertussis toxin, nor the presence of IBMX alone, nor the combination had an effect on basal amylase secretion. However, all three treatments potentiated the stimulatory effect of CCK-8 on amylase secretion and the amount of potentiation was proportional to the cyclic AMP levels reached. Our findings suggest that in the intact pancreatic acinar cell Gi inhibition of the catalytic subunit of the adenylate cyclase may largely be responsible for preventing cholecystokinin from increasing cellular cyclic AMP. They moreover show that cyclic AMP is a modulatory agent in rabbit pancreatic enzyme secretion, not able to stimulate secretion itself, but potentiating effects mediated by the phosphatidylinositol-calcium pathway.     

Effect of pertussis toxin on the hormonal regulation of cyclic AMP levels in hamster fat cells

Pertussis toxin was purified approx. 1800-fold from pertussis vaccine. Administration of as little as 1 microgram of toxin/100 g body weight to hamsters markedly decreased the sensitivity of their adipocytes to agents that inhibit adenylate cyclase through receptor-mediated, GTP-dependent mechanisms such as alpha 2-adrenergic amines, prostaglandins, phenylisopropyladenosine and nicotinic acid. On the contrary, the inhibitory effect of 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine on cyclic AMP accumulation was not affected by the toxin. Activation of adenylate cyclase by isoproterenol, ACTH or forskolin was not diminished by the toxin but the maximum cyclic AMP accumulation was consistently increased. Furthermore, the dose-response curves for ACTH and forskolin were clearly shifted to the left in adipocytes from toxin-treated hamsters as compared to control adipocytes. It is concluded that pertussis toxin blocks the transfer of inhibitory information from the receptors to adenylate cyclase.     

Effect of intravenous epinephrine infusion on plasma renin activity in adrenalectomized dogs

Previous experiments have shown that circulating epinephrine stimulates renin secretin and increases plasma renin activity (PRA) when it is infused intravenously, but not when it is infused directly into the renal artery at similar infusion rates. The present experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that the adrenal glands mediate the PRA response to intravenous epinephrine infusion. Accordingly, anesthetized dogs were prepared with either an acute bilateral adrenalectomy or a sham-adrenalectomy procedure. Epinephrine was then infused intravenously into each animal for 45 minutes at a rate of 25 ng X kg-1 X min-1. Time control experiments in which epinephrine was not infused were also conducted. In sham-adrenalectomized dogs, PRA (in nanograms per ml h-1) rose from 4.1 +/- 1.4 in the control period to 13.0 +/- 3.0 during intravenous epinephrine infusion (means +/- SE; p less than 0.01). In adrenalectomized dogs, PRA rose from 2.1 +/- 0.4 during the control period to 5.5 +/- 0.9 during intravenous epinephrine infusion (p less than 0.01). Neither the absolute increments in PRA nor the percent increases in PRA were significantly different between the two groups receiving epinephrine. PRA remained unchanged in time control experiments. These data demonstrate that the adrenal glands need not be present in order for intravenous epinephrine infusion to elicit an increase in PRA. The data do not support the hypothesis, therefore, that epinephrine-induced increases in PRA are initiated by receptors located within the adrenal glands.     

Dihydropyridine Modulation of Voltage-Activated Calcium Channels in PC12 Cells: Effect of Pertussis Toxin Pretreatment

In this study, we report the effect of pertussis toxin pretreatment on dihydropyridine modulation of voltage-sensitive calcium channels in PC12 cells. The rise in intracellular calcium concentration caused by potassium depolarization is not affected significantly by pertussis toxin pretreatment. Nicardipine, a dihydropyridine derivative, added either before or after potassium-induced depolarization, reduces the resultant elevation in cytosolic calcium level both in control and in pertussis toxin-treated cells. The dihydropyridine agonist Bay K 8644, when added before potassium, is able to enhance the potassium-induced spike of cytosolic calcium levels, an effect significantly reduced by pertussis toxin pretreatment. Moreover, the addition of Bay K 8644 after potassium holds the intracellular calcium concentration at a cytosolic sustained level during the slow inactivating phase of depolarization. This effect of Bay K 8644 is inhibited by nicardipine. Pertussis toxin pretreatment slightly weakens the effect of Bay K 8644 when added after potassium-induced depolarization, whereas it significantly reduces the nicardipine inhibition of cytosolic calcium rise stimulated by potassium and Bay K 8644, but not by potassium alone. In conclusion, our findings suggest that a pertussis toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide regulatory protein could be involved in the interaction between dihydropyridine derivatives and voltage-dependent calcium channels.     

Differential effect of pertussis toxin on the affinity state for agonists of renal alpha 1- and alpha 2- adrenoceptors

The effect of pertussis toxin treatment on the guanine nucleotide-induced modulation of the affinity of renal alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors was investigated. Pretreatment of rats with pertussis toxin did not induce any change in the number of or affinity for antagonists of alpha 1- or alpha 2-receptors studied using [3H]prazosin and [3H]yohimbine, respectively. Guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate induced an "up-shift" in the number of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors; this up-shift was not observed for alpha 1-adrenergic receptors. Pertussis toxin treatment decreased the affinity of epinephrine for the [3H]yohimbine-binding sites and reduced the ability of guanine nucleotides to modulate alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist affinity. The regulation by guanine nucleotides of alpha 1-adrenoceptor affinity for agonists was not altered. These results suggest that the modulation of alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors by guanine nucleotides is probably exerted through different molecular entities.     

Hypertension in L-NAME-treated diabetic rats depends on an intact sympathetic nervous system

We demonstrated previously that induction of diabetes in rats that were treated chronically with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) causes a severe, progressive increase in mean arterial pressure. This study tested the role of the sympathetic nervous system in that response. Rats were instrumented with chronic artery and vein catheters and assigned randomly to four diabetic groups pretreated with vehicle (D), L-NAME (D+L), the alpha(1)- and beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists terazosin and propranolol (D+B), or L-NAME, terazosin, and propranolol (D+LB). After baseline measurements were taken, rats were pretreated; 6 days later, streptozotocin was administered and 3 wk of diabetes ensued. D+L rats had a marked, progressive increase in arterial pressure that by day 20 was approximately 60 mmHg greater than in D rats. The pressor response to L-NAME was significantly attenuated in diabetic rats cotreated with adrenergic blockers. During week 1 of diabetes, plasma renin activity (PRA) increased and then returned to control levels in D rats. PRA increased progressively in D+L rats, and chronic adrenergic receptor blockade restored the biphasic renin response in D+LB rats. These results suggest that the sympathetic nervous system may be involved in the hypertensive response to onset of diabetes in L-NAME-treated rats, possibly through control of renin secretion.     

Evidence for transduction of mu but not kappa opioid modulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity by G(z) and G(12) proteins

Chronic treatment with micro or kappa opioid agonists (>/=2 h) inhibits EGF-induced ERK activation in opioid receptor overexpressing COS-7 cells. Although acute mu and kappa opioids activate ERK via a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein, pertussis toxin insensitivity of the chronic mu (but not kappa) action was observed. Here, we tested several pertussis toxin-insensitive G proteins as candidates to transduce acute and/or chronic opioid modulation of ERK. Overexpressed Galpha(z) (but not Galpha(12)) transduced acute mu (but not kappa) ERK activation in pertussis toxin-treated COS-7 cells. Chronic mu (but not kappa) inhibited EGF stimulation of ERK in pertussis toxin-treated cells overexpressing Galpha(z) or Galpha(12). Transfection of Galpha(13) or Galpha(q) blocked inhibition under the same conditions. Overexpressed interfering and non-interfering Galpha(z) mutants differentially affected mu inhibition of ERK consistent with G(z) transduction. In this and prior studies, Galpha(z) and Galpha(12) immunoreactivity were detected in untransfected COS-7 cells, suggesting that these G proteins may be endogenous mediators of chronic mu inhibitory actions on ERK.     

Effect of L-dopa and bilateral nephrectomy on the aldosterone response to metoclopramide

The dopaminergic antagonist, metoclopramide (MCP) causes an increase in plasma aldosterone (PA) by a processnot well delineated. To investigate the mechanism of action of metoclopramide (MCP), studies were performed in rats after pre-treatment with L-dihydroxy-phenylalanine (L-dopa) and after bilateral nephrectomy. Intra-arterial MCP (200 μg/kg) resulted in a significant elevation in PA and prolactin (PRL) at 5 min and plasma renin activity (PRA) at 10 min without altering serum potassium levels. Pre-administration of L-dopa (30 mg/kg) delayed and markedly blunted PA, PRL and PRA resonses to MCP. In 7 rats, studied 30 hours after bilateral nephrectomy, the PRA was measurable (2.5 ± 0.4 ng/ml h^?1) but displayed no response to MCP. In contrast, the PA and PRL responses to MCP were not significantly affected. L-dopa induced suppression of PRA and PA was prevented by pre-administration of MCP. These results suggest that dopaminergic modulation of PA secretion occurs independently of the renin-angiotensin system.     

Thyroliberin action in pituitary cells is not inhibited by pertussis toxin.

The effects of pertussis toxin on the responses of rat pituitary-tumour (GH) cells to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (thyroliberin, TRH) were examined. Treatment of cells with pertussis toxin did not alter the affinity or concentration of TRH receptors, or the sensitivity of the TRH receptor to inhibition by guanine nucleotides. TRH caused an increase in low-Km GTPase activity in membrane-containing fractions from both control and pertussis-toxin-treated cells. TRH stimulation of inositol phosphate formation was insensitive to pertussis toxin. TRH caused a biphasic increase in the concentrations of cytosolic free Ca2+ as monitored by intracellularly trapped Quin 2, and this increase was the same in control and toxin-treated cultures. The toxin did not alter the increase in prolactin and growth-hormone (somatotropin) release stimulated by TRH or shift the TRH dose-response curve, and it did not affect the TRH-induced rise in prolactin synthesis measured over 24 h. However, pertussis toxin did block the ability of somatostatin and muscarinic agonists to inhibit prolactin and growth-hormone secretion stimulated by vasoactive intestinal peptide when analysed under the same conditions as those in which the TRH system was unaffected. These data indicate that the guanine nucleotide effects on TRH binding and activity are not mediated by Ni, but possibly by another member of the family of guanine-nucleotide-dependent regulatory proteins.     

Oxytocin antagonist disrupts hypotension-evoked renin secretion and other responses in conscious rats

Previous experiments have indicated that arterial hypotension increases plasma oxytocin (OT) levels in rats and that OT infused intravenously causes an increase in plasma renin activity (PRA). The goal of the present study was to determine whether systemic administration of an OT receptor antagonist would attenuate the increase in PRA that is normally evoked by arterial hypotension in rats. In conscious male rats, intravenous injection of hydralazine or diazoxide produced sustained hypotension and evoked a significant increase in PRA, as expected. Intravenous infusion of an OT receptor antagonist did not alter the hypotension induced by hydralazine or diazoxide, but it did markedly blunt the induced increase in PRA. The OT receptor antagonist also blunted the hypotension-evoked increase in heart rate and plasma vasopressin levels, suggesting that the antagonist may have generally disrupted afferent signaling of hypotension. Thus hypotension-evoked OT secretion may contribute to cardiovascular homeostasis by enhancing baroreceptor signals that stimulate increases in renin secretion, vasopressin secretion, and heart rate during arterial hypotension in rats.     

Influence of age on orthostatic changes in plasma renin activity and urinary catecholamines in man.

The authors studied plasma renin activity (PRA), urinary epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine excretion and their mutual relationships in 54 healthy subjects under basal (recumbent) conditions and age-related orthostatic changes in these parameters. The test subjects were divided into six 10-years groups, according to their year of birth (1901-1910 to 1951-1960). In the oldest groups (1901-1910 and 1911-1920), both basal PRA values and norephrine and epinephrine excretion and their postural increase were smaller than in younger subjects. Conversely, urinary dopamine excretion and the dopamine/norepinephrine and epinephrine ratio rose with advancing age. There were no significant differences between the plasma sodium and potassium concentrations in the various groups. Urinary aldosterone excretion was slightly higher in the oldest group than in the others, but was still within the control value limits. The intravenous administration of Inderal reduced both resting PRA values and the orthostatic increase in the youngest age groups, so that their PRA approached the values in older subjects. Higher norepinephrine and epinephrine excretion and the lower dopamine/norepinephrine and epinephrine in young subjects may play a role in their higher PRA, especially in the orthostatic reaction. Diminution of sympathetic activity, with lower norepinephrine and epinephrine excretion and relatively high dopamine excretion, may have a direct bearing on the lower PRA values in older subjects. The diminished capacity of older subjects for catecholamine mobilization and raised renin secretion during an orthostatis stress may be related to the higher incidence of orthostatic forms of hypotension in old age.     

Rat fat-cells have three types of adenosine receptors (Ra, Ri and P). Differential effects of pertussis toxin.

Activation of rat adipocyte R1 adenosine receptors by phenylisopropyladenosine (PIA) decreased cyclic AMP and lipolysis; this effect was blocked in cells from pertussis-toxin-treated rats. In contrast, the ability of 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine to decrease cyclic AMP was not affected by pertussis-toxin treatment. Addition of adenosine deaminase to the medium in which adipocytes from control animals were incubated resulted in activation of lipolysis. Interestingly, adipocytes from toxin-treated rats (which had an already increased basal lipolysis) responded in an opposite fashion to the addition of adenosine deaminase, i.e. the enzyme decreased lipolysis, which suggested that adenosine might be increasing lipolysis in these cells. Studies with the selective agonists N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) and PIA indicated that adenosine increases lipolysis and cyclic AMP accumulation in these cells and that these actions are mediated through Ra adenosine receptors. Adenosine-mediated accumulation of cyclic AMP was also observed in cells preincubated with pertussis toxin (2 micrograms/ml) for 3 h. In these studies NECA was also more effective than PIA. Our results indicate that there are three types of adenosine receptors in fat-cells, whose actions are affected differently by pertussis toxin, i.e. Ri-mediated actions are abolished, Ra-mediated actions are revealed and P-mediated actions are not affected.     

Influence of adrenergic nervous and prostaglandin systems on hydralazine-induced renin release

The role of the beta-adrenergic nervous and prostaglandin systems in vasodilator-induced activation of the renin-angiotensin system was studied in conscious rats. The plasma renin activity (PRA) response to intravenous hydralazine (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg body wt.) was compared to the PRA response following administration of similar doses of hydralazine to rats pretreated with either indomethacin (3 mg/kg body wt. i.v.) or indomethacin and propranolol (1 mg/kg body wt. i.v.). PRA increased significantly above control levels after each of the hydralazine doses. In rats pretreated with indomethacin, PRA did not increase with the 0.25 mg/kg dose of hydralazine; increased significantly with the 0.5 mg/kg dose but remained significantly lower than the PRA response in the absence of indomethacin; and increased with the 1 mg/kg dose to a level not significantly different from PRA in rats receiving only hydralazine. When rats were pretreated with indomethacin and propranolol, PRA did not increase significantly in response to either the 0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg doses of hydralazine. Although a statistically significant increase in PRA was noted with the 1 mg/kg dose of hydralazine, the level of PRA achieved was very low and only 15% of that observed with the other two treatment regimens (i.e., hydralazine alone or indomethacin and hydralazine). These results demonstrate that vasodilator-induced renin release is only partially mediated via the prostaglandin system, that the degree of this control is related to the intensity of vasodilator stimulus and that renin release following administration of hydralazine can be attributed almost entirely to activation of the beta-adrenergic nervous and prostaglandin systems.     

Sodium regulation of opioid agonist binding is potentiated by pertussis toxin

Pretreatment of intact NG108-15 cells with pertussis toxin suppresses opioid inhibition of cyclic AMP accumulation mediated by the inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein, Ni, which apparently also mediates the inhibitory nucleotide effects on opioid against binding. The toxin treatment had no effect on opioid agonist binding measured in NG108-15 cell membranes without sodium present. However, the toxin potentiated the inhibitory effect of sodium on agonist binding, leading to an agonist-specific reduction of opioid receptor affinity in the presence of sodium in the binding reaction. The potency of the stable GTP analog, GTP gamma S, to reduce agonist binding in the presence of sodium was little changed in membranes prepared from pertussis toxin-treated cells compared to control membranes, whereas the potency of the stable GDP analog, GDP beta S, was magnified. The data indicate that ADP-ribosylation of Ni by pertussis toxin potentiates sodium regulation of opioid agonist binding and that the communication between Ni and opioid receptors is not lost by the covalent modification of Ni.     

G protein-adrenergic interactions in the heart

Summary Guanine nucleotide binding proteins were examined for their influence in developmental and adaptive models of adrenergic actions in the heart. In primary cultures of rat cardiac myocytes, the positive chronotropic response to the alpha-agonist, phenylephrine, changes to negative when these cells are grown with and innervated by sympathetic nerves from the paravertebral chain. Innervated cells have significantly more G protein, as determined by the ADP-ribosylation reaction catalyzed by pertussis toxin, which is linked functionally to the negative chronotropic response. Adult canine Purkinje fibers that respond to phenylephrine with a decrease in automaticity are also linked biochemically and functionally to a G protein that serves as a pertussis toxin substrate. Fibers that increase in automaticity after exposure to phenylephrine, either under control conditions (a minority of fibers) or after prior exposure to pertussis toxin (a majority of fibers), have markedly reduced levels of G. A G protein was also shown to be important in the blunted adrenergic responsiveness that characterizes congestive heart failure in human subjects. In this model, the receptor complex is beta-adrenergic and the involved G protein is a cholera toxin substrate. Gs is reduced in the lymphocytes of patients with congestive heart failure and increases toward normal after successful therapy. These observations highlight the important roles that G proteins have in adrenergic actions of the heart both with respect developmental and adaptive changes.     

Effect of the method of blood extraction on plasma levels of renin in the Wistar rat

To investigate the influence of blood extraction conditions on the renin-angiotensin system in rats, plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma renin concentration (PRC) were measured in blood samples obtained by different methods. PRA and PRC in samples obtained by chronic catheterization, cardiac puncture without anesthesia, and decapitation immediately following light ether anesthesia were not significantly different from those obtained by simple decapitation (control group). In contrast, PRA and PRC in samples obtained by cardiac puncture and cavernous sinus puncture after light ether anesthesia were significantly (p less than 0.01) higher than those obtained in the control group. There was a significant direct correlationship between PRA and PRC in all samples studied (r = 0.87, p less than 0.001). The present results suggest that light ether anesthesia increases renin levels, except when blood samples are taken by decapitation, and that chronic catheterization and cardiac puncture are the choice blood extraction methods to evaluate the renin-angiotensin system in rats.     

Role of adrenergic innervation in experimental renal hypertension

Renal hypertension was induced by ligation of the aorta between renal arteries in rats sympathectomized with 6-hydroxydopamine. In the early phase, equally severe hypertension developed in the denervated group as compared to innervated controls. Later, blood pressure was lower in the denervated rats. Initially, increases in plasma renin were seen in both groups; the levels, however, were markedly lower in the denervated rats. Later, the renin levels were similar and not different from baseline. It is concluded that adrenergic neural activity is not essential in the development of renal hypertension; the maintenance of the chronic state, however, depends in part on adrenergic innervation.