三个虹鳟养殖群体遗传结构的微卫星分析

利用20个微卫星标记对3个虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)养殖群体进行遗传结构分析。结果表明,(1)3个群体检测的平均等位基因数为3·6～4·1,平均观测杂合度为0·5224～0·6328,平均期望杂合度为0·4736～0·5522,平均多态信息含量为0·4354～0·5084,说明这几个群体多态性属于偏高水平,遗传多样性高。通过d值,确定了Hard-Weinberg平衡的偏离情况,发现AY039638、AY039646在3个群体中都表现为不平衡。对3个群体的遗传距离进行了估算,并进行聚类分析,本溪的两个群体先聚为一支,再与渤海群体相聚,显示出明显的地理特征。(2)本溪虹鳟群体在位点AF352770出现部分等位基因消失的现象;AF352754在本溪群体中表现为位点消失,可作为区分本溪群体和渤海群体的分子标记。(3)综合评价3个群体,渤海站虹鳟群体的遗传多样性最高,与前人研究结果一致。     

鳜原种群体和养殖群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

本研究利用20对微卫星引物对鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)原种群体和养殖群体进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,在鳜原种群体中检测到多态性位点14个,养殖群体11个。在两个群体中共检测到等位基因数96个,其中原种群体检测到等位基因数53个,每个位点的等位基因数在1～7之间,平均有效等位基因数为2.7390;养殖群体检测到等位基因数43个,每个位点的等位基因数在1～6之间,平均有效等位基因数为2.1284。原种群体的平均观察杂合度0.5708,Nei氏期望杂合度0.5295,平均多态信息含量PIC0.5353;养殖群体的平均观察杂合度0.3839,Nei氏期望杂合度0.4011,平均多态信息含量PIC0.5043。因此,与养殖群体相比,鳜原种群体仍有丰富的遗传多样性。本研究可为鳜种质资源的保护、监测和遗传育种提供分子水平上的数据。     

五个罗氏沼虾群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

利用16对微卫星标记对来自泰国(CP)、缅甸(MN)、孟加拉(BD)和中国(MP和DP)的共5个罗氏沼虾群体进行了遗传多样性和遗传结构的分析。结果显示, 16个微卫星位点均具有较高的多态性,平均等位基因数(Na)、期望杂合度(He)、Shannon信息指数(I)和多态信息含量(PIC)分别为17.563、0.8316、2.1662和0.7328。5个群体的期望杂合度(He)介于0.7025—0.8594,多态信息含量(PIC)介于0.6538—0.8048,表明所有群体均具有高度遗传多样性,遗传多样性水平CP>MP>BD>MN>DP。遗传分化指数(Fst)值介于0.03430—0.17333,表明所有群体间均有不同程度的遗传分化。16个微卫星位点的Fst值均大于0.05,均值为0.0977,与群体间有遗传分化相符。AMOVA分析显示群体间变异占总变异的6.22%,群体内个体间的变异占总变异的40.72%,个体内部的遗传变异占总变异的53.07%。基于Nei氏遗传距离构建的UPGMA系统进化树显示, MN群体首先与MP群体聚为一类,再与DP群体聚为一类,之后再与B...     

利用微卫星DNA标记研究绒山羊群体遗传多样性

利用7个微卫星标记对4个绒山羊品种共计18个个体的遗传多样性进行了分析和研究。计算了有效等位基因数、遗传杂合度、遗传距离等,分析了群体相关的遗传变异。结果表明,辽宁多绒山羊的有效等位基因数最大,杂合度最高;而辽宁绒山羊的有效等位基因数最小,杂合度最低。奈氏遗传距离表明,库布齐杂种绒山羊和辽宁多绒山羊的亲缘关系最近,而和阿尔巴斯绒山羊的亲缘关系最远。     

合浦珠母贝三个养殖群体微卫星遗传多样性

以广东徐闻金碧公司养殖场、广西北海营盘镇养殖场和南海水产研究所海南实验基地3个合浦珠母贝养殖群体为对象,利用8个微卫星位点M1、M2、M3、M4、M5、M6、M7、M8的引物进行了遗传多样性分析.结果表明:8个微卫星标记位点在3个养殖群体中共检测到58个等位基因,观测等位基因数为2～9个,平均有效等位基因数3.72～5.06,平均观察杂合度0.41～0.56,平均期望杂合度0.67～0.75,3个群体的平均多态信息含量PIC值为0.62～0.70,全部为高度多态(PIC≥0.5),表明这几个合浦珠母贝养殖群体目前仍具有较高的遗传多样性,遗传信息丰富,遗传变异大,可以作为良好的育种材料;在这3个养殖群体中,南海水产研究所海南实验基地的养殖群体的遗传多样性最高,广西北海营盘镇养殖群体遗传多样性最低,这一结果可以为今后选择育种、种质保护提供可资借鉴的资料.

Abstract：

By using eight mierosatellite loci (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M7 and MS), the genetic diversity of three Pinctada fucata populations from the pearl farms in Xuwen of Guang-dong and Beihai of Guangxi, and from the experimental base of South China Sea Fisheries Re-search Institute in Hainan was studied. A total of fifty eight alleles of these eight microsatellite lo-ci were detected, among which, the observed allele number was 2-9, average effective allele number was 3.72-5.06, average observed population heterozygosity was 0. 41-0. 56, and aver-age observed expected heterozygosity was 0. 67-0. 75. All the three populations had a polymor-phie information content (PIC) of 0. 62-0.70, suggesting their high polymorphism (PIC > 0. 5). Among the three populations, the cultured population from the experimental base of South China Sea Fisheries Institute had the highest polymorphism, and that from Beihai of Guangxi had the lowest one. These results provided useful information for the selective breeding and germplast conservation of P. Fucata.     

山羊群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

为了保护和合理利用我国地方山羊品种遗传资源提供理论基础,本研究利用国际农粮组织和国际家畜研究所推荐的10对微卫星引物,结合荧光标记PCR,检测了中国9个地方山羊品种和1个引进山羊品种的遗传多样性。所研究的10个品种中7个呈现出高度多态,3个呈现出中度多态。并共检测到119个等位基因,有效等位基因数在1.4641~9.2911之间,座位平均杂合度在0.2618~0.7672之间,品种平均杂合度在0.5196~0.7024之间,其中SRCRSP23位点和河西绒山羊(HXR)平均杂合度最高。聚类关系(NJ和UPGMA)和主成分分析结果与其起源、育成历史及地理分布基本一致。     

微卫星分析9个哲罗鱼野生群体的遗传多样性

哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)是我国珍稀的土著冷水性鱼类,目前已处于濒危状态.为了解哲罗鱼的种群遗传多样性和遗传结构,该研究利用20对微卫星标记对9个野生哲罗鱼群体进行了分析.结果表明:9个哲罗鱼群体的观测杂合度在0.0994～0.8882,期望杂合度在0.2005～0.8759,PIC指数在0.3432～0.5261,其中呼玛河群体的遗传多样性较低.群体间的Fst在0.0246～0.2333 (P＜0.0001),Nm在0.8216～9.9292,群体间遗传分化较明显,基因交流少;群体的同胞系比例在27.78％～90.91％,说明近交压力较大,可能经历过遗传瓶颈或存在这样的风险.AMOVA分析表明,群体间各基因座遗传分化系数的均值为0.1081;聚类分析结果显示北极江段群体独立为一支,呼玛河群体与乌苏里江各群体聚为一支,黑龙江中上游各群体聚为一支.这些结果表明,哲罗鱼资源量的减少已经影响了群体间的基因交流.应杜绝对哲罗鱼资源破坏性捕捞,同时加强群体间基因交流,以期达到全面保护哲罗鱼种质资源的目的.     

利用30个微卫星标记分析长江中下游鲢群体的遗传多样性

摘要: 利用30对微卫星分子标记对长江中下游5个鲢群体进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明: 在30个基因座中, 共检测到144个等位基因, 每个座位检测到的等位基因数为1～10个, 其中有25个座位具有多态性, 多态位点百分率为83.33,5个群体的平均等位基因数A为4.0/4.1, 平均有效等位基因数Ne为2.4445～2.6332, 平均观察杂合度Ho为0.3233～0.3511, 平均期望杂合度He为0.4421～0.4704, 平均多态信息含量PIC为0.4068～0.4286。对数据进行F-检验, Fst值表明群体间的遗传分化程度中等, 并对基因型进行了基于Hardy-Weinberg平衡的卡方检验, 所得P值说明5个群体均一定程度上偏离了平衡。5个群体间的遗传相似系数为0.8466～0.9146,遗传距离为0.0893～0.1665, 并根据Nei氏标准遗传距离用UPGMA方法对5个鲢群体进行亲缘关系聚类。     

中华鳖5个群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

利用微卫星分子标记技术对洞庭(DT)、黄河(HH)、黄沙(HS)、日本(RB)以及洞庭(DT)与黄河(HH)的杂交子代(DT♀×HH♂)绿卡(LK)5个中华鳖群体的150个个体进行遗传多样性分析。11对微卫星引物扩增出的等位基因数为3～6个,平均等位基因数为4.1818。5个种群相比,绿卡(LK)的平均有效等位基因数、平均期望杂合度、平均观测杂合度和平均多态信息含量最高,分别是2.3969、0.5274、0.5545和0.4660。对种群间的遗传分化分析表明,黄河(HH)和洞庭(DT)之间的遗传分化最小,为0.0233,而洞庭(DT)和日本(RB)之间的遗传分化最大,为0.0969。基于Nei’s遗传距离构建的UPGMA系统进化树显示黄河(HH)和洞庭(DT)及其子代绿卡(LK)亲缘关系较近,而与黄沙(HS)和日本(RB)的亲缘关系较远,最远的为日本(RB)群体。     

湘江野鲤养殖群体和自然群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

采用微卫星技术,用17对微卫星引物对湘江野鲤养殖群体和自然群体的的遗传多样性进行分析.结果表明:有15对引物扩增出清晰的条带,其中13对引物在群体间呈现多态性;2个群体中,13对多态性引物分别扩增等位基因2～12个,共90个,其中35个等位基因为2群体共有,55个等位基因具有群体特异性,引物平均等位基因数为6.92个,等位基因频率为0.0667～0.8333;养殖群体和自然群体的平均遗传杂合度和平均多态信息含量分别为0.5688、0.5152,0.5860、0.5347;2个群体间遗传相似性指数为0.6762,遗传距离为0.3238,表明湘江野鲤养殖和自然群体遗传多样性均较为丰富,2个群体间遗传变异程度较高.     

Fatty‐Acid Profile of Total and Polar Lipids in Cultured Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Raised in Freshwater and Seawater (Croatia) Determined by Transmethylation Method

Fatty acids from total lipids and polar lipids in cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) raised in seawater (SW) and freshwater (FW) were identified and quantified from the muscle samples in January, April, and July. The highest total lipid and polar lipid amounts were found in April. July contents of total lipids were low, but percent of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was high in SW and FW environment (particularly n‐3 PUFAs). Variety of 17 fatty acids was identified by GC‐FID after transmethylation. The predominant fatty acids in rainbow trout from SW and FW were: docosahexaenoic acid among n‐3 PUFAs, palmitic acid among saturated fatty acids (SFAs), and oleic acid among monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). Appreciably higher n‐3/n‐6 ratio was found in total lipids in April (6.40, FW fish) and in polar lipids in July (18.76; SW fish). High n‐3/n‐6 ratio in total lipids and polar lipids of rainbow trout from SW and FW, besides beneficial n‐3/n‐6 ratio in the commercial fish food, could be characteristic for the local environmental conditions (Croatia).     

Characterization of 38 polymorphic microsatellite markers for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Thirty‐eight new microsatellite markers were developed for genome mapping and population genetics studies in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The amount of polymorphism, percentage of heterozygosity and ability of each marker to amplify genomic DNA from other salmonids were recorded. Five markers were observed to be duplicated in the rainbow trout genome by containing more than one allele in homozygous (clonal) fish.     

Characterization of twenty‐four microsatellite markers for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Twenty‐four new microsatellite markers were developed for genome mapping and population genetics studies in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The amount of polymorphism, percentage heterozygosity and ability of each marker to amplify genomic DNA from other salmonids were recorded. Seven markers were observed to be duplicated in the rainbow trout genome by containing more than one allele in homozygous (clonal) fish.     

虹鳟mc1r基因的克隆、序列分析及在 不同发育阶段和组织的表达分析

黑素皮质素1受体基因(mc1r)是控制动物色素合成的重要基因,为探讨mc1r基因与虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)体色变异的关系,本研究利用cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术获得虹鳟mc1r基因的cDNA全长序列,并对其编码的蛋白进行了生物信息学分析,同时利用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)分析该基因在野生型虹鳟(虹鳟)和黄色突变型虹鳟(金鳟)体色发生不同时期(从受精期至12月龄)及成鱼背部皮肤、腹部皮肤、背部肌肉、腹部肌肉、眼、脑、鳃、中肾、头肾、肠、肝、脾和心13种组织中的表达差异。结果显示,mc1r基因序列全长为4 518 bp,开放阅读框1 017 bp,编码338个氨基酸。氨基酸序列分析发现,虹鳟Mc1r蛋白具有7TM_GPCR_Srsx结构域。通过氨基酸序列同源比对与系统进化分析表明,Mc1r蛋白序列在鱼类间具有较高的保守性。qRT-PCR结果表明,mc1r基因在虹鳟与金鳟的受精期就开始表达,且在受精期至桑葚期胚胎的表达量高于胚胎后期;mc1r基因在虹鳟与金鳟相同时期表达比较结果显示,该基因在受精期、4细胞期、16细胞期、囊胚期、原肠期、神经期、体节期、1日龄、3日龄、7日龄胚胎或个体以及1月龄、2月龄、3月龄和6月龄背部皮肤中的表达均差异显著(P 0.05);mc1r基因在12月龄虹鳟和金鳟的13种组织中均有表达,其中,该基因在虹鳟与金鳟的背部皮肤、腹部皮肤和脑中的表达量较高,显著高于其他组织(P 0.05),且虹鳟背部皮肤中该基因的表达量高于金鳟背部皮肤(P 0.05)。以上结果表明,mc1r基因可能与虹鳟体色变异密切相关。本研究可为后期进一步深入阐明虹鳟体色变异的分子机制提供基础资料。     

Arteriosclerosis in steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum): a developmental analysis

Arteriosclerosis in Oncorhynchur mykiss has been examined histologically in parr, smolts, spawning adults and post-spawning adults captured during downstream migration. All stages of fish from the Clearwater River in Idaho are characterized by the presence of lesions in the main vessel on the bulbus arteriosus. The incidence is lowest in parr, increases significantly in smolts, and is present in 100% of spawning fish. Regression of lesions was not observed in either hatchery or wild fish after spawning.     

Genetic divergence of sympatric resident and anadromous forms of Oncorhynchus mykiss in the Walla Walla River, U.S.A.

Genetic structure (six microsatellites) and gene flow were examined among anadromous (steelhead; n  = 326), resident (rainbow trout; n  = 52), and mixed ( n  = 407) Oncorhynchus mykiss life‐history forms collected from the major drainages the mainstem Walla Walla River and the Touchet River within the Walla Walla River sub‐basin, Washington, U.S.A. Genetic structure was detected between the two major drainages. Exact tests, F _ST, multi‐locus assignment tests and a neighbour‐joining dendrogram revealed genetic divergence between sympatric reference populations of adult steelhead and resident rainbow trout in the mainstem Walla Walla River, but not in the Touchet River. Tests of Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium indicated anadromous and resident O. mykiss reference populations were in equilibrium, but many of the mixed life‐history collections were out of equilibrium. Populations out of equilibrium in the mainstem Walla Walla River appeared to be admixtures as confirmed by multi‐locus assignment tests. This is evidence of genetic divergence probably resulting from assortative mating between life‐history forms or out‐of‐basin stocking practices.     

虹鳟对时间和地点的学习记忆(英文)

为确定虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)是否能将日投放两次食物的不同时间和地点联系起来,在30天内,于09:00-10:00将食饵投放在水族箱一侧,于15:00-16:00将食饵投放在水族箱另一侧.在第21天和28天,不放食饵以确定虹鳟对时间-地点的学习记忆.结果表明,虹鳟将不同时间和地点联系起来以获取食物,并且在水族箱两个投放食饵之处均表现出预取食活动,提示该物种具有控制时间-地点学习任务的内在机制.     

Opsonizing properties of natural antibodies of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

In order to confirm previous observations in which a protective effect of rainbow trout natural antibodies against furunculosis was suspected, phagocytosis studies wereconducted in vitro , using combinations of rainbow trout sera with high or low levels of natural antibodies and active or inactivated complement as opsonizing factors. Opsonization was observed in all the cases where complement was present, and to a lesser degree with sera containing only natural antibodies. The results confirm the prime importance of the complement system and provide additional evidence for a possible role of natural antibodies in antimicrobial defences.     

Lysozyme activity in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), stressed by handling, transport and water pollution

Blood lysozyme activity was determined in rainbow trout that were stressed by handling and transport, or suffered from acute ammonia poisoning. To optimize the lysoplate assay, the pH dependence of the lysozyme activity was studied. For serum and kidney lysozyme, the pH optimum was 5.5 to 6.0. Ventilation frequency and plasma glucoseconcentration of the fish were used as stress indicators. Less severely stressful situations, such as 30 min of handling, brought about either a stimulation or a suppression of the lysozyme activity. Strong stressors, such as transport lasting 2 h or acute water pollution, reduced the lysozyme level significantly. The decrease of lysozyme activity due to handling and transport persisted for 24 h, but the activity returned to normal within 2 weeks following confrontation with the stressor.