Patient-controlled and analgesia with ketorolac in pediatric surgery

Our aim was to quantify the analgesic efficiency of the patient-controlled analgesia technique (PCA), using ketorolac, in children aged 6–14 undergoing a surgical intervention. We carried out a double-blind test with two randomly selected groups: the PCA group comprising patients submitted to intravenous PCA, with “bolus on demand” and the Standard group, with conventional analgesia dispensed with ketorolac I.V. (0.5 mg/kg/6 hours). Evaluation of pain experienced was performed using the Hannallah behavioural scale and quantification of the summing of pain intensity. Analgesic efficiency was determined by the pain intensity difference (PID) score. Evaluation of pain experienced during hour 1 reveals a marked reduction with time for each group; no inter-group differences were found. At hour 6 there were neither intra-group nor inter-group differences. The accumulated pain score revealed a significant reduction in hour 6, with no differences between the two groups. Evaluation of the analgesic effect revealed no differences, either intra-group or intergroup, during the experimental period. The sum of the PIDs revealed significant differences in the standard group between the values for hours 1 and 6. Under the experimental conditions described, both techniques were equally effective for pain treatment, but the efficiency was higher for the PCA group.     

Peripheral regional analgesia with femoral catheter versus intravenous patient controlled analgesia after total knee arthroplasty: a prospective randomized study

The aim of this study is to compare the effects of femoral analgesia (FA) with 0.25% levobupivacain and intravenous patient controlled analgesia (PCA) with morphine on postoperative pain assessed by a visual-analog scale (VAS) score and their complications during the first 24 postoperative hours after the a total knee arthroplasty in a prospective randomized study. Secondary outcomes included: morphine use, patient satisfaction, complication of analgesia and duration of hospital stay. We analyzed 71 patients with an ASA score of II or III. The patients were randomized into two groups: group PCA (n = 36) was given the PCA pump, which contained morphine; and group FA (n = 35) was given first a bolus dose, then a continuous infusion 0.25% levobupivacain via a femoral catheter. The assessment of VAS was performed every 2 hours. There were no differences between the PCA and FA groups regarding demographic characteristics, operation duration, ASA score distribution, duration of hospital stay and satisfaction with analgesia (although there were more satisfied patients in the FA group). Significant differences were noted in the quantity of morphine used (higher values were in the PCA group; p < 0.001). More complications were recorded in PCA group (p < 0.001). The VAS score was lower in the FA group (p < 0.001). The highest difference occurred 4 hours after the operation, with the PCA group having significantly higher VAS score values compared to the FA group. Femoral analgesia leads to a stronger pain relief with less side effects, less morphine use and more patient satisfaction than intravenous PCA with morphine.     

Cost effectiveness analysis of intravenous ketorolac and morphine for treating pain after limb injury: double blind randomised controlled trial

ObjectivesTo investigate the cost effectiveness of intravenous ketorolac compared with intravenous morphine in relieving pain after blunt limb injury in an accident and emergency department.DesignDouble blind, randomised, controlled study and cost consequences analysis.SettingEmergency department of a university hospital in the New Territories of Hong Kong.Participants148 adult patients with painful isolated limb injuries (limb injuries without other injuries).ResultsNo difference was found in the median time taken to achieve pain relief at rest between the group receiving ketorolac and the group receiving morphine, but with movement the median reduction in pain score in the ketorolac group was 1.09 per hour (95% confidence interval 1.05 to 2.02) compared with 0.87 (0.84 to 1.06) in the morphine group (P=0.003). The odds of experiencing adverse events was 144.2 (41.5 to 501.6) times more likely with morphine than with ketorolac. The median time from the initial delivery of analgesia to the participant leaving the department was 20 (4.0 to 39.0) minutes shorter in the ketorolac group than in the morphine group (P=0.02). The mean cost per person was $HK44 (£4; $5.6) in the ketorolac group and $HK229 in the morphine group (P<0.0001). The median score for patients'' satisfaction was 6.0 for ketorolac and 5.0 for morphine (P<0.0001).ConclusionIntravenous ketorolac is a more cost effective analgesic than intravenous morphine in the management of isolated limb injury in an emergency department in Hong Kong, and its use may be considered as the dominant strategy.     

多模式镇痛在全膝关节置换术中的疗效评价

目的：探讨联合关节周围注射镇痛药物和持续静脉镇痛的多模式镇痛对全膝关节置换术（total knee arthroplasty,TKA）患者功能恢复的疗效。方法：60例拟行单侧TKA的患者完全随机分为实验组（28例）和对照组（28例）。所有患者术前48 h开始服用塞来昔布（西乐葆）200 mg/次,每天2次。实验组患者术中膝关节周围注射镇痛药物,术后给予持续静脉镇痛（continuous intravenousanalgesia,CIA）。对照组患者没有运用关节周围注射药物,仅给予术后CIA。记录术后CIA用量、各时间点静止视觉模拟疼痛评分（rest visual analogue score,RVAS）、被动活动视觉模拟疼痛评分（passive visual analogue score,PVAS）和膝关节活动度（range of mo-tion,ROM）,同时观察药物的毒副作用。结果：（1）实验组术后24、48 h内PCA的用量均显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）。（2）实验组术后4、8、12、24、48 h的RVAS和24、48 h的PVAS均显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）;术后72 h两组间RVAS和PVAS的差异均无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。（3）实验组术后第1、2、3 d的ROM均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,术后第l、2 w两组ROM之间的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;实验组术后主动屈膝到90？所需的天数显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）。（4）实验组中恶心、呕吐和追加药物的发生率均显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）,未发现伤口感染、延期愈合及组织坏死等并发症。结论：联合使用关节周围注射镇痛药物和持续静脉镇痛的多模式镇痛方案,可以有效的缓解TKA患者术后早期的疼痛,促进患者膝关节的功能恢复,减少了单一用药所产生的不良反应。该方案安全有效、操作简单,是一种值得推广的TKA术后镇痛方法。     

Effectiveness of pain relief in labour: survey of 1000 mothers

The amount of pain that had been experienced by 1000 women during vaginal delivery of a live child was determined by interview within 48 hours of delivery. Patients had been offered a choice of analgesia, and 536 had received epidural analgesia: pain relief was greatest in this group, just over half having had a painless labour. The duration of pain was also reduced by a third in this group even though patients who had received an epidural block had tended to have longer labour and an incidence of assisted delivery of 51% compared with 6% in the remainder. Seventy-two per cent of the patients receiving an epidural had had as much pain as they had expected. A similar proportion (70%) was reported with simpler analgesic methods, suggesting that women may expect a certain amount of pain in labour and request further analgesic treatment when this is exceeded.     

多模式术后镇痛在腹腔镜结肠手术中的应用

目的:理论上联合使用不同机制镇痛药较镇痛药单独使用镇痛效果更完善,在妇科、骨科等手术中已有结论;笔者观察比较腹腔镜结肠手术术使用单一止痛药及联合使用不同机制镇痛药在术后镇痛的效果以及各自不良反应的发生率。方法:择期腹腔镜结肠手术患者90例,随机分为3组,每组30例。A组使用地佐辛+氟比洛酚酯行术后镇痛为多模式镇痛组;B组使用地佐辛行术后镇痛;C组使用氟比洛酚酯行术后镇痛。记录每组术后4、8、12、24 h视觉模糊评分(VAS)及术后不良反应包括嗜睡、躁动、恶心呕吐的发生率。结果:A组术后4 h、8 h的VAS评分低于B、C两组,差异有显著性,A组无嗜睡及躁动发生,发生呕吐1例,不良反应发生率A组低于B、C两组,差异有显著性。结论:地佐辛+氟比洛酚酯联合用药可安全有效应用于腹腔镜结肠手术术后镇痛,是一种有效的多模式术后镇痛方式,在减弱疼痛的放大效应及对中枢神经的作用两方面起效,因而较单独使用地佐辛及氟比洛酚酯有更好的镇痛效果,且不良反应低于单独使用地佐辛及氟比洛酚酯。     

术中静脉不向剂量右美托咪啶对全髋置换术患者术后患者芬太尼静脉自控镇痛效果的影响

目的：观察气管内全身麻醉下行全髋置换术患者,术中静脉应用不同剂量右美托咪定对术后芬太尼静脉自控镇痛效果的影响及相关不良反应发生的情况。方法：选择择期在气管内全麻下行全髋置换术的患者60 例,ASA Ⅰ ～Ⅱ级,年龄47～78 岁,体重42～79 kg。患者随机分组法分为3 组（n=20）：C 组（盐水对照组）、D1 组（右美托咪定0.5 μg/kg 组）和D2 组（右美托咪定1 μg/kg组）,在手术结束前约1 小时按分组分别给予生理盐水和右美托咪啶,术后镇痛使用芬太尼静脉自控镇痛24 h。记录患者术后2h、2～6 h、6～12 h、12～24 h芬太尼的用量;VAS 评分法评估患者术前、术后2 h、6 h、12 h、24 h 时的疼痛程度;记录镇痛期间恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒及过度镇静等不良反应发生的情况。结果：术后2h 和术后2～6 h芬太尼用量D1组和D2 组较C 组减少（P＜0.05）,但D1组和D2 组之间比较无差异（P＞0.05）;而术后6～12 和12～24 h三组患者芬太尼用量无差异（P＞0.05）。术后2 h、2～6 hVAS评分D1 组和D2 组较C组减少（P＜0.05）,而D1组和D2 组之间比较无差异（P＞0.05）;术后6～12、12～24 h三组患者VAS 评分无差异（P＞0.05）。与C 组比较,D1 组和D2 组镇痛期间恶心呕吐发生率降低（P＜0.05）,余不良反应各组之间比较无差异（P＞0.05）。结论：气管内全身麻醉下行全髋置换术的患者,术中静脉应用右美托咪啶可在术后6 h内增强芬太尼镇痛的效果减少芬太尼的用量,但增大剂量效果并不增加而作用时间也不延长。     

三种植物多糖肽的镇痛作用观察

三种植物多糖KA -PSP、AB -PSP、B1 -PSP灌胃给药 6天后 ,小鼠热板法实验发现AB -PSP呈现明显的镇痛作用 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,大鼠电刺激尾巴—嘶叫模型亦显示同样结果 ,其作用在给药后 1小时即有明显差异并持续至给药后 1 .5小时 (P <0 .0 0 1 )。     

Effect of multiple dosing on the analgesic action of diflunisal in rats

This investigation was designed to compare the analgesic effect of the initial dose of a repetitively dosed non-narcotic analgesic with the analgesic effect of a subsequent dose given 3 days later. To exclude gradual drug accumulation as a variable, the first ("loading") dose was larger than the maintenance doses. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received 100 mg/kg diflunisal i.v. as the first dose and 70 or 75 mg/kg every 12 hours thereafter. The analgesic effect of the first and seventh doses was determined as the pain threshold (voltage) upon electrical stimulation of the tail every 15 to 30 minutes from the third to the ninth hour after dosing. Blood samples for drug assay were obtained at 3 and 9 hours. A control group received injections of solvent for 6 doses and 100 mg/kg diflunisal as the seventh dose. There were no statistically significant differences between the area under the total or free (unbound) drug concentration versus time curves of the first and seventh dose but the average analgesic effect (area under the voltage increase versus time) of the seventh dose was only 28 percent that of the first dose. The areas under the drug concentration and analgesic effect versus time curves of the diflunisal dose given as the seventh injection to the control rats were similar to those produced by the first dose given to the multiple dosed rats. The results of this investigation show that the analgesic effect of a non-narcotic drug decreases substantially during repeated dosing in an animal model of experimental pain. This change in pharmacologic response has the characteristics of functional rather than pharmacokinetic tolerance in that there was no change in the drug concentration profile with time and no effect of the manipulations as such (i.e., repeated pain threshold determinations and blood withdrawals) on diflunisal-induced analgesia. These observations may have important implications for the evaluation and use of non-narcotic analgesics in the management of clinical pain.     

Comparison of Transversus Abdominis Plane Infiltration with Liposomal Bupivacaine versus Continuous Epidural Analgesia versus Intravenous Opioid Analgesia

Epidural analgesia is considered the standard of care but cannot be provided to all patients Liposomal bupivacaine has been approved for field blocks such as transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks but has not been clinically compared against other modalities. In this retrospective propensity matched cohort study we thus tested the primary hypothesis that TAP infiltration are noninferior (not worse) to continuous epidural analgesia and superior (better) to intravenous opioid analgesia in patients recovering from major lower abdominal surgery. 318 patients were propensity matched on 18 potential factors among three groups (106 per group): 1) TAP infiltration with bupivacaine liposome; 2) continuous Epidural analgesia with plain bupivacaine; and; 3) intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV PCA). We claimed TAP noninferior (not worse) over Epidural if TAP was noninferior (not worse) on total morphine-equivalent opioid and time-weighted average pain score (10-point scale) within first 72 hours after surgery with noninferiority deltas of 1 (10-point scale) for pain and an increase less of 20% in the mean morphine equivalent opioid consumption. We claimed TAP or Epidural groups superior (better) over IV PCA if TAP or Epidural was superior on opioid consumption and at least noninferior on pain outcome. Multivariable linear regressions within the propensity-matched cohorts were used to model total morphine-equivalent opioid dose and time-weighted average pain score within first 72 hours after surgery; joint hypothesis framework was used for formal testing. TAP infiltration were noninferior to Epidural on both primary outcomes (p<0.001). TAP infiltration were noninferior to IV PCA on pain scores (p = 0.001) but we did not find superiority on opioid consumption (p = 0.37). We did not find noninferiority of Epidural over IV PCA on pain scores (P = 0.13) and nor did we find superiority on opioid consumption (P = 0.98). TAP infiltration with liposomal bupivacaine and continuous epidural analgesia were similar in terms of pain and opioid consumption, and not worse in pain compared with IV PCA. TAP infiltrations might be a reasonable alternative to epidural analgesia in abdominal surgical patients. A large randomized trial comparing these techniques is justified.     

Comparing the efficacy of pain managements after total hip arthroplasty: A network meta-analysis

The aim of our current study is to compare efficiency of various interventions implemented for pain management after total hip arthroplasty (THA). PubMed and EMBASE were searched for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) reporting the pain scales for evaluate the efficacy of pain control after THA including at least one pair of direct control groups. Pain scale values and the associated 95% credible interval (CrI) were used to describe efficacy. Surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) of each means of pain control was calculated to compare the relative ranking of different interventions. Thirty-five eligible literatures were involved in data analysis. The interventions for postoperative pain management we examined were psoas compartment block (PCB), posterior nerve block (PNB), fascia iliaca block (FIB), periarticular injection (PAI), femoral nerve block (FNB), lumbar plexus block (LPB), spinal anesthesia (SA), epidural analgesia (EPI), intrathecal morphine (IA), intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA), patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), onsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), local infiltration analgaesia (LIA), and reverse LIA (rLIA). In 0 to 6 hours analysis, patients under SA were found to have significantly lower pain score and SA was ranked the best. In 6 to 12 hours analysis, SA was found to be significantly more effective than other interventions and its SUCRA was the highest. No intervention showed a significant effect on reducing pain score for 12 to 24 hours and 24 to 48 hours after THA. SA is the best intervention to reduce THA postoperative pain in the first 24 hours. LPB is a better choice to reduce pain 12 to 48 hours after THA.     

Multimodal analgesia protocol for pain management after total knee arthroplasty: comparison of three different regional analgesic techniques

Objectives:To evaluate three different analgesic techniques, continuous epidural analgesia (EA), continuous intra-articular (IA) infusion analgesia and continuous femoral nerve block (FNB) in postoperative pain management, length of hospital stay (LOS), and time of patient mobilization after total knee arthroplasty (TKA).Methods:Seventy-two patients undergoing TKA were randomly allocated into three groups according to the analgesic technique used for postoperative pain management. Group EA patients received epidural analgesia (control group), group IA received intra-articular infusion and group FNB received femoral nerve block.Results:Upon analyzing the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) scores at rest, at passive and active movement, up to 3 days postoperatively, we observed no statistically significant differences at any time point among the three groups. Similarly, no association among these analgesic techniques (EA, IA, FNB) was revealed regarding LOS. However, significant differences emerged concerning the time of mobilization. Patients who received IA achieved earlier mobilization compared to FNB and EA.Conclusions:Both IA and FNB generate similar analgesic effect with EA for postoperative pain management after TKA. However, IA appears to be significantly more effective in early mobilization compared to EA and FNB. Finally, no clinically important differences could be detected regarding LOS among the techniques studied.     

吗啡与氢吗啡酮在小儿静脉自控镇痛中的应用效果比较

目的:比较吗啡与氢吗啡酮在小儿静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)应用中的镇痛效果及副作用。方法:选取40名6~10岁择期行下肢骨科手术的患儿,术毕即予PCIA,随机分为两组:M组(吗啡背景剂量15μg/kg/h,PCA剂量15μg/kg)和H组(氢吗啡酮背景剂量3μg/kg/h,PCA剂量3μg/kg),每组20例。记录患儿PCIA后3、6、12、24和48h的FLACC疼痛评分、Ramsay镇静评分、PCA次数及不良反应的发生情况(恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、尿潴留、过度镇静、呼吸抑制)。结果:两组患儿各时间点FLACC疼痛评分、Ramsay镇静评分比较均无统计学差异(P均0.05)。术后第二天,M组PCA次数少于H组,差异存在统计学意义(P0.05)。M组皮肤瘙痒发生率(15%)显著高于H组(0%)(P0.05),两组其余不良反应的发生情况比较均无统计学差异(P均0.05)。结论:氢吗啡酮与吗啡用于小儿术后PCIA的镇痛效果和安全性相当。     

The Inter-Group Comparison – Intra-Group Cooperation Hypothesis: Comparisons between Groups Increase Efficiency in Public Goods Provision

Identifying methods to increase cooperation and efficiency in public goods provision is of vital interest for human societies. The methods that have been proposed often incur costs that (more than) destroy the efficiency gains through increased cooperation. It has for example been shown that inter-group conflict increases intra-group cooperation, however at the cost of collective efficiency. We propose a new method that makes use of the positive effects associated with inter-group competition but avoids the detrimental (cost) effects of a structural conflict. We show that the mere comparison to another structurally independent group increases both the level of intra-group cooperation and overall efficiency. The advantage of this new method is that it directly transfers the benefits from increased cooperation into increased efficiency. In repeated public goods provision we experimentally manipulated the participants’ level of contribution feedback (intra-group only vs. both intra- and inter-group) as well as the provision environment (smaller groups with higher individual benefits from cooperation vs. larger groups with lower individual benefits from cooperation). Irrespective of the provision environment groups with an inter-group comparison opportunity exhibited a significantly stronger cooperation than groups without this opportunity. Participants conditionally cooperated within their group and additionally acted to advance their group to not fall behind the other group. The individual efforts to advance the own group cushion the downward trend in the above average contributors and thus render contributions on a higher level. We discuss areas of practical application.     

视觉模拟评分法在全膝关节置换术镇痛后应用体会

目的：观察视觉模拟评级法对于关节置换手术后镇痛的指导意义。方法：对比不同疼痛评估方式在全膝关节置换手术患者术后疼痛治疗中的KSS评分及患肢膝关节主动活动范围改变情况及镇痛药物的使用剂量。结果：使用视觉模拟评级法指导组取得了更好的膝关节活动情况的改善,同时其用镇痛药物药剂剂量较少,两组KSS评分无显著差异。结论：视觉模拟评级法对于关节置换手术后镇痛具有一定的参考价值,可以有效的改善患者的康复效果,并减少镇痛药物使用。     

Intra-articular patient-controlled analgesia improves early rehabilitation after knee surgery

The influence of patient-controlled intra-articular analgesia with ropivacaine, morphine and ketorolac (RMK) on postoperative pain relief and early rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction was studied. Twenty six patients, randomized into two groups, were enrolled in a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. At the end of surgery a catheter was placed intra-articularly and connected to a patient-controlled pump, programmed to deliver 10 mL bolus and 60 min lockout interval. RMK group received 0.25% ropivacaine, morphine 0.2 mg/mL and ketorolac 1 mg/mL; P group saline. Pain was measured with 10 cm visual analog scale. At pain scores > 3 cm, all patients were instructed to self-administer morphine intravenously using a patient-controlled pump. Daily rescue morphine consumption was noted and 48 h rehabilitation programme was evaluated. Daily morphine consumption was significantly lower in the RMK group (p < 0.001). At 24h after surgery, the patients in the RMK group experienced significantly less pain (p < 0.05). The patients in the RMK group achieved higher maximum degree of knee flexion in supine (p < 0.001) and in prone position (p < 0.05) compared to placebo group and better pain free flexion with assistance on day 1 (p < 0.05) and 2 (p > 0.05). The results show that patient-controlled intra-articular analgesia with RMK combination provides effective pain relief following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and improves early physical rehabilitation.     

Transdermal fentanyl compared with parenteral buprenorphine in post-surgical pain in swine: a case study

The use of pigs as research animals in survival surgery has increased greatly in the last 15 years. Personnel conducting pig research have been hampered by a lack of proven long-acting analgesics for treatment of surgical pain of longer duration, and by a lack of reliable non-subjective parameters for the assessment of pain relief. The efficacy of the mixed opioid agonist-antagonist buprenorphine hydrochloride 0.10 mg/kg pr (n = 2) in the treatment of post-thoracotomy pain was compared with that of a transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) delivering 25 microg/h (n = 3) or 50 microg/h (n = 2) of the mu opioid agonist fentanyl hydrochloride. Food consumption, pain score, activity level and rate of movement were assessed under four conditions: normal pre-operative control (24h), pre-operative with analgesic alone (24h) and post-operative days 1, 2, 3 (72h). Serum concentration-time curves for fentanyl in clinical cases revealed that female Yorkshire cross pigs weighing 26.2+ 2.1 kg achieved serum values in the recognized human therapeutic range when treated with TTS fentanyl at 50 microg/h and experienced adequate pain control. Pigs treated with 25 microg/h TTS fentanyl had serum levels below the human analgesic range, experienced less adequate analgesia, and required supplemental analgesia in some cases. Based on existing pharmacokinetic data for fentanyl in pigs, the rate of uptake of TTS fentanyl when attached on inter-scapular skin was lower than predicted. Clinical pain scores and time intervals between each major postural change were not affected by analgesics in the absence of pain, but increased in all groups after surgery regardless of treatment. Food consumption was unaffected by analgesic treatment alone but decreased in all groups after surgery regardless of treatment. Analgesic effects on postoperative activity level were variable. TTS fentanyl at appropriate doses is a cost effective means of delivering basal analgesia following major surgery in pigs.     

地佐辛超前镇痛对全膝关节置换术患者围术期细胞因子的影响

目的：探讨地佐辛超前镇痛对全膝关节置换术患者围术期白介素-6（IL-6）、白介素-8（m-8）和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）浓度的影响。方法：40例择期行单侧全膝关节置换术患者,随机分为超前镇痛组（实验组）和术后镇痛组（对照组）,每组20例。均采用蛛网膜下腔麻醉,患者静脉自控镇痛（PCIA）：地佐辛0．8mg／kg,生理盐水稀释至100mL。负荷剂量：5mL,持续剂量：2mL／h,追加剂量：0．5mL／次,锁定时间：15min。实验组于入室后10分钟麻醉操作前开始静脉负荷量和背景量,对照组于术毕开始PCIA镇痛,方法同实验组,记录患者术后6、8、12、24小时的疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS评分）以及术后48小时内患者恶心呕吐的发生情况,于入室后10分钟麻醉操作前（T1）、手术开始后10分钟（T2）、术毕2h（T3）、4h（T4）、8h05）、24h（T6）时间点抽取静脉血样,测定细胞因子IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α水平。结果：术后6h、8h、12h时间点VAS评分实验组较对照组明显降低（P〈0．05）,24hVAS评分变化不大,无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。术后48小时内,实验组发生恶心呕吐1例,对照组2例。与本组T1比较,血浆IL-6、IL．8浓度实验组在各时点变化不大,无统计学差异（P〉0．05）,对照组浓度升高（P〈0．05）。组间比较,相同时点血浆IL-6、IL-8浓度实验组均低于对照组（P〈0．05）。两组血浆TNF-α浓度比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：全膝关节置换术术前预先给予地佐辛可产生良好的超前镇痛效果,减少患者围术期细胞因子的产生。     

"Anxiebo", placebo, and postoperative pain

Background

Surgical treatment and its consequences expose patients to stress, and here we investigated the importance of the psychological component of postoperative pain based on reports in the clinical literature.

Discussion

Postoperative pain remains a significant clinical problem. Increased pain intensity with increased demand for opioid medication, and/or a relative unresponsiveness to pain treatment was reported both when the analgesia was administered by means of conventional nurse injection regimes and patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). Both the quality of the analgesia, and the sensitivity of postoperative models for assessing analgesic efficacy could be significantly influenced. The findings could be explained by increased penetration of an algesic anxiety-related nocebo influence (which we chose to call "anxiebo") relative to its analgesic placebo counterpart. To counteract this influence, the importance of psychological effects must be acknowledged, and doctors and attending nurses should focus on maintaining trustful therapist-patient relationships throughout the treatment period. The physical mechanism of anxiebo should be further explored, and those at risk for anxiebo better characterized. In addition, future systemic analgesic therapies should be directed towards being prophylactic and continuous to eliminate surgical pain as it appears in order to prevent the anxiebo effect. Addressing anxiebo is the key to developing reproducible models for measuring pain in the postoperative setting, and to improving the accuracy of measurements of the minimum effective analgesic concentration.

Summary

Anxiebo and placebo act as counterparts postoperatively. The anxiebo state may impair clinical analgesia and reduce the sensitivity of analgesic trials. Ways to minimize anxiebo are discussed.     

地塞米松复合罗哌卡因臂丛神经阻滞对儿童肱骨髁上骨折患儿术后镇痛的影响

摘要 目的：探讨地塞米松复合罗哌卡因臂丛神经阻滞（BPB）对儿童肱骨髁上骨折患儿术后镇痛效果的影响。方法：择期行肱骨髁上骨折手术的患儿140例，随机分组为对照组70例与试验组70例。麻醉后两组均于超声引导下实施BPB，其中对照组予以0.25%罗哌卡因药液，试验组予以0.25%罗哌卡因、0.1 mg/kg地塞米松所组成的混合药液。记录两组患儿痛觉阻滞时间；于患儿苏醒后10 min、术后2 h、术后6 h、术后12 h及术后24 h，采用FLACC评分对患儿疼痛程度进行评估；记录两组患儿术后24 h内镇痛药物使用情况；记录两组患儿术后首次下床活动时间和术后住院时间；记录两组术后24 h内不良反应发生情况。结果：与对照组相比，试验组痛觉阻滞时间显著延长（P<0.05）。与对照组相比，试验组术后2~24 h的疼痛评分均显著降低（P<0.05）。试验组术后24 h布洛芬混悬液使用次数显著少于对照组（P<0.05），曲马多使用率显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。与对照组相比，试验组下床活动时间提前（P<0.05），术后住院时间缩短（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论：地塞米松复合罗哌卡因行BPB能够为肱骨髁上骨折患儿提供良好术后镇痛效果，利于患儿术后恢复。